Assessing the Context of Permanency and Reunification in the Foster Care System

Chapter 5.
Reunification from Foster Care in Nine States, 1990-1997:
Description and Interpretation

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Contents

1. Exits from Foster Care
   1. State Patterns of Exit From Foster Care
   2. Exit Destination by Child Characteristics
   3. Exit Destination by Case Characteristics
   4. Summary
2. Timing of Foster Care Exits and Trends Over Time
   1. The Structure of Tracking Tables
   2. Substantive Highlights From Nine-State Table
      1. Substantive Highlights from Individual State Tables
   3. Cross-Sectional Picture of Exit Change: 1990 and 1994
3. Multivariate Analysis of Foster Care Exits
   1. Reunification From Foster Care
      1. Family Exit Analysis
      2. Reunification During Different Periods in the Duration of a Spell
      3. Individual State Models of Reunification and Family Exits
4. Reentry From Foster Care
   1. Reentry Counts and Rates by Type of Exit From Care
   2. Multivariate Models for Reentry after Reunification
5. Adoption From Foster Care
6. Summary of Administrative Data Analysis

Endnotes

This work describes discharges from foster care, with a focus on those exits that are accomplished by reunifying the foster child with his or her family of origin. The data presented cover a time period from 1990 through 1997. Child welfare practice has undergone substantial change since the mid-1990s. Some changes are due to new federal legislation, such as the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997. Others result from policy and practice reform at the state and local levels. As a result, the size and dynamics of current-day foster care caseloads in some states already differ substantially from their experience during the early and mid-1990's. The information that follows provides a description of exits from foster care, based on actual records of child histories in care. It is intended to be used as a baseline against which current and future patterns of exit from foster care can be measured and evaluated.

The tables presented include foster care exit dynamics for nine states: Alabama, California, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, New York, and Wisconsin. The data for these analyses is drawn from the Multistate Foster Care Data Archive at the Chapin Hall Center for Children. The Archive was created with individual level records extracted from the automated administrative tracking systems of each state's public child welfare agency and supplied by the states to Chapin Hall for analytic purposes.

The universe for this analysis includes all episodes of child placement in substitute care arrangements that began during the years 1990 through 1997.⁽¹⁾ Each episode (or spell in placement) is tracked either until the child exits from foster care or until the end of 1997. If the child entered care more than once between 1990 and 1997, each spell is retained as a separate event.

Many findings are pooled across all nine states to reveal general trends and patterns. Because these nine states combined contain well over half of the nation's foster care population, observations based on these data should be useful for describing relationships at the national level. However, these data should not be considered as fully representative of the national foster care population, and these nine states are not a representative sample of all state child welfare systems.

This document describes the table contents and figures (located at the end of the document), and highlights some of the patterns and findings observed within them. The discussion of the first table also introduces and describes most of the variables that are used throughout the analysis.

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1. Exits from Foster Care

In order to understand patterns of reunification from foster care, it is useful to consider reunification in the context of all exits from care, and in the context of the individual characteristics and the case histories of the children involved.⁽²⁾ Table IIA.1 presents an overview of exits from foster care. The left side of the table contains counts of spells by type of exit, classified first by state, then by four child characteristics, and finally by each of four case characteristics. This series of two-way tables is based on a universe of 404,416 distinct spells in foster care. These are all spells that began with a foster placement between 1990-94 in any of the nine states, and are enumerated in the first column, labeled "All Entries. These spells are each tracked until the child is discharged from foster care or through the end of 1997. So the potential period of observation is at least three years (for children who entered care at the end of 1994), and at most eight years (for children who entered care at the start of 1990.

The second column, labeled "No Exit, Still in Care," indicates how many of these spells were still open at the end of 1997. Just under one-fifth (75,199 or 18.6%) of the children who entered care between 1990 and 1994 remained in care through the end of observation. It is important, to note that exits from some long-term stays in care are not observed and are not reported in this table, so that the completed duration and the eventual discharge destination at exit for these spells are censored from this analysis. However, we do know that all of these censored spells, by definition, have a duration of three years or more, and as will be seen, reunification is a fairly rare outcome after three years. Therefore, we assume that these censored spells would probably add little new information to most of this reunification analysis. However, it should be noted that exits from stays of over three years are incompletely described in these tables. The proportion still in care is computed against a base of all entries.

The exit distribution is presented with six categories for destination at exit:

• Reunification is defined as a return to the parent or family of origin.
• Relative care is full custodial placement with a relative outside of the foster care system. It is not formal kinship foster care, which involves state custody and control.
• Adoption is finalized legal adoption of the child, either by relatives or by unrelated persons. Pre-adoptive placements are considered as foster care.
• Reach majority occurs when a child ages out of foster care.
• Runaway occurs when the child leaves placement for a significant period of time without agency authorization.
• "Other exit" is a catch all for a variety of categories, including "unknown," "service completed," death, and transfer to other agency.

Looking at the first row of Table IIA. I , we see that of the 404,416 spells observed, 187,406 ended with a family reunification. There were also 23,398 exits to other relatives, 38,291 completed adoptions, 9,583 children "aging out" of care, 23,635 runaways, and 46,904 spells that exited to "other" destinations. On the right side of the table, each exit type is presented as a proportion of all observed exits. Therefore, the statistic reporting that the proportion of reunification spells for all nine states combined is .569 should be interpreted as meaning that 56.9 percent of all spells where an exit was observed were exits by reunification.

During the period of observation, the majority of exits (57%) were achieved through family reunification. Of the remainder, 7 percent were to relatives, 12 percent via adoption, 3 percent reached majority, 7 percent involved runaways from care, and 14 percent were in the "other" category. This exit distribution for the spells from the pooled nine-state data provides a yardstick against which the distributions for each state or subgroup will be compared.

