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Following the format of the previous annual reports to Congress, Chapter II presents summary data related to indicators of dependence. These indicators differ from other welfare statistics because of their emphasis on welfare dependence, rather than simple welfare receipt. As discussed in Chapter I, the Advisory Board on Welfare Indicators suggested measuring dependence as the proportion of families with more than 50 percent of their total income in a one-year period coming from cash assistance through the AFDC (now TANF) program, food stamps and SSI benefits. Furthermore, this welfare income was not to be associated with work activities.
The indicators in Chapter II were selected to provide information about dependence, following, to the extent feasible, the definition of dependence proposed by the Advisory Board. Existing data from administrative records and national surveys, however, do not generally distinguish welfare benefits received in conjunction with work from benefits received without work. Thus, it was not possible to construct one single indicator of dependence; that is, one indicator that measures both percentage of income from means-tested assistance and presence of work activities.
Instead, this chapter includes some indicators that focus on the percentage of recipients' income from means-tested assistance, while other indicators focus on presence of work activities at the same time as welfare receipt. Still other indicators present summary data and characteristics on all recipients, not limited to those with more than 50 percent of total income from welfare programs or those without work activities.
Overall, the indicators of dependency were selected to reflect both the range and depth of dependence. This chapter focuses on recipients of three major means-tested cash and nutritional assistance programs: cash assistance through the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs, benefits under the Food Stamp Program, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits for elderly and disabled recipients.
Here is a brief summary of each of the eleven indicators:
Indicator 1: Degree of Dependence. This indicator focuses most closely on those individuals who meet the Advisory Board's proposed definition of "dependence." In addition to examining individuals with more than 50 percent of their annual family income from AFDC/TANF cash assistance, food stamps and/or SSI benefits, it shows various levels of dependence by examining those with more than 0 percent, 25 percent, and 75 percent of their income from these sources (Indicators 1a and 1b). This indicator also shows the average percentage of income from means-tested assistance and earnings received by families with various levels of income relative to the poverty level (Indicators 1c and 1d).
Indicator 2. Receipt of Means-Tested Assistance and Labor Force Attachment. This indicator looks further at the relationship between receipt of means-tested assistance and participation in the labor force. This is an important issue because of the significant number of low-income individuals who use a combination of means-tested assistance and earnings from the labor force to get by each month.
Indicator 3. Rates of Receipt of Means-Tested Assistance. This indicator paints yet another picture of dependence by measuring recipiency rates, that is, the percentage of the population that receives AFDC/TANF, food stamps, or SSI in an average month. Program administrative data make these figures readily available over time, allowing a better sense of historical trends than is available from the more specialized indicators of dependence.
Indicator 4. Rates of Participation in Means-Tested Assistance Programs. While means-tested public assistance programs are open to all that meet their requirements, not all eligible households participate in the programs. This indicator uses administrative data and microsimulation models to reflect "take up rates" - the number of families that actually participate in the programs as a percentage of those who are legally eligible.
Indicator 5. Multiple Program Receipt. Depending on their circumstances, individuals may choose a variety of different means-tested assistance "packages." This indicator looks at the percentage of individuals receiving AFDC/TANF, food stamps, and SSI in a month, examining how many rely on just one of these programs, and how many rely on a combination of two programs.
Indicator 6. Dependence Transitions. This indicator uses data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) to look at the ability of individuals who are dependent on welfare in one year to make the transition out of dependence in the following year.
Indicator 7. Dependence Spell Duration. Like Indicator 6, this indicator is concerned with dynamics of welfare receipt and welfare dependence. It shows the proportion of individuals with short, medium, and long spells, or episodes, of AFDC or TANF receipt. The focus is on individuals in AFDC/TANF families with no labor force participants.
Indicator 8. Program Spell Duration. One critical aspect of dependence is how long individuals receive means-tested assistance. Like Indicator 7, this indicator provides information on short, medium, and long spells of welfare receipt. It differs from Indicator 7 in looking at all recipients, regardless of attachment to the labor force, and in analyzing recipients of each of the three major means-tested programs - AFDC/TANF, the Food Stamp Program, and SSI.
Indicator 9. Long-Term Dependency. This indicator uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine dependency over three separate ten-year time periods. It measures dependency as individuals with more than 50 percent of their income from AFDC and food stamps, not counting SSI.
Indicator 10. Long-Term Receipt. Many individuals who leave welfare programs cycle back on after an absence of several months. Thus it is important to look beyond individual program spells, measured in Indicator 8, to examine the cumulative amount of time individuals receive assistance over a period of several years.
Indicator 11. Events Associated with the Beginning and Ending of Program Spells. To gain a better understanding of welfare dynamics, it is important to go beyond measures of spell duration and examine information regarding the major events in people's lives that are correlated with the beginnings or endings of program spells. This measure focuses on receipt of AFDC.
