Acknowledgments
This report, and its earlier editions, would not have been possible without the substantial support of the Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics whose member agencies provided data and carefully reviewed relevant sections. The contributing departments and agencies include the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS); the U.S. Census Bureau; the Bureau of Labor Statistics; the Department of Housing and Urban Development; the Administration for Children and Families; the Food and Nutrition Service of the Department of Agriculture; the Office of Management and Budget; the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
Thanks to the many people at ASPE who contributed to the development, review, and production of this report. Special thanks to Martha Moorehouse and Meredith Kelsey of ASPE, who share a strong commitment to indicators and understanding trends in the well-being of children and youth. We have greatly appreciated their guidance.
Several non-Federal individuals and organizations also supplied data or analyses for this report, including Ryan Mahon and Latrice Norris of Walter R. McDonald & Associates Inc’s NCAND Technical Team, Ginger Maggio and Adam Burke of the University of Michigan, Randal Day of Brigham Young University, Robert Lerman of The Urban Institute, and Lori Nelson of the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.
This report was produced under contract by Westat. Babette Gutmann served as project director, and Jennifer Hamilton served as project manager. Other Westat staff who contributed to this report include Elizabeth Buckland, Sabrina Daly, Alison Fields, Tamara Morse, Kemba Nobles, Christine Nord, Greg Orlofsky and Jennifer Smakula. The graphic design of the report was created by Westat’s Graphics Department. Editorial reviews were completed by Westat’s Editorial Department.
Introduction
This is the seventh edition of an annual report from the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) on trends in the well-being of our nation’s children and youth. The report presents the most recent and reliable estimates on more than 80 indicators of well-being. It is intended to provide the policy community, the media, and all interested citizens with an accessible overview of data describing the condition of children in the United States.
- The indicators have been organized into five broad areas:
- Population, family, and neighborhood;
- Economic security;
- Health conditions and health care;
- Social development and behavioral health; and
- Education and achievement.
For each indicator, the report provides graphs to highlight key trends and important population subgroup differences and tables that provide detailed information for the interested user. These are accompanied by text that briefly discusses each indicator and highlights the most salient features of the data.
Indicators Included in the Report
This report presents a broad and carefully chosen collection of national estimates of child and youth well-being. It reports indicators that have been collected more than once over the past few years so that trends may be presented. Where possible, trends are presented from the 1970s through the year 2001. In a few cases, data for earlier years are also presented, as are projections into the future.
Decisions regarding which indicators to include in the report have been guided by a combination of scientific and practical considerations. In preparation for the first edition of this report, a list of indicators was culled from over 20 papers presented at a major national conference on indicators of child well-being. At this conference, nationally recognized experts representing a broad spectrum of disciplines and research interests related to child well-being recommended key indicators that should be tracked on a regular basis by the Federal statistical system.
The final list of indicators was modified based on a number of practical considerations that included data availability (the data needed to be available for a nationally representative sample and on a regular basis), timeliness (the estimates had to be available for 1990 or later), and quality and consistency (the data had to be both reliable and consistently measured over time).
Some sections of this report have been revised for the 2002 edition. Several indicators have been combined, such as “Overweight Prevalence” and “Regular Physical Exercise,” while other indicators have been rewritten or replaced with new sources of data. For example, the indicator “Ready Schools, Ready Children” has replaced the indicator “Grade Retention.” The new indicator, “Working Youth” has been added to this year’s report.
Indicators have been removed for a variety of reasons, such as out-of-date information or replication of information in other reports produced by ASPE. The following indicators have been removed in Trends 2002: Dental Caries; Sufficient Hours of Sleep; and Low-risk Teen Cumulative Risk Index.
The Need for Better Data on Children
As this report demonstrates, the data available for tracking the well-being of children and youth at the national level are fairly extensive. Even so, there remain some gaps in the Federal statistical system that when filled will give a more complete picture of the quality of our children’s lives.
We have few measures of social development and health-related behaviors for very young and preteenage children that are measured on a regular basis. Measures of mental health for any age child are limited, although one such measure was recently added to the National Health Interview Survey. Positive measures of social development and related behaviors are also limited, with the result that the current set of indicators may present a gloomier picture of our children’s overall well-being than is in fact the case. New indicators that reflect the positive developments we desire for our children and youth clearly need to be developed and incorporated into the Federal statistical system.
We have very few indicators available that reflect important social processes affecting child well-being that go on inside the family and within the neighborhood. Measures of parent-child interactions critical to the social and intellectual development of children are only now beginning to work their way into regularly repeated national surveys. We currently lack an annual measure of whether both biological parents of a child are in the household, in addition to reliable indicators of child homelessness.
Other important areas in need of measurement development or improvements in the quality, consistency, and frequency of available data include child abuse and neglect, youth violent crime, daycare quality, learning disabilities, and measures of children in institutionalized care.
Finally, data used to track the well-being of children at the state and local levels are much less plentiful than the information available at the national level. As state and local governments take on increasing levels of responsibility for the design and implementation of many types of government programs affecting children, youth, and their families, the need for such information is increasing. The Federal statistical system is positioned to play a significant role in increasing the availability of such data for use at the state and local levels.
Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics
The Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics, (the Forum) an interagency group of leaders of Federal agencies and departments responsible for collecting data on children and youth, has adopted a mandate to improve the Federal statistical system regarding data on children, youth, and their families. Member agencies have played a crucial role in the production of this report, providing data and carefully reviewing relevant text. The Forum, created in 1994 and formally established by Executive Order in 1997, will continue to develop strategies for improving the Federal statistical system in ways that preserve existing data in these areas while filling in the data gaps described above. For recent products and activities of the Forum, see their web page, located at http://childstats.gov.
Using the Document
In the presentation of data for this report, percents and rates are usually rounded to the nearest whole number. Estimates based on the Decennial Census, the National Vital Statistics System, and surveys with very large sample sizes are often presented to one decimal place since differences of less than one percentage point are often significant from these sources.
Practical considerations do not allow for the use of tests of statistical significance for all cross-time and between-group differences discussed in the text, though they are used in a few cases. Where such tests are not available, differences are either not reported in the text or are reported cautiously. Often in such cases estimates are simply reported without any claims as to statistical significance.
Definitions of terms used in this report are provided at the end of this document in the glossary.
For More Information
This report is intended to provide a broad cross-section of the most relevant trend data in the lives of children and youth in the United States. For those interested in more detailed information, a number of additional resources, both print and electronic, are available. Full citations are provided for all tables and figures as well as for the text. At the end of the document there is also a complete list of all sources used throughout the report. A selection of these resources are listed below, by topic area, to provide the reader with a starting point when searching for additional information in these areas.
Section 1: Population, Family and Neighborhood
U.S. Census Bureau. It is possible to access nearly all Census Bureau publications, such as the Current Population Reports, from the Bureau's web page, www.census.gov. It is also possible to extract data directly from public use census files using the Federal Electronic Research and Review Extraction Tool (FERRET) available at http://dataferrett.census.gov/TheDataWeb/Index.html. FERRET allows the user to:
- Create crosstabs;
- Create frequencies;
- Create a SAS data set for downloading; and
- Create an ASCII output file where it is possible to either download the file or transfer the data into a spreadsheet.
Section 2: Economic Security
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Bureau of Labor Statistics produces a variety of employment data and can be found on the web at http://www.bls.gov/.
U.S. Department of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means. The Green Book is compiled from many sources and it provides program descriptions and historical data on a wide variety of social and economic topics, including Social Security, employment, earnings, welfare, child support, health insurance, the elderly, families with children, poverty and taxation. It may be found online at http://aspe.hhs.gov/2000gb/.
Section 3: Health Conditions and Health Care
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention conducts many data collection efforts, including the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), which monitors health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults. The categories include: 1) tobacco use, alcohol and other drug use, 2) sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, 3) unhealthy dietary behaviors, and 4) physical inactivity. This information can be accessed via CDC's main web page, located at http://www.cdc.gov/.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). The National Center for Health Statistics publishes a number of reports that provide data on the health of children and youth in the United States. Some of these include the National Vital Statistics Reports and the Vital and Health Statistics series. These reports and many others are available at the NCHS web site http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/. Additional NCHS data are available through the Census’ FERRET system at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/datawh/ferret/ferret.htm. Currently, the 1994 Underlying Cause-of-Death File, the 1993 National Health Interview Survey, and the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III, are all available via FERRET.
Section 4: Social Development and Behavioral Health
Bureau of Justice Statistics. Detailed information on juvenile offenders can be obtained at the Bureau of Justice Statistics' main web site, located at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/.
Institute for Social Research. This institute has collected information on the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American secondary school students, college students, and young adults since 1975 in its Monitoring the Future survey. Information and data from this study are available online at http://monitoringthefuture.org/.
Section 5: Education and Achievement
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). NCES is the primary federal agency for collecting and analyzing data that are related to education in the United States. Its web site is located at http://nces.ed.gov/ and contains links to its many data collection activities. These surveys include the Common Core of Data (CCD), the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), the Private School Universe Survey, and the National Household Education Survey (NHES). In addition, NCES collects and reports on the academic performance of the nation's students. The National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is NCES' primary assessment of what American elementary and secondary students know and can do in a variety of academic subjects.
Additional information can be found in a related report, America’s Children: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2002, which is available online at http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/.
Section 1: Population, Family, and Neighborhood (PF)
Child Population Characteristics
Child Population Characteristics (In PDF format)
Family Structure
Family Structure (In PDF format)
Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods (In PDF format)
Section 2: Economic Security (ES)
Poverty and Income
Poverty and Income (In PDF format)
Financial Support
Financial Support (In PDF format)
Parental Employment
Parental Employment (In PDF format)
Consumption
Consumption (In PDF format)
Section 3: Health Conditions and Health Care (HC)
Health Care
Health Care (In PDF format)
Health Conditions
Health Conditions (In PDF format)
Mortality
Mortality (In PDF format)
Section 4: Social Development and Behavioral Health (SD)
Social Development
Social Development (In PDF format)
Behavioral Health: Physical Health and Safety
Behavioral Health: Physical Health and Safety (In PDF format)
Behavioral Health: Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse
Behavioral Health: Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Abuse (In PDF format)
Behavioral Health: Sexual Activity and Fertility
Behavioral Health: Sexual Activity and Fertility (In PDF format)
Section 5: Education and Achievement (EA)
Enrollment/Attendance
Enrollment/Attendance (In PDF format)
Achievement/Proficiency
Achievement/Proficiency (In PDF format)
Related Behaviors and Characteristics
Related Behaviors and Characteristics (In PDF format)
Glossary
Glossary (In PDF format)
Bibliography
Bibliography (In PDF format)