It is important to note that the distributions presented in Table IIA. I describe each type of exit as a proportion of all observed exits, not as a proportion of all entries. If the 9-state reunification statistic (.569) were recomputed as a proportion of all spells, we would see that 46.3 percent of all entry spells were observed to end in reunification by the end of 1997. This latter statistic is usually what would be considered as a reunification rate, in that it describes the likelihood of reunification for an entire population at risk. The difference between the two measures is caused by spells where an exit is not observed. The relationship of these statistics is presented in Figure A. Here, we can see that the reunification rate (reunifications/entries) can be described as the product of a) the likelihood of exit (exits/entries), and b) the likelihood that an exit is by reunification (reunifications/exits). Alabama has one of the highest exit rates, so the low reunification rate must be interpreted in the context of knowing that many children exit foster care in other ways. In contrast, the low reunification rate in Illinois must be understood in the context of low overall exit rates -- as relatively few children leave foster care to other destinations.⁽³⁾

Table IIA.1
Type of Exit from Spells in Foster Care, by State and selected covariates. Nine States Pooled . 1990-1994 Entry Cohorts, spells starting before 1995. Exits observed through December 1997.

	Counts								Proportion of Entries	Proportion of Exits
	All Entries	No Exit	Exit Type						No Exit	Exit Type
		Still in Care	Reunify	Relative Care	Adopt	Reach Majority	Run Away	Other Exit	Still in Care	Reunify	Relative Care	Adopt	Reach Majority	Run Away	Other Exit
State
Alabama	9,224	774	2,423	2,668	454	50	269	2,586	0.084	0.287	0.316	0.054	0.006	0.032	0.306
California	143,973	30,944	75,910	2,838	10,571	4,181	6,351	13,178	0.215	0.672	0.025	0.094	0.037	0.056	0.117
Illinois	56,354	20,767	17,661	915	5,506	684	4,475	6,346	0.369	0.496	0.026	0.155	0.019	0.126	0.178
Maryland	14,003	2,512	5,155	2,346	1,629	676	401	1,284	0.179	0.449	0.204	0.142	0.059	0.035	0.112
Michigan	31,537	1,750	14,442	3,074	5,734	619	1,264	4,654	0.055	0.485	0.103	0.193	0.021	0.042	0.156
Missouri	22,629	2,315	10,732	983	2,457	390	1,204	4,548	0.102	0.528	0.048	0.121	0.019	0.059	0.224
New Mexico	5,889	275	3,342	448	553	172	344	755	0.047	0.595	0.080	0.099	0.031	0.061	0.134
New York	94,758	13,474	41,949	8,528	9,854	1,806	8,064	11,083	0.142	0.516	0.105	0.121	0.022	0.099	0.136
Wisconsin	26,049	2,388	15,792	1,598	1,533	1,005	1,263	2,470	0.092	0.667	0.068	0.065	0.042	0.053	0.104
Nine State Total	404,416	75,199	187,406	23,398	38,291	9,583	23,635	46,904	0.186	0.569	0.071	0.116	0.029	0.072	0.142
Child Characteristics
Age at Entry
< 3 mos.	51,521	13,215	15,095	2,772	15,492	0	0	4,947	0.256	0.394	0.072	0.404	0.000	0.000	0.129
3-11 mos.	31,028	6,835	13,733	2,060	5,161	0	0	3,239	0.220	0.568	0.085	0.213	0.000	0.000	0.134
1 to 2 yrs.	57,188	13,032	28,155	3,773	6,835	0	0	5,393	0.228	0.638	0.085	0.155	0.000	0.000	0.122
3 to 5	61,649	15,148	31,406	3,897	5,525	0	9	5,664	0.246	0.675	0.084	0.119	0.000	0.000	0.122
6 to 8	46,372	11,556	24,199	2,924	3,036	0	209	4,448	0.249	0.695	0.084	0.087	0.000	0.006	0.128
9 to 11	40,943	8,822	21,637	2,545	1,514	165	1,817	4,443	0.215	0.674	0.079	0.047	0.005	0.057	0.138
12 to 14	62,742	5,498	31,067	3,315	601	2,294	10,611	9,356	0.088	0.543	0.058	0.010	0.040	0.185	0.163
15 to 17	52,973	1,093	22,114	2,112	127	7,124	10,989	9,414	0.021	0.426	0.041	0.002	0.137	0.212	0.181
Age at Exit
0 years	20,487	0	13,813	2,558	1,217	0	0	2,899	0.000	0.674	0.125	0.059	0.000	0.000	0.142
1 to 2	47,325	0	29,317	4,090	8,375	0	0	5,543	0.000	0.619	0.086	0.177	0.000	0.000	0.117
3 to 5	80,501	17,848	35,440	4,578	15,529	0	0	7,106	0.222	0.566	0.073	0.248	0.000	0.000	0.113
6 to 8	62,543	20,868	26,189	3,160	7,041	0	0	5,285	0.334	0.628	0.076	0.169	0.000	0.000	0.127
9 to 11	46,650	13,449	22,288	2,592	3,484	0	359	4,478	0.288	0.671	0.078	0.105	0.000	0.011	0.135
12 to 14	58,176	10,620	27,935	3,101	1,883	59	7,220	7,358	0.183	0.587	0.065	0.040	0.001	0.152	0.155
15 to 17	69,444	8,747	30,330	3,016	682	1,960	14,573	10,136	0.126	0.500	0.050	0.011	0.032	0.240	0.167
Over 17 yrs	19,290	3,667	2,094	303	80	7,564	1,483	4,099	0.190	0.134	0.019	0.005	0.484	0.095	0.262
Gender
Female	207,204	37,079	95,132	12,124	18,895	6,095	14,803	23,076	0.179	0.559	0.071	0.111	0.036	0.087	0.136
Male	197,212	38,120	92,274	11,274	19,396	3,488	8,832	23,828	0.193	0.580	0.071	0.122	0.022	0.056	0.150
Race/Ethnicity
African American	161,625	44,281	59,368	11,302	16,070	2,794	9,057	18,753	0.274	0.506	0.096	0.137	0.024	0.077	0.160
Hispanic	61,343	11,049	32,146	2,544	4,301	1,381	4,046	5,876	0.180	0.639	0.051	0.086	0.027	0.080	0.117
Other	31,480	4,167	14,730	2,367	2,866	795	2,683	3,872	0.132	0.539	0.087	0.105	0.029	0.098	0.142
White	149,968	15,702	81,162	7,185	15,054	4,613	7,849	18,403	0.105	0.604	0.054	0.112	0.034	0.058	0.137
Case Characteristics
Spell Sequence
First Spell	352,029	67,390	166,035	20,842	34,935	7,833	15,624	39,370	0.191	0.583	0.073	0.123	0.028	0.055	0.138
Reentry Spell	52,387	7,809	21,371	2,556	3,356	1,750	8,011	7,534	0.149	0.479	0.057	0.075	0.039	0.180	0.169
Duration
< 1 mo	49,767	0	34,820	5,027	271	90	4,048	5,511	0.000	0.700	0.101	0.005	0.002	0.081	0.111
1 to 3 months	46,432	0	30,905	4,336	510	216	4,297	6,168	0.000	0.666	0.093	0.011	0.005	0.093	0.133
4 to 6 months	35,492	0	23,517	2,862	459	334	3,309	5,011	0.000	0.663	0.081	0.013	0.009	0.093	0.141
6 mos to 1 year	48,657	0	33,358	3,197	1,706	872	3,661	5,863	0.000	0.686	0.066	0.035	0.018	0.075	0.120
1 year to 18 mos	36,557	0	24,329	2,210	2,170	1,041	2,165	4,642	0.000	0.666	0.060	0.059	0.028	0.059	0.127
18 mos to 2 year	26,752	0	15,077	1,655	3,141	1,097	1,529	4,253	0.000	0.564	0.062	0.117	0.041	0.057	0.159
2 to 3 year	36,103	0	14,327	2,040	9,777	1,948	2,098	5,913	0.000	0.397	0.057	0.271	0.054	0.058	0.164
3 years +	124,656	75,199	11,073	2,071	20,257	3,985	2,528	9,543	0.603	0.224	0.042	0.410	0.081	0.051	0.193
Placement Type
Congregate Care	64,836	4,602	30,990	3,529	739	2,195	11,932	10,849	0.071	0.514	0.059	0.012	0.036	0.198	0.180
Foster Care	214,991	31,805	103,302	14,303	30,038	4,955	8,029	22,559	0.148	0.564	0.078	0.164	0.027	0.044	0.123
Kinship Care	108,750	35,027	46,611	5,084	6,738	1,478	2,356	11,456	0.322	0.632	0.069	0.091	0.020	0.032	0.155
Mixed Type	15,839	3,765	6,503	482	776	955	1,318	2,040	0.238	0.539	0.040	0.064	0.079	0.109	0.169
Placement Stability
1 placement	207,134	22,650	117,125	14,699	12,216	3,958	11,212	25,274	0.109	0.635	0.080	0.066	0.021	0.061	0.137
2 placements	97,561	18,850	42,557	5,317	12,391	2,260	5,284	10,902	0.193	0.541	0.068	0.157	0.029	0.067	0.139
3-4 placements	66,504	19,090	21,272	2,688	9,981	2,025	4,161	7,287	0.287	0.449	0.057	0.211	0.043	0.088	0.154
5+ placements	33,217	14,609	6,452	694	3,703	1,340	2,978	3,441	0.440	0.347	0.037	0.199	0.072	0.160	0.185