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Figure IND 1a.
Percentage of Total Income from Means-Tested Assistance Programs: 2000
| 0% | >0% and <=25% |
>25% and <=50% |
>50% and <=75% |
>75% and <=100% |
Total >50% |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Persons | 87.5 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 91.8 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 1.9 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 73.0 | 14.2 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 7.7 |
| Hispanic | 79.0 | 12.3 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 2.9 | 4.5 |
| Age Categories | ||||||
| Children Ages 0-17 | 82.2 | 9.3 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 4.9 |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 87.6 | 7.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 3.0 |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 90.8 | 6.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.9 |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 89.6 | 6.2 | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1.4 | 2.1 |
| Family Categories | ||||||
| Individuals in Married Couple Families | 92.8 | 5.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
| Individuals in Female-Headed Families | 62.9 | 17.5 | 8.2 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 11.4 |
| Individuals in Male-Headed Families | 78.2 | 13.5 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 3.0 | 4.4 |
| Unrelated Individuals | 89.9 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 3.8 |
| Note: Means-tested assistance
includes AFDC/TANF, SSI, and food stamps. Total >50% includes all persons
with more than 50 percent of their total annual family income from these
means-tested programs. Income includes cash income and the value of food
stamps. Spouses are not present in the Female-Headed and Male-Headed family
categories. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
||||||
| 0% | >0% and <=25% |
>25% and <=50% |
>50% and <=75% |
>75% and <=100% |
Total >50% |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | 83.4 | 7.8 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 4.1 | 5.9 |
| 1994 | 82.8 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 4.0 | 5.8 |
| 1995 | 83.2 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 5.3 |
| 1996 | 84.0 | 7.8 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 3.3 | 5.2 |
| 1997 | 85.3 | 7.7 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 4.5 |
| 1998 | 86.5 | 7.3 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.8 |
| 1999 | 86.7 | 7.7 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 2.2 | 3.3 |
| 2000 | 87.5 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 3.0 |
| Note: Means-tested assistance
includes AFDC/TANF, SSI, and food stamps. Total >50% includes all persons
with more than 50 percent of their total annual family income from these
means-tested programs. Income includes cash income and the value of food
stamps. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
||||||
Figure IND 1b.
Percentage of Total Income from Various Sources, by Poverty Status: 2000
| < 50%of poverty |
<100% of poverty |
<200% of poverty |
200%+ of poverty |
All Individuals |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Persons | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 54.3 | 30.3 | 9.8 | 0.2 | 1.0 |
| Earnings | 30.5 | 49.5 | 68.7 | 86.7 | 85.3 |
| Other Income | 15.2 | 20.3 | 21.5 | 13.0 | 13.7 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 50.6 | 27.8 | 7.7 | 0.1 | 0.5 |
| Earnings | 31.6 | 45.4 | 63.8 | 85.8 | 84.7 |
| Other Income | 17.8 | 26.7 | 28.6 | 14.1 | 14.8 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 59.6 | 39.0 | 15.2 | 0.5 | 3.2 |
| Earnings | 24.6 | 40.1 | 65.4 | 88.8 | 84.5 |
| Other Income | 15.9 | 20.9 | 19.4 | 10.7 | 12.3 |
| Hispanic | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 51.9 | 25.3 | 9.2 | 0.7 | 2.7 |
| Earnings | 38.4 | 64.0 | 80.2 | 92.2 | 89.3 |
| Other Income | 9.7 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 7.1 | 7.9 |
| Age Categories | |||||
| Children Ages 0-5 | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 61.6 | 34.5 | 11.9 | 0.2 | 1.8 |
| Earnings | 26.6 | 54.6 | 79.5 | 94.1 | 92.2 |
| Other Income | 11.8 | 10.9 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 6.1 |
| Children Ages 6-10 | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 60.2 | 34.5 | 11.2 | 0.1 | 1.6 |
| Earnings | 26.1 | 53.3 | 79.1 | 93.2 | 91.3 |
| Other Income | 13.7 | 12.3 | 9.8 | 6.7 | 7.1 |
| Children Ages 11-15 | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 59.9 | 31.2 | 10.8 | 0.2 | 1.3 |
| Earnings | 26.7 | 53.6 | 76.4 | 92.2 | 90.5 |
| Other Income | 13.4 | 15.3 | 12.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 |
| Women Ages 16-64 | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 50.1 | 31.0 | 10.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Earnings | 32.7 | 49.3 | 72.3 | 89.2 | 88.1 |
