National and State Estimates:
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
|
DURING NONSTANDARD HOURS |
||
| Kisker and Ross 1997
National Child Care Survey Working poor parents |
Approximate percentage of those who work:
Evenings Weekends Rotating or changing schedule |
10 33 50 |
| Long and Clark 1995
CCR&R staff and databases CCR&R staff in Chicago, Illinois |
Requests to referral agencies for evening or weekend care | 30 |
| Economic Services Administration 1998
Baseline client survey Welfare recipients in Washington |
Welfare clients who worked nonstandard hours | 44 |
| Smith 1995
Illinois Department of Public Aid Survey Welfare recipients in Illinois |
Survey respondents who worked nontraditional hours | 72 |
|
FOR SICK CHILD |
||
| Siegel and Loman 1991
Mail survey, focus groups, and in-person interviews Welfare recipients in Illinois |
Problem finding care when child was sick:
Major problem Problem For children 0 to 5 For children 6 to 13 |
29 62 61 65 |
|
FOR SPECIAL-NEEDS CHILD |
||
| Pavetti and Duke 1995
Case record reviews Welfare recipients in Utah, Colorado, and Iowa |
Cases noting a child's behavioral or medical
problem as a barrier to employment:
Utah Colorado Iowa |
15 18 |
| Pavetti and Duke 1995
Survey of FaDSS program staff Welfare families in Iowa |
Families who have children with special needs | 25 |
| Siegel and Loman 1991
Mail surveys, focus groups, and in-person interviews Welfare recipients in Illinois |
Problem finding care when child has lengthy health
problems
Major problem Problem |
17 36 |
National and State Estimates:
Supply of Child Care
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| DURING NONSTANDARD HOURS |
||
| GAO 1997
CCR&R staff and databases Baltimore, MD; Benton County, OR; Chicago, IL; and Linn County, OR |
Known child care providers that offer care during
nontraditional hours in poor areas:
Baltimore, Maryland Benton County, Oregon Chicago, Illinois Linn County, Oregon |
12 19 20 41 |
| Lawson 1993a
Data source unknown National estimate. |
There are an estimated 12 centers in the country that offer 24-hour care | |
|
FOR SICK CHILD |
||
| Willer et al. 1991
National Child Care Survey Child Care Settings |
Care providers, by type, that allow for sick-child
care:
Center care (spots or rash) Center care (feverish) Center care (severe cough) Regulated family day care (spots or rash) Regulated family day care (feverish) Regulated family day care (severe cough) Nonregulated family day care (spots or rash) Nonregulated family day care (feverish) Nonregulated family day care (severe cough) |
3 6 15 10 20 25 36 50 50 |
|
FOR SPECIAL NEEDS CHILD |
||
| GAO 1997
CCR&R staff and databases Baltimore, Maryland |
Known child care providers that offer care for special-needs children in poor areas in Baltimore, MD | 13 |
| Willer et al. 1991
National Child Care Survey Child Care Settings |
Care providers, by type, that allow for
special-needs children:
Nonregulated family day care Regulated family day care Early education and care centers |
23 39 74 |
aCited in U.S. Department of Labor Women's Bureau 1995.
National Estimates:
Work-Related Disabilities
| Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage |
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients not seeking work because of own medical problems | 10 |
| Loprest and Acs 1996
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients unable to work due to a serious
disability Welfare recipients with a work limitation |
10 18 |
| Loprest and Acs 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1991 Female welfare recipients (ages 27 to 34) |
Welfare recipients with a work limitation | 19 |
| Adler 1993
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 1990 Female welfare recipients (ages 15 to 45) |
Welfare recipients with any functional disability | 19 |
| Loprest and Acs 1996
Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 1990 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients with a work limitation
Welfare recipients with any functional limitation |
17 20 |
State and Local Estimates:
Work-Related Disabilities
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Meyers et al. 1996
AFDC Household Sample 1992 Female welfare recipients in California |
Welfare recipients unable to work
due to a serious disability Welfare recipients with a work limitation |
11 31 |
National Estimates:
Learning Disabilities, Including Low Basic Skills
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Nightingale et al. 1991
Adult Basic Education participation data Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients with learning disabilities
(estimated by applying the incidence of learning disabilities among Adult Basic Education participants to the proportion of welfare recipients who are known to have similarly low reading levels) |
25 to 40 |
| Quint et al. 1991
New Chance Demonstration Reading tests of participants Female welfare recipients from 15 sites |
Welfare recipients reading at or below sixth-grade level | 30 |
| Zill et al. 1991
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1980 and 1991 Armed Forces Qualification Test Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients with low basic skills
(Low basic skills are defined by test scores below the minimum skill level of women in a low-skill occupation [manual laborers]) |
31 |
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1980 and 1991 Armed Forces Qualification Test Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients with low basic skills
(Low basic skills are defined by scores in the bottom decile of the Armed Forces Qualification Test ) |
33 |
State and Local Estimates:
Learning Disabilities, Including Low Basic Skills
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Giovengo and Moore 1997
Learning Disabilities Initiative Female welfare recipients in Washington |
Welfare recipients with learning disabilities
Welfare recipients with learning disabilities and special learning needs (measured by low scores on an IQ test) |
36 54 |
| Kansas Department of Social and Rehabilitation
Services 1997, 1998
Learning Disability Initiative Female welfare recipients in Kansas |
Welfare recipients with learning disabilities
Welfare recipients with learning disabilities and special learning needs (measured by low scores on an IQ test) |
36 up to 66 |
National Estimates:
Domestic Violence
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Commonwealth Fund 1993
Survey of Women's Health National Sample of Women |
Welfare recipients who were physically victimized or threatened by their current partner sometime during the past five years | 24 |
aCited in U.S. Department of Labor Women's Bureau 1995.