Figure A
Likelihood of Reunification from Foster Care Components of Reunification Rates

The proportions in Figure A.1 report the likelihood that a child or youth entering foster care between 1990 and 1994 exited before 1998 via reunification with their family.
One decomposition of the proportions in Figure A.1 is represented in Figure A.2, which presents the likelihood of any exit from care and the proportion of exits that are achieved via reunification. Mathematically, the likelihood of reunification is the product of these two separate proportions.

1.1 State Patterns of Exit From Foster Care

Individually, the nine states present very different patterns of exit distribution from foster care. Illinois and California had the largest proportion of children remaining in care, which meant that they had the greatest share of long duration foster spells. Over one-third of the spells in Illinois and one-fifth of the spells in California had not been completed by the end of 1997. By contrast, in five states (Alabama, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, and Wisconsin) only one tenth or fewer of all spells remained open in 1997. To the extent that reunification is related to the length-of-stay in foster care, this is a very significant dynamic to remember during this analysis.

Reunification levels differ by state -- from 28.7 percent of exits in Alabama to 67.2 percent in California and 66.7 percent in Wisconsin. In the other six states, 45-60 percent of all foster care exits were family reunification. This state-to-state variation in the use of reunification to end episodes of foster care placement is substantial. Alabama is a clear outlier, with far lower proportions of reunification exits than any of the other states, but the reunification levels among the remaining eight states still vary widely, from 45 percent to 67 percent of observed exits.

Exits to relatives also differ widely among states. Alabama and Maryland reported the most family discharges (31.6% and 20.4%), while California and Illinois each reported less than 3 percent family exits.⁽⁴⁾ This is a difficult category to interpret, because it represents differences in foster care practice and in state data definitions. The child welfare agencies in Alabama and Maryland tended to use strategies that supported kinship placements outside of the formal foster care system, while California, Illinois and New York placed a substantial number of foster children in kinship arrangements within the foster care system. When exit to relatives and reunification are combined into a single category of "family exits," the variation between states is somewhat smaller than it is for either exit type considered alone. In part, the higher level of exit to relatives helps to explain why the reunification levels in Alabama and Maryland are very low. It should also be noted that children in care in California, New York, and Illinois (but in kin placements) may be similar to the exits to relative placements elsewhere.

Michigan has the highest rate of completed adoption with almost one-fifth (.193) of foster care spells ending with adoptive placement. Exits by adoption were least common in Alabama and Wisconsin (.054 and.065).