| Other Income | 17.2 | 19.6 | 17.3 | 10.5 | 11.0 |
| Men Ages 16-64 | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 40.4 | 25.0 | 7.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 |
| Earnings | 42.8 | 55.8 | 76.1 | 90.7 | 89.9 |
| Other Income | 16.8 | 19.2 | 16.0 | 9.2 | 9.5 |
| Adults Age 65 and over | |||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 40.9 | 20.9 | 7.1 | 0.4 | 1.1 |
| Earnings | 12.6 | 4.5 | 9.3 | 36.0 | 32.9 |
| Other Income | 46.4 | 74.7 | 83.6 | 63.6 | 65.9 |
| Note: Total income is total
annual family income, including the value of food stamps. Other income is
non means-tested, non-earnings income such as child support, alimony, pensions,
Social Security benefits, interest, and dividends. Poverty status categories
are not mutually exclusive. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
|||||
| < 50% of poverty |
<100% of poverty |
<200% of poverty |
200%+ of poverty |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | ||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 65.9 | 41.3 | 14.2 | 0.3 |
| Earnings | 22.5 | 40.4 | 64.8 | 85.4 |
| Other Income | 11.6 | 18.3 | 21.0 | 14.3 |
| 1999 | ||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 53.1 | 29.8 | 9.7 | 0.2 |
| Earnings 30.2 | 49.3 | 69.1 | 85.0 | |
| Other Income | 16.6 | 20.8 | 21.2 | 14.7 |
| 2000 | ||||
| TANF, SSI, and Food Stamps | 54.3 | 30.3 | 9.8 | 0.2 |
| Earnings | 30.5 | 49.5 | 68.7 | 86.7 |
| Other Income | 15.2 | 20.3 | 21.5 | 13.0 |
| Note: Total income
is total annual family income, including the value of food stamps. Other
income is non means-tested, non-earnings income such as child support, alimony,
pensions, Social Security benefits, interest, and dividends. Poverty status
categories are not mutually exclusive. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
||||
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Figure IND 2.
Percentage of Recipients in Families with Labor Force Participants in that
Month, by Program: 2000
| No one in LF | At least one in LF, No one FT |
At least one FT worker |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TANF | All Persons | 41.2 | 24.1 | 34.7 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 37.2 | 26.6 | 36.2 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 46.9 | 22.2 | 30.9 | |
| Hispanic | 40.8 | 24.3 | 34.9 | |
| Children Ages 0-5 | 42.8 | 22.0 | 35.3 | |
| Children Ages 6-10 | 42.3 | 25.6 | 32.1 | |
| Children Ages 11-15 | 43.5 | 21.1 | 35.4 | |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 41.0 | 24.7 | 34.3 | |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 32.0 | 29.3 | 38.8 | |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 39.3 | 23.5 | 37.2 | |
| FOOD STAMPS | All Persons | 43.9 | 20.6 | 35.5 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 45.9 | 20.3 | 33.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 44.9 | 20.6 | 34.5 | |
| Hispanic | 37.4 | 21.4 | 41.2 | |
| Children Ages 0-5 | 35.9 | 21.7 | 42.4 | |
| Children Ages 6-10 | 35.6 | 23.0 | 41.4 | |
| Children Ages 11-15 | 36.3 | 21.5 | 42.2 | |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 44.1 | 21.3 | 34.6 | |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 44.5 | 21.6 | 33.9 | |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 87.3 | 7.3 | 5.4 | |
| SSI | All Persons | 62.9 | 7.7 | 29.4 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 68.1 | 7.2 | 24.8 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 65.8 | 8.1 | 26.1 | |
| Hispanic | 48.8 | 7.5 | 43.7 | |
| Children Ages 0-5 | 34.9 | 12.1 | 53.0 | |
| Children Ages 6-10 | 33.7 | 16.9 | 49.4 | |
| Children Ages 11-15 | 31.4 | 18.1 | 50.6 | |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 70.3 | 7.3 | 22.4 | |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 65.0 | 6.3 | 28.7 | |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 65.5 | 6.2 | 28.3 | |
| Note: Recipients are limited
to those individuals or family members directly receiving benefits in a month.
Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time
labor force participation includes part-time workers and those who are
unemployed, laid off, and/or looking for work. This indicator measures, on
an average monthly basis, the combination of individual benefit receipt and
labor force participation by any family member in the same month. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
||||
| No one in LF | At least one in LF, No one FT |
At least one FT worker |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | 57.0 | 24.2 | 18.8 |
| 1994 | 54.8 | 24.8 | 20.4 |
| 1995 | 50.6 | 24.3 | 25.1 |
| 1996 | 50.1 | 25.6 | 24.3 |
| 1997 | 47.6 | 28.0 | 24.4 |
| 1998 | 44.3 | 25.8 | 29.9 |
| 1999 | 40.8 | 24.1 | 35.1 |
| 2000 | 41.2 | 24.1 | 34.7 |
| Note: Recipients are limited
to those individuals or family members directly receiving benefits in a month.