State and Local Estimates:
Current Victims of Domestic Violence
| Source and Population |
Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Curcio 1997
Passaic County Survey Female welfare recipients in New Jersey |
Welfare recipients who are current victims of physical abuse | 15 |
| Iowa Department of Human Rights 1996
Survey data Program staff assessment of female welfare recipients in Iowa |
Welfare recipients who are current victims of domestic violence | 18 |
| Lloyd 1997b
Survey data Low-income women (including welfare recipients) in Chicago |
Low-income women (including welfare recipients) who were victims of severe aggression from their partner during the past year | 20 |
| Allard et al. 1997
McCormick Institute survey data Female welfare recipients in Massachusetts |
Welfare recipients who were victims of physical domestic violence (including threatening behavior) during the past year | 20 |
| Lloyd 1997a
Utah Single Parent Demonstration Case reviews Female welfare recipients in Utah |
Welfare recipients who are current victims of domestic violence | 27 |
| Bassuk et al. 1996
Better Homes Fund Survey Low-income women in Massachusetts (mostly welfare recipients) |
Low-income women (mostly welfare recipients) who experienced severe physical violence from their partner within the past two years | 32 |
State and Local Estimates:
Ever Victims of Domestic Violence During Adult Life
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Horizon Research Services 1996
Survey data Female welfare recipients in Missouri |
Welfare recipients who are current or past victims of physical domestic abuse | 29 |
| Lloyd 1997b
Survey data Low-income women (including welfare recipients) in Chicago |
Welfare recipients who were ever victims of severe aggression from their male partners during their adult life | 34 |
| Pearson and Griswold 1998
Colorado Model Office Project Survey Female welfare recipients for whom child support is an issue |
Welfare recipients who are current or past victims of physical, emotional, or sexual domestic abuse | 40 |
| Iowa Department of Human Rights 1996
Survey data Program staff assessment of female welfare recipients in Iowa |
Welfare recipients who are current or past victims of domestic violence | 47 |
| Iverson (no date)
Case reviews Female welfare recipients in Oregon not making adequate progress toward work |
Welfare recipients who have ever been physically or sexually abused | 50 |
| Weeks (no date)
Survey data Female welfare recipients in the state of Washington |
Welfare recipients who are or were victims of physical abuse or aggression by male partner | 55 |
| Curcio 1997
Passaic County Survey Female welfare recipients in New Jersey |
Welfare recipients who have ever been victims of physical domestic violence in their adult life | 57 |
| Bassuk et al. 1996
Better Homes Fund Survey Low-income women in Massachusetts (mostly welfare recipients) |
Welfare recipients who ever experienced severe physical violence from their partner in their adult life | 61 |
| Allard et al. 1997
McCormick Institute Survey data Female welfare recipients in Massachusetts |
Welfare recipients who ever experienced physical domestic violence (including threatened behavior) in their adult life | 65 |
State and Local Estimates:
Recipients of Diversionary Assistance
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Program descriptions
State caseload data Welfare applicants |
Potential welfare recipients diverted from public
assistance in:
Maryland Wisconsin Virginia Montana Utah |
<5 <5 <5 12 20 |
State/Local Estimates:
Recipients of Work-Related Payments
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Rangarajan 1998
Postemployment Services Demonstration Welfare recipients in four sites (Riverside, California; Chicago, Illinois; Portland, Oregon; San Antonio, Texas) |
Current welfare recipients who were assisted with work-related payments | 47 |
National and State Estimates:
Housing Instability
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995a
American Housing Survey Welfare recipients in households |
Households with poor quality housing | 5 |
| Pavetti 1995b
Review of JOBS case records Welfare recipients in the State of Utah |
Welfare recipients who reported homelessness as a barrier to employment | 9 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995a
American Housing Survey Welfare recipients in households |
Households who reported that housing had moderate
physical inadequacies
Suburban Urban Rural |
9 10 12 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1989c
American Housing Survey National sample of households |
Certificate/voucher holders who reported a problem with noise | 12 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995a
American Housing Survey Welfare recipients in households |
Households with overcrowding problems
Rural Urban Suburban |
12 18 19 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1989c
American Housing Survey National sample of households |
Certificate/Voucher holders who reported a problem with crime | 17 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1989c
American Housing Survey National sample of households |
Public housing residents who reported a problem with undesirable neighbors | 23 |
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995a
American Housing Survey Welfare recipients in households |
Households with severe cost problems only | 26 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1989c
American Housing Survey National sample of households |
Public housing residents who reported a problem