Few children exit foster care because they reach majority (or "age out"), with Maryland showing the highest proportion at .059.

Illinois (.126) and New York (.099) have the highest rates of runaway exits.

Overall, "other" exits represent almost 15 percent of all foster care spell endings. These are particularly common in Alabama (.306) and Missouri (.224). In both cases, most of the "other" exits are to unknown destinations. It is possible that many of these undefined exits are by reunification, but that the exit reason coded in the data system was represented in some unidentifiable way (such as by a change in legal status).

1.2 Exit Destination by Child Characteristics

Age at entry is the age of the child at the time of their initial placement into this spell in care. Reunification levels are highest for children who enter the foster care spell between the ages of 3 and 11 years. Over two-thirds of the exits for these children are by reunification. Reunification is least likely for children who enter as infants (39% of exits for children entering under 3 months of age) or as adolescents (43% of children 15-17 years).

The youngest children are much more likely than others to leave foster care via adoption (40% of exits for children <3 months, 21% for children 3-11 months). For the 0-3 month entry group, more spells end through adoption than through reunification. Adoption becomes a far less likely outcome as the age at entry to foster care increases. Older entrants are far more likely to leave foster care via runaway, by reaching majority, or for "other" reasons.

Age at exit. This variable is the age of the child at the end of the spell in care. While the previous finding shows that the youngest children are least likely to exit by reunification, those young entrants who do exit quickly (and thus are still very young at exit) have very high rates of reunification and high rates of relative placement. This is partly because the large number of infants that move to the adoptive track tend to remain in care for several years, and are older by the time they exit. Adoption is most likely for children who leave care at age 3-5, almost one quarter (.248) of whom exit by adoption. Aging out of care and exiting by runaway occur only for foster children in their teens. That these exit types are age-limited, and are not available exit options for young children.

Gender. The relationship between gender and the type of exit from foster care is very weak. Boys are somewhat more likely to remain in care longer, and slightly more likely to be reunified. Girls are slightly more likely to reach majority in care, and somewhat more likely than boys to run away from substitute care arrangements.

Race/Ethnicity. Hispanic foster children who leave foster care are more likely to be reunified (.639) than children from the other groups, and are the least likely to exit to relative care or by adoption. African American children who exit are the least likely to be reunified (.506), while they are the most likely to exit to relative care or adoption. The exit patterns of white children in foster care fall between these extremes, with a reunification proportion (.604) somewhat closer to the Hispanics than to the African Americans. White children, however, are more likely to leave foster care without experiencing long-term stays before exit. Just over 10 percent of the white children who entered care in 1990-94 remained in care at the end of 1997, compared to 18 percent of Hispanic children and 27 percent of African American children.

1.3 Exit Destination by Case Characteristics

Spell sequence is defined by whether this is the first foster care experience for the child or a reentry spell in care. Children exiting from their first spell in foster care are more likely to be reunified than children who have already left care and then reentered (.583 vs. .479). Children exiting first spells are also more likely to exit to relative care (.073 vs. .057) and to be adopted from care (.123 vs. .075). Runaway and "other" exits are far more common for reentrants (.180 and .169) than for children experiencing a first spell in care (.055 and .138).

Duration of spell is the length of stay in a completed spell in care. By the design of this study population, all spells with duration of less than three years are completed, while approximately three-fifths of the spells with duration of three years or more are censored. The proportion of reunifications decreases as the length of stay in foster care increases. For all spells that exit in less than 18 months, over two-thirds end with family reunification. In contrast, of the completed spells that lasted over 3 years, less than one-quarter (.224) ended through reunification. Exits to relatives follow a similar pattern to reunification. Adoptive exits and exits by aging out are most likely from long spells in foster care. One implication of shorter spells showing high levels of reunification is that reunification tends to occur more quickly than other exits.

Placement type is defined by the of primary type of care experienced during a spell. A spell is classified as kinship care,⁽⁵⁾ congregate care (institution and group home), or nonrelative foster care if the child spent more than one-half of their days in care in that type of placement. If no care type was primary, then the spell is classified as being of "mixed" type. Among observed exits, children in kinship placements are the most likely to be reunified with their families (.632). This suggests that kinship care can in some cases work to maintain family ties during the period of removal from the home. This statistic must be interpreted cautiously, though, because children in kinship placement also tend to remain in care the longest, and were the least likely to exit at all within the study period. ⁽⁶⁾ Only two-thirds of the kinship placement spells were completed, while 85 percent of children in nonrelative foster placements and 93 percent of children in congregate care facilities have observed exits. Children exiting congregate care spells were the least likely to reunify (.514), and the most likely to exit by runaway (.198) or "other" exit (.180). Children in nonrelative foster care were much more likely to be adopted (.164) than children in other placements.

Placement stability is defined by the number of different physical placements (and caregivers) a child experiences within a spell in care. Reunification is far more likely from a foster care spell that involves placement in only one home or facility. Two-thirds (.635) of the children who exited from a one-placement spell returned home upon exit. As the number of placements within a spell increases, the reunification rate decreases. A similar pattern applies to relative exits.

Adoptions are more common among children exiting spells with multiple placements. One explanation is that adoptive placements usually require some movement, as children on the adoptive track are often shifted into a pre-adoptive foster care arrangements.

1.4 Summary

Table IIA.1presented nine sets of two-way tables. Taken together, they demonstrate that there is systematic and substantial variability in the patterns of exit from foster care spells. Of all nine variables, only gender did not produce an important qualification about the use of reunification to end spells in foster care. Variables with particularly strong relationships were state, age at entry, and spell duration. Some of the more important relationships are portrayed graphically in Figure B.

Figure B
Proportion of Observations Exit from Foster Care, By Destination and Selected Characteristics 1990-1994. Entries Observed Through December 31, 1997. Nine States.