Full-time workers are those who usually work 35 hours or more per week. Part-time
labor force participation includes those who are unemployed, laid off, and/or
looking for work. This indicator measures, on an average monthly basis, the
combination of individual benefit receipt and labor force participation by
any family member in the same month. Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
|||
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Figure IND 3a.
Percentage of the Total Population Receiving AFDC/TANF, by Age: 1970-2001
| Fiscal Year | Total Recipients (excludes territories) |
Adult Recipients excludes territories) |
Child Recipients (excludes territories) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (thousands) | Percent | Number (thousands) | Percent | Number (thousands) | Percent | |
| 1970 | 7,188 | 3.5 | 1,863 | 1.4 | 5,325 | 7.6 |
| 1971 | 9,281 | 4.5 | 2,516 | 1.8 | 6,765 | 9.7 |
| 1972 | 10,345 | 4.9 | 2,848 | 2.0 | 7,497 | 10.8 |
| 1973 | 10,760 | 5.1 | 2,984 | 2.1 | 7,776 | 11.3 |
| 1974 | 10,591 | 5.0 | 2,935 | 2.0 | 7,656 | 11.3 |
| 1975 | 10,854 | 5.0 | 3,078 | 2.1 | 7,776 | 11.6 |
| 1976 | 11,171 | 5.1 | 3,271 | 2.2 | 7,900 | 11.9 |
| 1977 | 10,933 | 5.0 | 3,230 | 2.1 | 7,703 | 11.8 |
| 1978 | 10,485 | 4.7 | 3,128 | 2.0 | 7,357 | 11.4 |
| 1979 | 10,146 | 4.5 | 3,071 | 1.9 | 7,075 | 11.0 |
| 1980 | 10,422 | 4.6 | 3,226 | 2.0 | 7,196 | 11.3 |
| 1981 | 10,979 | 4.8 | 3,491 | 2.1 | 7,488 | 11.8 |
| 1982 | 10,233 | 4.4 | 3,395 | 2.0 | 6,838 | 10.9 |
| 1983 | 10,467 | 4.5 | 3,548 | 2.1 | 6,919 | 11.1 |
| 1984 | 10,677 | 4.5 | 3,652 | 2.1 | 7,025 | 11.2 |
| 1985 | 10,630 | 4.5 | 3,589 | 2.0 | 7,041 | 11.2 |
| 1986 | 10,810 | 4.5 | 3,637 | 2.1 | 7,173 | 11.4 |
| 1987 | 10,878 | 4.5 | 3,624 | 2.0 | 7,254 | 11.5 |
| 1988 | 10,734 | 4.4 | 3,536 | 2.0 | 7,198 | 11.4 |
| 1989 | 10,741 | 4.4 | 3,503 | 1.9 | 7,238 | 11.4 |
| 1990 | 11,263 | 4.5 | 3,643 | 2.0 | 7,620 | 11.9 |
| 1991 | 12,391 | 4.9 | 4,016 | 2.1 | 8,375 | 12.8 |
| 1992 | 13,423 | 5.2 | 4,336 | 2.3 | 9,087 | 13.7 |
| 1993 | 13,943 | 5.4 | 4,519 | 2.3 | 9,424 | 13.9 |
| 1994 | 14,033 | 5.3 | 4,554 | 2.3 | 9,479 | 13.8 |
| 1995 | 13,479 | 5.1 | 4,322 | 2.2 | 9,157 | 13.2 |
| 1996 | 12,477 | 4.6 | 3,921 | 2.0 | 8,556 | 12.2 |
| 1997 | 10,779 | 4.0 | 3,106 | 1.5 | 7,673 | 10.8 |
| 1998 | 8,659 | 3.1 | 2,581 | 1.3 | 6,078 | 8.5 |
| 1999 | 7,068 | 2.5 | 1,973 | 1.0 | 5,096 | 7.1 |
| 2000 | 5,856 | 2.1 | 1,544 | 0.7 | 4,312 | 6.0 |
| 2001 | 5,383 | 1.9 | 1,385 | 0.7 | 3,998 | 5.5 |
| Notes: See
Appendix A, Tables TANF 2,
TANF 12, and TANF
14, for more detailed data on recipiency rates, including recipiency
rates by calendar year. Recipients are expressed as the fiscal year average
of monthly caseloads from administrative data, excluding recipients in the
territories. Child recipients include a small number of dependents ages 18
and older who are students. The average numbers of adult and child recipients
in 1998 and 1999 are estimated using data from the National Emergency TANF
Data Files and thereafter using the National TANF Data Files. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, and U.S. Bureau of the Census, (available online at http://www.census.gov). |
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Figure IND 3b.