with crime
|
37 |
| Quint et al. 1991b
New Chance Demonstration Staff Survey Program participants |
Program participants who faced a housing problem that interfered with their ability to participate in a training program | 48 |
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995a
American Housing Survey Welfare recipients in households |
Households with major housing problems
(either cost, quality, and/or crowding problems): Rural Suburban Urban |
64 68 72 |
aCited in Housing Assistance Council 1996.
bCited in Olson and Pavetti 1996.
cCited in Newman and Schnare 1993.
State Estimates of Health Insurance Receipt
(Medicaid)
Three Months After Exiting Welfare
| Data Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Ellwood and Adams 1990
State of California Medicaid Enrollee and Claim Data, 1980-86 Former welfare recipients in California |
Former welfare recipients (all eligible for Medicaid) who were insured by Medicaid three months after exiting welfare | 17 |
| Ellwood and Adams 1990
State of Georgia Medicaid Enrollee and Claim Data, 1980-86 Female welfare recipients in Georgia |
Former welfare recipients (all eligible for Medicaid) who were insured by Medicaid three months after exiting welfare | 29 |
National Estimates of Health Insurance Receipt
(Either Medicaid or Private)
One Year After Exiting Welfare
| Data Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Moffitt and Slade 1997
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1989-1992 Female welfare recipients |
Former welfare recipients receiving insurance
(either Medicaid or Private) one year after leaving AFDC Former welfare recipients receiving private insurance one year after leaving AFDC Former welfare recipients receiving Medicaid one year after leaving AFDC |
77 25 52 |
National Estimates of Health Insurance Receipt
(Either Medicaid or Private)
Three Years After Exiting Welfare
| Data Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
| Moffitt and Slade 1997
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1989-1992 Female welfare recipients |
Former welfare recipients receiving insurance
(either Medicaid or Private) three years after leaving AFDC
Former welfare recipients receiving private insurance three years after leaving AFDC Former welfare recipients receiving Medicaid three years after leaving AFDC |
55 38 17 |
National Estimates:
Mental Health Issues
| Data Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Barker et al. 1992
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)- Mental Health 1989 Low-income adults |
Low-income adults who have a serious mental illness | 4 |
| Leon and Weissman 1993
National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program, Survey Data 1979-82 Female welfare recipients in five sites |
Welfare recipients meeting diagnostic criteria for
major depressive disorder Welfare recipients meeting diagnostic criteria for any affective disorder |
6 13 |
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients suffering from feelings of
depression between three and five days per week Welfare recipients suffering from feelings of depression between five and seven days per week |
11 13 |
| Jayakody and Pollack 1997
National Household Survey of Drug Abuse 1994 and 1995 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients meeting diagnostic criteria for a psychiatric problem sometime during the past year (including depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, or agoraphobia) | 23 |
| Quint et al. 1994
New Chance Demonstration Program, Survey Data Female welfare recipients in 15 sites |
Welfare recipients at high risk of clinical depression based on responses to a four-item scale adapted from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale | 28 |
State and Local Estimates:
Mental Health Issues
| Data Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Weeks et al. 1990
Survey data Female welfare recipients in Washington |
Welfare recipients with symptoms of serious depression based on a 10-item scale | 13 |
| Moore et al. 1996
Survey data of JOBS participants Female welfare recipients with children in Fulton County, Georgia |
Welfare recipients with symptoms of moderate or severe depression based on a four-item scale adapted from the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale | 27 |
| Iowa Department of Human Rights 1995
Survey of program staff about welfare recipients in Iowa |
Welfare recipients with mental health issues | 39 |
National Estimates:
Substance Abuse
| Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1991 Welfare recipients |
Concerned about being an alcoholic or had recent problems | 5 |
| Has used or currently uses cocaine or crack extensively | 9 | |
| Has used or currently uses marijuana extensively | 16 | |
| Some physical indications of problem drinking | 20 | |
| DHHS 1994b
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Women on welfare who were significantly impaired by their use of AOD | 5 |
| Women in welfare households who reported heavy alcohol use | 8 | |
| Women on welfare who were somewhat impaired by their use of AOD | 11 | |
| Women in welfare households who reported illicit drug use | 11 | |
| Merrill 1996a
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1992 Female welfare recipients |
Women on welfare between 27 and 35 who abused alcohol or drugs | 26 |
| Merrill 1994a
National Household Survey on Drug Abuse 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Percentage of women on welfare who used drugs or were heavy drinkers | 27 |
a Cited in Young 1996.