Exit Type by Age at Entry

Exit Type by Placement Type

Exit Type by Race/Ethnicity

Exit Type by Spell Duration

As observed by their relationships with the other variables, it appears that reunification exits and family exits are related -- in that they tend to occur commonly to the same type of children and in similar case situations. These observations suggest that we might consider them together as permanency solutions. This will be examined in a following section where they are combined into a single category termed "family exits."

However, these bivariate findings also pose questions. One issue is the high interrelation among the independent variables (multicollinearity). For example, placement stability is highly correlated with duration and with placement type. The relationships seen in the two-way tables between exit type and any of these variables might easily be caused by one of the other related predictors, by a combination of the predictors, or by another related factor that is not described. To address this issue of multicollinearity, multivariate analyses will be presented later in the report that use the predictor variables simultaneously.

Another issue is interpreting what a variable actually represents. For example, age at entry can capture many dimensions of a foster care case. The high level for adoption of infants is partially due to child characteristics (e.g., their attractiveness on the adoption market). But it is also true that the family situations that lead to the removal of infants also involve a large share of cases where terminating parental rights and initiating the adoptive process is thought to be necessary. These tables demonstrate that reunification is complex and multidimensional, and we see that interpretations should be made with care.

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2. Timing of Foster Care Exits and Trends over Time

Exits from foster care are presented in this section in a format designed to encourage comparisons of the rates and the timing of foster care exit activity, both between states and across time. A series of 10 pages of tables, plus one summary, is employed.

Table IIB.1 Reunification Tracking Tables for Annual Entries to Foster Care
(Pooled information for all nine states combined)

Table IIB.1
Reunification Tracking Tables for Foster Care Spells. By year of Spell Start: 1990-1997. Nine States Pooled (AL,CA,IL,MD,MI,MO,NM,NY,WI)

Year	A. Number of Exits in Interval(months)								Total Exits	Total Entries
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	9,506	8,979	6,671	8,831	6,748	5,086	6,598	14,019	66,438	74,162
1991	9,811	9,374	6,898	9,130	7,058	4,983	6,825	12,991	67,070	77,324
1992	9,801	8,861	6,685	9,673	7,229	5,143	6,951	10,896	65,239	78,580
1993	10,185	9,395	7,485	10,006	7,448	5,479	7,583	8,012	65,593	83,293
1994	10,464	9,823	7,753	11,017	8,074	6,061	8,146	3,539	64,877	91,057
1995	10,038	9,455	7,527	10,353	7,536	5,463	4,507		54,879	86,301
1996	10,885	9,118	7,598	10,532	6,326	1,675			46,134	94,013
1997	9,874	7,461	4,629	2,948					24,912	90,013
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	B. Number of Reunifications in Interval (months)								Total Reunifs
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	6,914	6,164	4,621	6,202	4,588	2,949	2,786	3,454	37,678
1991	6,932	6,237	4,603	6,234	4,687	2,803	2,839	2,924	37,259
1992	6,691	5,857	4,349	6,558	4,764	2,922	2,859	2,304	36,304
1993	7,109	6,152	4,941	6,837	4,896	3,047	2,945	1,673	37,600
1994	7,174	6,495	5,003	7,527	5,394	3,356	2,898	718	38,565
1995	6,707	6,062	4,885	6,807	4,845	2,735	1,517		33,558
1996	7,003	5,300	4,568	6,337	3,633	759			27,600
1997	5,794	4,018	2,531	1,499					13,842
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	C. Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Exiting By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.128	0.249	0.339	0.458	0.549	0.618	0.707	0.896
1991	0.127	0.248	0.337	0.455	0.547	0.611	0.699	0.867
1992	0.125	0.237	0.323	0.446	0.538	0.603	0.692	0.830
1993	0.122	0.235	0.325	0.445	0.534	0.600	0.691	0.787
1994	0.115	0.223	0.308	0.429	0.518	0.584	0.674	0.712
1995	0.116	0.226	0.313	0.433	0.520	0.584	0.636
1996	0.116	0.213	0.294	0.406	0.473	0.491
1997	0.110	0.193	0.244	0.277
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	D. Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Reunifying By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.093	0.176	0.239	0.322	0.384	0.424	0.461	0.508
1991	0.090	0.170	0.230	0.310	0.371	0.407	0.444	0.482
1992	0.085	0.160	0.215	0.298	0.359	0.396	0.433	0.462
1993	0.085	0.159	0.219	0.301	0.359	0.396	0.431	0.451
1994	0.079	0.150	0.205	0.288	0.347	0.384	0.416	0.424
1995	0.078	0.148	0.205	0.283	0.340	0.371	0.389
1996	0.074	0.131	0.179	0.247	0.286	0.294
1997	0.064	0.109	0.137	0.154
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	E. Average Monthly Exit Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.128	0.069	0.040	0.030	0.028	0.025	0.019
1991	0.127	0.069	0.040	0.030	0.028	0.024	0.019
1992	0.125	0.064	0.037	0.030	0.028	0.024	0.019
1993	0.122	0.064	0.039	0.030	0.027	0.024	0.019
1994	0.115	0.061	0.037	0.029	0.026	0.023	0.018
1995	0.116	0.062	0.038	0.029	0.026	0.022	0.010
1996	0.116	0.055	0.034	0.026	0.019	0.006
1997	0.110	0.047	0.021	0.007
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	F. Average Monthly Reunification Rate During Interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.093	0.048	0.028	0.021	0.019	0.015	0.008
1991	0.090	0.046	0.026	0.020	0.019	0.013	0.008
1992	0.085	0.043	0.024	0.021	0.018	0.013	0.008
1993	0.085	0.042	0.026	0.020	0.018	0.013	0.007
1994	0.079	0.040	0.024	0.020	0.017	0.013	0.006
1995	0.078	0.040	0.024	0.019	0.017	0.011	0.004
1996	0.074	0.032	0.021	0.016	0.011	0.003
1997	0.064	0.025	0.012	0.004
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Year	G. Reunifications as Proportion of Exits (Cumulative)
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.727	0.707	0.704	0.703	0.699	0.686	0.653	0.567
1991	0.707	0.686	0.681	0.682	0.679	0.667	0.635	0.556
1992	0.683	0.672	0.667	0.670	0.668	0.657	0.626	0.556
1993	0.698	0.677	0.673	0.675	0.672	0.660	0.624	0.573
1994	0.686	0.674	0.666	0.671	0.670	0.657	0.617	0.594
1995	0.668	0.655	0.653	0.655	0.653	0.636	0.611
1996	0.643	0.615	0.611	0.609	0.604	0.598
1997	0.587	0.566	0.562	0.556
Notes: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable). By calendar year in 7 states. By fiscal year in Maryland and New Mexico.