Percentage of the Total Population Receiving Food Stamps, by Age: 1975-2001
| Fiscal Year | Total Recipients | Adult Recipients Age 60 and over |
Adult Recipients Ages 18-59 |
Child Recipients Ages 0-18 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | |
| 1975 | 16,320 | 7.6 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1976 | 17,033 | 7.8 | - | - | - | - | 9,126 | 13.8 |
| 1977 | 15,604 | 7.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1978 | 14,405 | 6.5 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1979 | 15,942 | 7.1 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 1980 | 19,253 | 8.5 | 1,741 | 4.9 | 7,186 | 5.6 | 9,876 | 15.5 |
| 1981 | 20,654 | 9.0 | 1,845 | 5.0 | 7,811 | 6.0 | 9,803 | 15.5 |
| 1982 | 21,754 | 9.4 | 1,641 | 4.4 | 7,838 | 6.0 | 9,591 | 15.3 |
| 1983 | 21,668 | 9.3 | 1,654 | 4.4 | 8,960 | 6.7 | 10,910 | 17.4 |
| 1984 | 20,796 | 8.8 | 1,758 | 4.5 | 8,521 | 6.3 | 10,492 | 16.8 |
| 1985 | 19,847 | 8.3 | 1,783 | 4.5 | 8,258 | 6.1 | 9,906 | 15.8 |
| 1986 | 19,381 | 8.1 | 1,631 | 4.1 | 7,895 | 5.7 | 9,844 | 15.7 |
| 1987 | 19,072 | 7.9 | 1,589 | 3.9 | 7,684 | 5.5 | 9,771 | 15.5 |
| 1988 | 18,613 | 7.6 | 1,500 | 3.7 | 7,506 | 5.3 | 9,351 | 14.8 |
| 1989 | 18,778 | 7.6 | 1,582 | 3.8 | 7,560 | 5.3 | 9,429 | 14.9 |
| 1990 | 20,020 | 8.0 | 1,511 | 3.6 | 8,084 | 5.6 | 10,127 | 15.8 |
| 1991 | 22,599 | 8.9 | 1,593 | 3.8 | 9,190 | 6.3 | 11,952 | 18.3 |
| 1992 | 25,369 | 9.9 | 1,687 | 3.9 | 10,550 | 7.2 | 13,349 | 20.1 |
| 1993 | 26,952 | 10.4 | 1,876 | 4.3 | 11,214 | 7.5 | 14,196 | 21.0 |
| 1994 | 27,433 | 10.4 | 1,952 | 4.5 | 11,539 | 7.6 | 14,391 | 21.0 |
| 1995 | 26,579 | 10.0 | 1,896 | 4.3 | 10,962 | 7.2 | 13,860 | 20.0 |
| 1996 | 25,494 | 9.5 | 1,892 | 4.3 | 10,766 | 6.9 | 13,189 | 18.8 |
| 1997 | 22,820 | 8.4 | 1,834 | 4.1 | 9,385 | 6.0 | 11,847 | 16.7 |
| 1998 | 19,746 | 7.2 | 1,637 | 3.6 | 7,772 | 4.9 | 10,524 | 14.7 |
| 1999 | 18,146 | 6.5 | 1,699 | 3.7 | 7,090 | 4.4 | 9,332 | 13.0 |
| 2000 | 17,120 | 6.1 | 1,702 | 3.7 | 6,623 | 4.0 | 8,743 | 12.1 |
| 2001 | 17,297 | 6.1 | 1,660 | 3.6 | 6,789 | 4.1 | 8,819 | 12.2 |
| Note: See
Appendix A, Tables FSP 1
and FSP 6 for more detailed data on recipiency
rates. Recipients are expressed as the fiscal year average of monthly caseloads
from administrative data, excluding recipients in the territories. From 1975
to 1983 the number of participants includes the Family Food Assistance Program
(FFAP) that was largely replaced by the Food Stamp program in 1975. From
1975 to 1983 the number of FFAP participants averaged only 88 thousand. Source: USDA, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Analysis, Nutrition, and Evaluation, Characteristics of Food Stamp Households, Fiscal Year 2001, and earlier reports, and U.S. Bureau of the Census, (available online at http://www.census.gov) |
||||||||
Figure IND 3c.