State and Local Estimates:
Substance Abuse
| Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Sisco and Pearson 1994a
Project Independence Montgomery County, Maryland Female welfare recipients |
Drug abusers | 9 |
| Alcoholics | 11 | |
| Possible alcoholics | 15 | |
| Alcoholics and/or drug users | 16 | |
| Drug users | 17 | |
| Possible alcoholics and/or drug users | 21 | |
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
New Chance Demonstration Teen mothers on welfare |
Alcoholics | 12 |
| Drugs interfered with program participation | 15 | |
| Iowa Department of Human Rights 1995
Caseworker responses Families on welfare |
Alcoholics and/or drug users (current) | 24 |
| Alcoholics and/or drug users (past) | 32 | |
| Legal Action Center 1997
State survey data State estimates of welfare caseload |
Oklahoma: percentage of caseload with AOD problem | 5 to 30 |
| North Carolina: percentage of caseload at risk for AOD and needs treatment | 35 | |
| Kansas: percentage of caseload that would fail a drug test | 20 to 50 | |
| Oregon: percentage of caseload with AOD problem | 50 to 60 |
aCited in Olson and Pavetti 1996.
National, State and Local Estimates:
Transportation Barriers
| Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
|
GENERAL |
||
| Welfare Research Group 1997
Welfare Research Group Study Welfare recipients in the state of Connecticut |
Welfare recipients in Connecticut who perceive transportation as a barrier to employment | 40 |
|
USE AND ADEQUACY OF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION |
||
| U.S. Bureau of the Census and U.S. Department of
Housing and Urban Development 1995
American Housing Survey National sample of households Welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients who consider public
transportation to be inadequate, by area:
Urban Suburban Rural |
7 11 12 |
| Community Transportation Association of America
1994
Survey of rural FTA grant recipients National sample of FTA grant recipients |
Rural counties in the U.S. with no public transportation | 40 |
| Leete and Bania 1995
Census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) 1990 National sample of welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients who rely on public transportation | 42 |
| Leete and Bania 1995
Census Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) 1990 Housing units in Cleveland-Akron area, Ohio |
Welfare recipients who rely on public transportation | 52 |
| Lacombe 1998
Geographic Information System (GIS) Boston, Massachusetts |
Welfare recipients who live within one mile of a bus route or transit station | 58 |
|
Table 20 (continued) Transportation Barriers |
||
| Source and Population | Barrier Definition | Percentage |
|
AVAILABILITY OF PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION |
||
| U.S. Department of the Census and the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development 1995b
American Housing Survey National sample of households |
Welfare households that do not own a car:
Rural households Suburban households Urban households |
28 33 57 |
| Public Social Services Agency 1997
GAIN Program Survey 1996 Welfare recipients in Ventura County, CA |
Welfare recipients who do not own a working car | 50 |
| Edin and Lein 1997a
Study of welfare mothers Welfare mothers in selected cities |
Welfare mothers in Boston who do not own a car | 76 |
| SPATIAL MISMATCH: EMPLOYMENT | ||
| Lacombe 1998
Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training Database Companies in the Boston area |
Employers in areas of high growth for entry-level work, who can be reached within 30 minutes by transit | 0 |
| U.S. Bureau of the Census
Public Use Microdata Survey Housing units in Cleveland-Akron area, Ohioa |
Available jobs accessible by public transportation in less than 40 minutes | 8 to 15 |
| Lacombe 1998
Massachusetts Division of Employment and Training Database Companies in the Boston area |
Employers in the Boston area who are within one-quarter mile of transit | 32 |
| Rich 1997
Survey of Businesses Employers in Atlanta, Georgia |
Entry-level jobs that are transit accessible | 46 |
aCited in LaCombe 1998.
bCited in Housing Assistance Council 1997.
aCited in Coulton et al. 1996.