Tables IIB.2 Reunification Tracking Tables, by State
(Tables with the same information for each state separately, plus a summary page).

Table IIB.2_AL
Reunification Tracking Tables for Annual Entry Cohorts to Foster Care, 1990-1997, State of Alabama

Year	Number of Exits in Interval								Total Exits	Total Entries
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	391	414	269	271	171	120	118	175	1,929	2,004
1991	433	392	269	268	147	90	107	155	1,861	1,960
1992	421	316	289	248	149	67	85	148	1,723	1,855
1993	295	377	195	248	126	65	102	79	1,487	1,692
1994	326	319	236	241	144	75	76	33	1,450	1,713
1995	286	301	164	213	98	84	58		1,204	1,582
1996	337	322	264	305	95	17			1,340	2,107
1997	332	292	160	90					874	2,101
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Number of Reunifications in Interval								Total Reunifs
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	180	135	100	73	31	23	17	19	578
1991	172	132	91	65	30	22	13	16	541
1992	171	84	72	73	31	9	13	12	465
1993	128	116	49	78	23	18	13	4	429
1994	94	109	73	61	38	21	11	3	410
1995	136	113	58	62	24	18	6		417
1996	112	99	79	86	26	3			405
1997	111	97	46	14					268
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Exiting By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.195	0.402	0.536	0.671	0.756	0.816	0.875	0.963
1991	0.221	0.421	0.558	0.695	0.770	0.816	0.870	0.949
1992	0.227	0.397	0.553	0.687	0.767	0.803	0.849	0.929
1993	0.174	0.397	0.512	0.659	0.733	0.772	0.832	0.879
1994	0.190	0.377	0.514	0.655	0.739	0.783	0.827	0.846
1995	0.181	0.371	0.475	0.609	0.671	0.724	0.761
1996	0.160	0.313	0.438	0.583	0.628	0.636
1997	0.158	0.297	0.373	0.416
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Reunifying By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.090	0.157	0.207	0.244	0.259	0.270	0.279	0.288
1991	0.088	0.155	0.202	0.235	0.250	0.261	0.268	0.276
1992	0.092	0.137	0.176	0.216	0.232	0.237	0.244	0.251
1993	0.076	0.144	0.173	0.219	0.233	0.243	0.251	0.254
1994	0.055	0.119	0.161	0.197	0.219	0.231	0.238	0.239
1995	0.086	0.157	0.194	0.233	0.248	0.260	0.264
1996	0.053	0.100	0.138	0.178	0.191	0.192
1997	0.053	0.099	0.121	0.128
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Exit Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.195	0.128	0.075	0.049	0.043	0.041	0.027
1991	0.221	0.128	0.079	0.052	0.041	0.033	0.025
1992	0.227	0.110	0.086	0.050	0.043	0.026	0.019
1993	0.174	0.135	0.064	0.050	0.036	0.024	0.022
1994	0.190	0.115	0.074	0.048	0.041	0.028	0.017
1995	0.181	0.116	0.055	0.043	0.026	0.027	0.011
1996	0.160	0.091	0.061	0.043	0.018	0.004
1997	0.158	0.083	0.036	0.011
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Reunification Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.090	0.042	0.028	0.013	0.008	0.008	0.004
1991	0.088	0.043	0.027	0.013	0.008	0.008	0.003
1992	0.092	0.029	0.021	0.015	0.009	0.003	0.003
1993	0.076	0.042	0.016	0.016	0.007	0.007	0.003
1994	0.055	0.039	0.023	0.012	0.011	0.008	0.002
1995	0.086	0.044	0.019	0.012	0.006	0.006	0.001
1996	0.053	0.028	0.018	0.012	0.005	0.001
1997	0.053	0.027	0.010	0.002
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Reunifications as Proportion of Exits (Cumulative)
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.460	0.391	0.386	0.363	0.342	0.331	0.319	0.300
1991	0.397	0.368	0.361	0.338	0.325	0.320	0.308	0.291
1992	0.406	0.346	0.319	0.314	0.303	0.295	0.288	0.270
1993	0.434	0.363	0.338	0.333	0.317	0.315	0.302	0.289
1994	0.288	0.315	0.313	0.300	0.296	0.295	0.287	0.283
1995	0.476	0.424	0.409	0.383	0.370	0.359	0.346
1996	0.332	0.320	0.314	0.306	0.304	0.302
1997	0.334	0.333	0.324	0.307
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Table IIB.2_CA
Reunification Tracking Tables for Annual Entry Cohorts to Foster Care, 1990-1997, State of California