Percentage of the Total Population Receiving SSI, by Age: 1975-2001
| Date | Total Recipients | Adult Recipients Age 65 & over |
Adult Recipients Ages 18-64 |
Child Recipients Ages 0-18 |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | Number (thousands) |
Percent | |
| Dec 1975 | 4,314 | 2.0 | 2,508 | 10.9 | 1,699 | 1.3 | 107 | 0.2 |
| Dec 1976 | 4,236 | 1.9 | 2,397 | 10.2 | 1,714 | 1.3 | 125 | 0.2 |
| Dec 1977 | 4,238 | 1.9 | 2,353 | 9.7 | 1,738 | 1.3 | 147 | 0.2 |
| Dec 1978 | 4,217 | 1.9 | 2,304 | 9.3 | 1,747 | 1.3 | 166 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1979 | 4,150 | 1.8 | 2,246 | 8.8 | 1,727 | 1.3 | 177 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1980 | 4,142 | 1.8 | 2,221 | 8.6 | 1,731 | 1.2 | 190 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1981 | 4,019 | 1.7 | 2,121 | 8.0 | 1,703 | 1.2 | 195 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1982 | 3,858 | 1.7 | 2,011 | 7.4 | 1,655 | 1.2 | 192 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1983 | 3,901 | 1.7 | 2,003 | 7.3 | 1,700 | 1.2 | 198 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1984 | 4,029 | 1.7 | 2,037 | 7.2 | 1,780 | 1.2 | 212 | 0.3 |
| Dec 1985 | 4,138 | 1.7 | 2,031 | 7.1 | 1,879 | 1.3 | 227 | 0.4 |
| Dec 1986 | 4,269 | 1.8 | 2,018 | 6.9 | 2,010 | 1.3 | 241 | 0.4 |
| Dec 1987 | 4,385 | 1.8 | 2,015 | 6.7 | 2,119 | 1.4 | 251 | 0.4 |
| Dec 1988 | 4,464 | 1.8 | 2,006 | 6.6 | 2,203 | 1.5 | 255 | 0.4 |
| Dec 1989 | 4,593 | 1.9 | 2,026 | 6.5 | 2,302 | 1.5 | 265 | 0.4 |
| Dec 1990 | 4,817 | 1.9 | 2,059 | 6.5 | 2,450 | 1.6 | 309 | 0.5 |
| Dec 1991 | 5,118 | 2.0 | 2,080 | 6.5 | 2,642 | 1.7 | 397 | 0.6 |
| Dec 1992 | 5,566 | 2.2 | 2,100 | 6.5 | 2,910 | 1.9 | 556 | 0.8 |
| Dec 1993 | 5,984 | 2.3 | 2,113 | 6.4 | 3,148 | 2.0 | 723 | 1.1 |
| Dec 1994 | 6,296 | 2.4 | 2,119 | 6.3 | 3,335 | 2.1 | 841 | 1.2 |
| Dec 1995 | 6,514 | 2.5 | 2,115 | 6.3 | 3,482 | 2.2 | 917 | 1.3 |
| Dec 1996 | 6,630 | 2.5 | 2,110 | 6.2 | 3,568 | 2.2 | 955 | 1.4 |
| Dec 1997 | 6,495 | 2.4 | 2,054 | 6.0 | 3,562 | 2.2 | 880 | 1.3 |
| Dec 1998 | 6,566 | 2.4 | 2,033 | 5.9 | 3,646 | 2.2 | 887 | 1.3 |
| Dec 1999 | 6,557 | 2.4 | 2,019 | 5.8 | 3,691 | 2.2 | 847 | 1.2 |
| Dec 2000 | 6,602 | 2.3 | 2,011 | 5.7 | 3,744 | 2.1 | 847 | 1.2 |
| Dec 2001 | 6,688 | 2.3 | 1,995 | 5.6 | 3,811 | 2.1 | 882 | 1.2 |
| Note: December population figures
used as the denominators are obtained by averaging the Census Bureau's July
1 population estimates for the current and the following year (the December
population estimates for the year 2000 are extrapolations of April 1, 2000
population figures). See Appendix A,
Tables SSI 2, SSI 8,
and SSI 9 for more detailed data on SSI recipiency
rates. In this report the categories of children under 18 and adults 18-64
differ from those in previous editions where the category of children included
a small number of dependents 18 and older who were students. Source: Social Security Administration, Office of Research, Evaluation, and Statistics, Social Security Bulletin Symbol"• Annual Statistical Supplement Symbol"• 2002 (Data available online at http://www.ssa.gov/statistics), and U.S. Bureau of the Census, (available online at http://www.census.gov) |
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[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 4.
