The U.S. supply chain for provider-administered outpatient drugs involves several entities, including drug manufacturers, wholesalers, healthcare providers (e.g., outpatient facilities, hospital pharmacies, doctor’s offices, and standalone clinics), group purchasing organizations (GPOs), payers, and beneficiaries.
Prescription Drugs & Other Medical Products
Drugs and other medical products greatly impact human health and the health care system. ASPE conducts a variety of research in this area, including work related to medical product development and regulation; medical product markets, pricing and competition; prescription drug benefits and spending on medical products; medical product supply chains; and medical product safety.
Noteworthy
Reports
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Behavioral Health Crisis Services: Insurance Reimbursement
The National Guidelines for Behavioral Health Crisis Care from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) call for a sustainable infrastructure to respond to behavioral health crises, through crisis services that are accessible to anyone, anywhere, at any time.
Report
Mergers and Acquisitions in Pharmaceutical Markets
This study, commissioned by ASPE, uses multiple data sources to 1) assess trends in pharmaceutical mergers and acquisitions (M&As) over the 2010-2023 period; 2) evaluate characteristics of drugs involved in M&As, and 3) examine the effects of M&As on the pharmaceutical supply chain.
ASPE Issue Brief
Xylazine Response among Harm Reduction Organizations
Interviews were held with key informants from harm reduction organizations or similar programs from across the United States, to better understand how they are responding to the presence of xylazine in their communities. All participants noted an increase in xylazine prevalence in their communities, ranging from a years-long problem to first being identified in early 2023.
Report
Analysis of Drug Shortages, 2018-2023
The report, "Analysis of Drug Shortages, 2018-2023" provides additional information on the data, methods, and findings. Below are the key findings.KEY POINTS
Report
Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Intermediary Margins in the Retail Channel
The U.S. supply chain for prescription drugs is highly complex, involving several intermediaries between drug manufacturers and patients. This analysis estimates the percentages of drug expenditures that are allocated to each stakeholder in the supply chain, including manufacturers.
ASPE Issue Brief
Inflation Reduction Act Research Series: Projecting the Impact of the $2,000 Part D Out-Of-Pocket Cap for Medicare Part D Enrollees with High Prescription Drug Spending
The Inflation Reduction Act includes many provisions that aim to reduce out-of-pocket spending for prescription drugs covered under Medicare Part D. In 2024, cost-sharing in the final phase of the Part D benefit, the catastrophic coverage phase, was eliminated.
ASPE Issue Brief, Report
New Estimates of the Cost of Preventive Vaccine Development and Potential Implications from the COVID-19 Pandemic
The ASPE issue brief examines the research and development cost and duration associated with bringing novel vaccines to the U.S. market. The results indicate that bringing a novel vaccine to the U.S. market costs an estimated $886.8 million on average, and its development process lasts 10 years.
ASPE Issue Brief
Behavioral Health Service Use Among Medicaid and CHIP Enrollees Before/During the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency
In 2020, 53 million adults in the United States had a mental health condition and 40 million people ages 12 and older had a substance use disorder (SUD). The COVID-19 public health emergency (PHE) exacerbated mental health conditions and SUDs at a time when access to in-person care was restricted due to safety concerns.
Report
Assessing the Feasibility of Creating a National Behavioral Health Workforce Database
The U.S. behavioral health (BH) workforce faces significant shortages and distribution disparities, hindering access to quality care and worsening health outcomes. A comprehensive, centralized database of BH providers is vital for advancing patient-centered outcomes research (PCOR), comparative effectiveness research (CER), and evidence-based policymaking.