Year	Number of Exits in Interval								Total Exits	Total Entries
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	3,401	2,878	1,916	3,351	2,773	2,133	2,214	3,978	22,644	26,550
1991	3,364	3,062	2,063	3,298	2,647	1,962	2,181	3,449	22,026	26,373
1992	3,330	3,021	1,934	3,331	2,846	2,069	2,366	3,035	21,932	27,653
1993	3,643	3,309	2,443	3,596	3,019	2,190	2,572	2,303	23,075	30,313
1994	3,586	3,620	2,665	3,966	3,276	2,489	2,624	1,126	23,352	33,084
1995	3,476	3,304	2,540	3,581	2,898	2,002	1,614		19,415	32,572
1996	3,397	2,634	2,271	3,172	2,390	752			14,616	35,474
1997	2,577	1,786	1,039	1,084					6,486	33,372
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Number of Reunifications in Interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+	Total Reunifs
1990	2,997	2,483	1,568	2,686	2,067	1,242	778	1,070	14,891
1991	3,005	2,593	1,643	2,584	1,912	1,101	782	833	14,453
1992	2,917	2,570	1,534	2,580	2,116	1,259	916	659	14,551
1993	3,203	2,756	1,900	2,866	2,224	1,299	929	395	15,572
1994	3,153	3,049	2,108	3,179	2,475	1,537	817	125	16,443
1995	2,985	2,755	2,022	2,792	2,127	1,021	329		14,031
1996	2,954	2,106	1,669	2,100	1,377	305			10,511
1997	2,128	1,384	699	581					4,792
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Exiting By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.128	0.236	0.309	0.435	0.539	0.620	0.703	0.853
1991	0.128	0.244	0.322	0.447	0.547	0.622	0.704	0.835
1992	0.120	0.230	0.300	0.420	0.523	0.598	0.683	0.793
1993	0.120	0.229	0.310	0.429	0.528	0.600	0.685	0.761
1994	0.108	0.218	0.298	0.418	0.517	0.592	0.672	0.706
1995	0.107	0.208	0.286	0.396	0.485	0.547	0.596
1996	0.096	0.170	0.234	0.323	0.391	0.412
1997	0.077	0.131	0.162	0.194
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Reunifying By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.113	0.206	0.265	0.367	0.444	0.491	0.521	0.561
1991	0.114	0.212	0.275	0.373	0.445	0.487	0.516	0.548
1992	0.105	0.198	0.254	0.347	0.424	0.469	0.502	0.526
1993	0.106	0.197	0.259	0.354	0.427	0.470	0.501	0.514
1994	0.095	0.187	0.251	0.347	0.422	0.469	0.493	0.497
1995	0.092	0.176	0.238	0.324	0.389	0.421	0.431
1996	0.083	0.143	0.190	0.249	0.288	0.296
1997	0.064	0.105	0.126	0.144
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Exit Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.128	0.062	0.032	0.030	0.031	0.029	0.018
1991	0.128	0.067	0.034	0.031	0.030	0.027	0.018
1992	0.120	0.062	0.030	0.029	0.030	0.026	0.018
1993	0.120	0.062	0.035	0.029	0.029	0.026	0.018
1994	0.108	0.061	0.034	0.028	0.028	0.026	0.016
1995	0.107	0.057	0.033	0.026	0.025	0.020	0.009
1996	0.096	0.041	0.026	0.019	0.017	0.006
1997	0.077	0.029	0.012	0.006
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Reunification Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
c	0.113	0.054	0.026	0.024	0.023	0.017	0.006
1991	0.114	0.056	0.027	0.024	0.022	0.015	0.007
1992	0.105	0.053	0.024	0.022	0.022	0.016	0.007
1993	0.106	0.052	0.027	0.023	0.021	0.015	0.006
1994	0.095	0.052	0.027	0.023	0.021	0.016	0.005
1995	0.092	0.047	0.026	0.020	0.018	0.010	0.002
1996	0.083	0.033	0.019	0.013	0.010	0.002
1997	0.064	0.022	0.008	0.003
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Reunifications as Proportion of Exits (Cumulative)
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.881	0.873	0.860	0.843	0.824	0.793	0.740	0.658
1991	0.893	0.871	0.853	0.834	0.813	0.783	0.733	0.656
1992	0.876	0.864	0.847	0.827	0.810	0.785	0.735	0.663
1993	0.879	0.857	0.837	0.826	0.809	0.783	0.731	0.675
1994	0.879	0.861	0.842	0.830	0.816	0.791	0.734	0.704
1995	0.859	0.847	0.833	0.818	0.803	0.770	0.723
1996	0.870	0.839	0.811	0.769	0.736	0.719
1997	0.826	0.805	0.780	0.739
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Table IIB.2_IL
Reunification Tracking Tables for Annual Entry Cohorts to Foster Care, 1990-1997, State of Illinois