Participation Rates in the AFDC/TANF, Food Stamp and SSI Programs Selected
Years
| Calendar Year | Eligible Families (in millions) |
Participating Families (in millions) |
Participation Rate (percent) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 80.2 |
| 1983 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 77.7 |
| 1985 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 79.3 |
| 1987 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 76.7 |
| 1988 | 4.8 | 3.7 | 78.4 |
| 1989 | 4.5 | 3.8 | 83.6 |
| 1990 | 4.9 | 4.1 | 82.2 |
| 1992 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 85.7 |
| 1993 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 81.7 |
| 1994 | 6.1 | 5.0 | 82.6 |
| 1994 (revised) | 6.1 | 5.0 | 82.1 |
| 1995 | 5.7 | 4.8 | 84.3 |
| 1996 | 5.6 | 4.4 | 78.9 |
| 1997 | 5.5 | 3.7 | 67.5 |
| 1997 (adjusted) | 5.4 | 3.7 | 69.2 |
| 1998 | 5.5 | 3.1 | 55.8 |
| 1999 | 4.9 | 2.6 | 52.3 |
| 2000 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 51.8 |
| Notes: Participation rates are
estimated by an Urban Institute model (TRIM3) which uses CPS data to simulate
AFDC/TANF eligibility and participation for an average month, by calendar
year. There have been small changes in estimating methodology over time,
due to model improvements and revisions to the CPS. Most notably, since 1994,
the model has been revised to more accurately estimate SSI participation
among children, and in 1997 and 1998 the model was adjusted to more accurately
exclude ineligible immigrants. The numbers of eligible and participating
families shown above include the territories and pregnant women without children,
even though these two small groups are excluded from the TRIM model. The
numbers shown here implicitly assume that participation rates for the territories
and for pregnant women with no other children are the same as for all other
eligibles. Source: DHHS, Administration for Children and Families caseload tabulations, and unpublished data from the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
|||
| Date | Eligible Households (in millions) |
Participating Households (in millions) |
Participation Rate (percent) |
|---|---|---|---|
| September 76 | 16.3 | 5.3 | 32.6 |
| February 78 | 14.0 | 5.3 | 37.8 |
| August 80 | 14.0 | 7.4 | 52.5 |
| August 82 | 14.5 | 7.5 | 51.5 |
| August 84 | 14.2 | 7.3 | 51.6 |
| August 86 | 15.3 | 7.1 | 46.5 |
| August 88 | 14.9 | 7.0 | 47.1 |
| August 90 | 14.5 | 8.0 | 54.9 |
| August 91 | 15.6 | 9.2 | 59.1 |
| August 92 | 16.7 | 10.2 | 61.6 |
| August 93 | 17.0 | 10.9 | 64.0 |
| August 94 (o) | 17.0 | 11.0 | 64.6 |
| September 94 (r) | 15.3 | 10.7 | 69.6 |
| September 95 | 15.0 | 10.4 | 69.2 |
| September 96 | 15.3 | 9.9 | 65.1 |
| September 97 | 14.7 | 8.4 | 57.5 |
| September 98 | 14.0 | 7.6 | 54.2 |
| September 99 | 13.7 | 7.3 | 53.0 |
| September 00 | 13.5 | 7.2 | 53.2 |
| Note: Eligible households estimated
from a Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. model that uses CPS data to simulate
the Food Stamp Program. Caseload data are from USDA, FNS program operations
caseload data. There have been small changes in estimating methodology over
time, due to model improvements and revisions to the CPS. Most notably, the
model was revised in 1994 to produce more accurate (and lower) estimates
of eligible households. The original(o) 1994 estimate and estimates for previous
years show higher estimates of eligibles and lower participation rates relative
to the revised(r) estimate for 1994 and estimates for subsequent years. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Trends in Food Stamp Program Participation Rates: 1976 to 2000. |
|||
| All Adult Units | One-Person Units | Married-Couple Units |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aged | Disabled | |||
| 1993 | 62.0 | 57.0 | 71.0 | 37.0 |
| 1994 | 65.0 | 58.4 | 73.0 | 43.9 |
| 1995 | 69.1 | 64.9 | 74.0 | 52.2 |
| 1996 | 66.6 | 60.4 | 73.5 | 46.7 |
| 1997 | 71.1 | 62.7 | 79.4 | 49.1 |
| 1998 | 70.7 | 63.6 | 77.9 | 48.1 |
| 1999 | 74.3 | 65.8 | 83.3 | 47.8 |
| 2000 | 75.8 | 70.9 | 82.3 | 49.9 |
| Notes: Participation rates estimated
using the TRIM3 microsimulation model, which uses CPS data to simulate SSI
eligibility for an average month, by calendar year. There have been small
changes in estimating methodology over time, due to model improvements and
revisions to the CPS. In particular, the model was revised in 1997 to more
accurately exclude ineligible immigrants. Thus the increased participation
rate in 1997 is partly due to a revision in estimating methodology. Also
note that the figure for married-couple units is based on very small sample
sizes-for example, married-couple units were only about 7.5 percent of the
eligible adults units and 5.1 percent of the units receiving SSI in an average
month in 1998. Source: Unpublished data from the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
||||
[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 5.