National Estimates:
Multiple Barriers
| Data Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Olson and Pavetti 1996
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) 1991 Female welfare recipients |
Welfare recipients facing two or more severe
barriers to employment. (Barriers examined include own medical needs,
children's chronic medical needs, substance abuse, mental illness, and
low basic skills.) Welfare recipients facing two or more severe or moderate barriers to employment. (Barriers examined include own medical needs, children's chronic medical needs, substance abuse, mental illness, and low basic skills.) |
13 50 |
| Quint et al. 1991
New Chance Demonstration Program, Survey of staff about participants Female welfare recipients from 15 sites |
Welfare recipients facing two or more barriers to employment. (Barriers examined include substance abuse, housing, and domestic violence.) | 40 |
State and Local Estimates:
Multiple Barriers
| Data Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
| Pavetti 1995
Case file reviews Female welfare recipients in Utah |
Welfare recipients facing two or more barriers to employment (Barriers examined include domestic violence, housing, medical needs, disabilities, substance abuse, mental health, and children's medical needs or behavioral problems.) | 34 |
State and Local Estimates:
Subgroups with Specific Co-Occurring Barriers
| Data Source and Population |
Barrier Definition |
Percentage
|
|
MENTAL ILLNESS, SUBSTANCE ABUSE, AND HOUSING INSTABILITY |
||
| U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1994a
Survey and clinical records data Homeless men and women from four McKinney Demonstration sites |
Homeless adults with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse problems | 58 |
|
MENTAL ILLNESS AND HOUSING INSTABILITY |
||
| Wood et al. 1990
Survey data Low-income families in Los Angeles (half of whom were homeless) |
Homeless women with a history of hospitalization for mental health problems | 14 |
| Padgett et al. 1990
Survey data, several mental health status scales, and clinical observations Homeless men and women in New York City |
Homeless adults who need psychiatric treatment | 50 |
|
SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HOUSING INSTABILITY |
||
| Padgett et al. 1990
Survey data, hospital records data, and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test Homeless men and women in New York City |
Homeless adults who need drug treatment | 24 |
| Padgett et al. 1990
Survey data, hospital records data, and the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test Homeless men and women in New York City |
Homeless adults who need treatment for alcoholism | 29 |
| Wood et al. 1990
Survey data Low-income families in Los Angeles (half of whom were homeless) |
Homeless women who abuse drugs | 32 |
|
Table 23 (continued) Subgroups with Specific Co-Occurring Barriers DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE |
||
| Curcio 1997
Passaic County Survey Female welfare recipients in New Jersey |
Domestic violence victims receiving welfare who have drug or alcohol problems | 19 |
| Bassuk et al. 1996
Better Homes Fund Survey and substance abuse assessment instruments Low-income women in Massachusetts (most were welfare recipients, half were homeless) |
Domestic violence victims receiving welfare who suffer from alcohol/drug abuse or dependency | 38 |
| Najavits 1997
Estimates based on hospital data Women in substance abuse treatment, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA |
Women in substance abuse treatment who have been physically or sexually abused during their lifetime |
50 to 90 |
| Stevens and Arbiter 1995
Survey data Women in substance abuse treatment |
Women in substance abuse treatment who reported being assaulted or raped | 90 to 95 |
|
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND MENTAL ILLNESS |
||
| Lloyd 1997
Survey data Low-income women (including welfare recipients) in Chicago |
Domestic violence victims receiving welfare who report problems with depression | 42 |
| Curcio 1997
Passaic County Survey Female welfare recipients in New Jersey |
Domestic violence victims receiving welfare who suffer from severe depression | 54 |
|
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND HOUSING INSTABILITY |
||
| Bassuk et al. 1996
Better Homes Fund Survey and the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Low-income women in Massachusetts (most were welfare recipients, half were homeless) |
Homeless women who were also victims of severe domestic violence during the past two years | 32 |
| Wood et al. 1990
Survey data Low-income families in Los Angeles (half of whom were homeless) |
Homeless women who were also victims of domestic violence | 35 |