Year	Number of Exits in Interval								Total Exits	Total Entries
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	742	738	631	735	521	426	577	1,939	6,309	7,662
1991	736	809	638	946	671	447	638	2,465	7,350	10,146
1992	798	720	688	917	618	484	892	2,399	7,516	11,238
1993	744	695	617	867	722	592	1,090	1,791	7,118	11,935
1994	865	750	717	1,120	781	821	1,337	903	7,294	15,373
1995	822	788	747	1,074	760	715	802		5,708	13,129
1996	741	767	622	967	582	161			3,840	12,077
1997	627	621	380	240					1,868	9,372
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Number of Reunifications in Interval								Total Reunifs
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	534	552	492	515	361	255	239	292	3,240
1991	488	548	460	654	432	255	263	387	3,487
1992	445	454	518	615	361	266	381	473	3,513
1993	431	456	407	523	456	320	447	435	3,475
1994	510	477	488	724	466	454	577	250	3,946
1995	470	459	480	646	468	421	393		3,337
1996	406	458	366	619	384	88			2,321
1997	334	359	222	159					1,074
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Exiting By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.097	0.193	0.276	0.371	0.439	0.495	0.570	0.823
1991	0.073	0.152	0.215	0.308	0.375	0.419	0.481	0.724
1992	0.071	0.135	0.196	0.278	0.333	0.376	0.455	0.669
1993	0.062	0.121	0.172	0.245	0.305	0.355	0.446	0.596
1994	0.056	0.105	0.152	0.225	0.275	0.329	0.416	0.474
1995	0.063	0.123	0.180	0.261	0.319	0.374	0.435
1996	0.061	0.125	0.176	0.256	0.305	0.318
1997	0.067	0.133	0.174	0.199
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Reunifying By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.070	0.142	0.206	0.273	0.320	0.354	0.385	0.423
1991	0.048	0.102	0.147	0.212	0.254	0.280	0.306	0.344
1992	0.040	0.080	0.126	0.181	0.213	0.237	0.271	0.313
1993	0.036	0.074	0.108	0.152	0.190	0.217	0.255	0.291
1994	0.033	0.064	0.096	0.143	0.173	0.203	0.240	0.257
1995	0.036	0.071	0.107	0.157	0.192	0.224	0.254
1996	0.034	0.072	0.102	0.153	0.185	0.192
1997	0.036	0.074	0.098	0.115
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Exit Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.097	0.053	0.034	0.022	0.018	0.017	0.012
1991	0.073	0.043	0.025	0.020	0.016	0.012	0.009
1992	0.071	0.034	0.024	0.017	0.013	0.011	0.011
1993	0.062	0.031	0.020	0.015	0.013	0.012	0.012
1994	0.056	0.026	0.017	0.014	0.011	0.012	0.011
1995	0.063	0.032	0.022	0.017	0.013	0.013	0.008
1996	0.061	0.034	0.020	0.016	0.011	0.003
1997	0.067	0.036	0.016	0.005
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Reunification Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.070	0.040	0.027	0.015	0.012	0.010	0.005
1991	0.048	0.029	0.018	0.014	0.010	0.007	0.004
1992	0.040	0.022	0.018	0.011	0.007	0.006	0.005
1993	0.036	0.020	0.013	0.009	0.008	0.006	0.005
1994	0.033	0.016	0.012	0.009	0.007	0.007	0.005
1995	0.036	0.019	0.014	0.010	0.008	0.008	0.004
1996	0.034	0.020	0.012	0.010	0.007	0.002
1997	0.036	0.021	0.009	0.003
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Reunifications as Proportion of Exits (Cumulative)
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.720	0.734	0.748	0.735	0.729	0.714	0.675	0.514
1991	0.663	0.671	0.685	0.687	0.679	0.668	0.635	0.474
1992	0.558	0.592	0.642	0.651	0.640	0.629	0.594	0.467
1993	0.579	0.616	0.629	0.622	0.624	0.612	0.571	0.488
1994	0.590	0.611	0.633	0.637	0.630	0.617	0.578	0.541
1995	0.572	0.577	0.598	0.599	0.602	0.600	0.585
1996	0.548	0.573	0.577	0.597	0.607	0.604
1997	0.533	0.555	0.562	0.575
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Table IIB.2_MD
Reunification Tracking Tables for Annual Entry Cohorts to Foster Care, FY 1990-1997, State of Maryland

Year	Number of Exits in Interval								Total Exits	Total Entries
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+
1990	388	389	223	220	183	139	239	465	2,246	2,454
1991	408	493	261	235	221	152	255	390	2,415	2,707
1992	340	396	205	285	229	176	255	406	2,292	2,742
1993	321	414	202	278	199	159	255	320	2,148	2,736
1994	440	474	249	343	232	190	324	138	2,390	3,364
1995	336	398	224	300	249	225	156		1,888	3,123
1996	437	433	236	299	196	59			1,660	3,103
1997	445	379	163	90					1,077	3,182
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Number of Reunifications in Interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36	36+	Total Reunifs
1990	220	227	119	104	87	57	74	89	977
1991	242	303	149	118	89	65	83	70	1,119
1992	192	226	98	138	98	57	72	68	949
1993	172	248	133	145	101	54	74	44	971
1994	265	262	124	166	103	82	102	35	1,139
1995	166	205	113	138	123	108	50		903
1996	227	209	116	150	91	26			819
1997	192	190	80	38					500
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Exiting By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.158	0.317	0.407	0.497	0.572	0.628	0.726	0.915
1991	0.151	0.333	0.429	0.516	0.598	0.654	0.748	0.892
1992	0.124	0.268	0.343	0.447	0.531	0.595	0.688	0.836
1993	0.117	0.269	0.342	0.444	0.517	0.575	0.668	0.785
1994	0.131	0.272	0.346	0.448	0.517	0.573	0.669	0.710
1995	0.108	0.235	0.307	0.403	0.483	0.555	0.605
1996	0.141	0.280	0.356	0.453	0.516	0.535
1997	0.140	0.259	0.310	0.338
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Cumulative Proportion of Entrants Reunifying By Month
	<1	<3	<6	<12	<18	<24	<36	36+
1990	0.090	0.182	0.231	0.273	0.308	0.332	0.362	0.398
1991	0.089	0.201	0.256	0.300	0.333	0.357	0.388	0.413
1992	0.070	0.152	0.188	0.239	0.274	0.295	0.321	0.346
1993	0.063	0.154	0.202	0.255	0.292	0.312	0.339	0.355
1994	0.079	0.157	0.194	0.243	0.273	0.298	0.328	0.339
1995	0.053	0.119	0.155	0.199	0.239	0.273	0.289
1996	0.073	0.141	0.178	0.226	0.256	0.264
1997	0.060	0.120	0.145	0.157
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).

Year	Average Monthly Exit Rate during interval
	0 < 1	1 < 3	3 < 6	6 <12	12<18	18<24	25<36
1990	0.158	0.094	0.044	0.025	0.025	0.022	0.022
1991	0.151	0.107	0.048	0.025	0.028	0.023	0.023
1992	0.124	0.082	0.034	0.026	0.025	0.023	0.019
1993	0.117	0.086	0.034	0.026	0.022	0.020	0.018
1994	0.131	0.081	0.034	0.026	0.021	0.019	0.019
1995	0.108	0.071	0.031	0.023	0.022	0.023	0.009
1996	0.141	0.081	0.035	0.025	0.019	0.007
1997	0.140	0.069	0.023	0.007
Note: Observations in italic are partially censored by time limit of period of observation. Observations in blank are fully censored (unobservable).