Percentage of Population Receiving Assistance
from Multiple Programs (TANF, Food Stamps, & SSI), Among Those Receiving
Assistance: 2000
| Any Receipt | One Program Only | FS | SSI | Two Programs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TANF | TANF & FS | FS & SSI | ||||
| All Persons | 8.1 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5.3 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.7 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 19.1 | 0.4 | 9.9 | 2.3 | 4.1 | 2.4 |
| Hispanic | 12.3 | 0.7 | 5.2 | 1.8 | 3.5 | 1.0 |
| Age Categories | ||||||
| Children Ages 0-5 | 15.1 | 0.6 | 7.7 | 0.7 | 5.4 | 0.7 |
| Children Ages 6-10 | 13.8 | 0.7 | 7.4 | 0.4 | 4.8 | 0.4 |
| Children Ages 11-15 | 11.7 | 0.5 | 6.5 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 0.4 |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 7.3 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 8.2 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 2.3 |
| See below for notes and source. | ||||||
| Any Receipt | One Program Only | Two Programs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFDC/TANF | FS | SSI | AFDC/TANF & FS | FS & SSI | ||
| 1993 | 12.6 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 1.0 |
| 1994 | 12.8 | 0.5 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 1.1 |
| 1995 | 12.3 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 1.2 | 4.5 | 1.1 |
| 1996 | 12.0 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 1.1 |
| 1997 | 10.2 | 0.4 | 4.3 | 1.3 | 3.1 | 1.0 |
| 1998 | 9.0 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 0.9 |
| 1999 | 8.5 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| 2000 | 8.1 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.0 |
| Note: Categories are mutually
exclusive. SSI receipt based on individual receipt; AFDC/TANF and food stamp
receipt based on full recipient unit. In practice, individuals do not tend
to receive both AFDC/TANF and SSI; hence, no individual receives benefits
from all three programs. The percentage of individuals receiving assistance
from any one program in an average month (shown here) is lower than the
percentage residing in families receiving assistance over the course of a
year (shown in Table SUM 1 in Chapter
I and Table IND 1a in Chapter
II). Source: March CPS data, analyzed using the TRIM3 microsimulation model. |
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[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 6.
Dependency Status in 1999 of Persons Who Received More than 50 Percent of
Income
from Means-Tested Assistance in 1998, by Race/Ethnicity
| Individuals Receiving more than 50% of Income from Assistance in 1998 | Total (000's) | Percentage of Persons Receiving | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Aid in 1999 | Up to 50% in 1999 | Over 50% in 1999 | ||
| All Persons | 8,163 | 2.9 | 27.1 | 70.0 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,657 | 4.3 | 25.8 | 70.0 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2,925 | 2.0 | 27.8 | 70.1 |
| Hispanic | 1,895 | 2.0 | 26.3 | 71.7 |
| Age Categories | ||||
| Children Ages 0-5 | 1,271 | 3.6 | 29.7 | 66.6 |
| Children Ages 6-10 | 1,056 | 2.1 | 27.4 | 70.6 |
| Children Ages 11-15 | 998 | 2.9 | 29.0 | 68.1 |
| Women Ages 16-64 | 2,847 | 3.7 | 25.5 | 70.8 |
| Men Ages 16-64 | 1,337 | 2.7 | 31.6 | 65.7 |
| Adults Age 65 and over | 654 | 0.0 | 16.4 | 83.6 |
| Note: Means-tested assistance
is defined as AFDC/TANF, food stamps, and SSI. While only affecting a small
number of cases, general assistance income is included within AFDC/TANF income.
Individuals are defined as dependent if they reside in families with more
than 50 percent of total annual family income from these means-tested programs.
Because full calendar year data for 1997-1998 were not available for all
SIPP respondents, some transitions were based on twelve-month periods that
did not correspond exactly to calendar years. Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP, 1996 panel. |
||||
| Total (000's) | Percentage of Persons Receiving | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Aid in Second Year | Up to 50% in Second Year | Over 50% in Second Year | ||
| Transitions from: | ||||
| 1993 to 1994 | 14,810 | 1.6 | 18.6 | 79.8 |
| 1994 to 1995 | 13,986 | 2.7 | 18.8 | 78.5 |
| 1997 to 1998 | 9,672 | 3.1 | 28.8 | 68.1 |
| 1998 to 1999 | 8,163 | 2.9 | 27.1 | 70.0 |
| Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP, 1993 and 1996 panels | ||||
[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 7.
Percentage of AFDC/TANF Spells of Individuals in Families with No Labor Force
Participants
for Individuals Entering Programs During the 1993 and 1996 SIPP Panels, by
Length of Spell
| Spells <=4 months | Spells 5-12 months | Spells 13-20 months | Spells >20 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Persons | 40.5 | 27.5 | 13.3 | 18.7 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 38.4 | 35.8 | N/A | N/A |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 44.1 | 22.4 | 11.5 | 21.9 |
| Hispanic | 39.6 | 23.2 | N/A | N/A |
| Age Categories | ||||
| Ages 0-15 Years | 38.9 | 25.0 | 12.9 | 23.2 |
| Ages 16-64 Years | 42.2 | 31.4 | N/A | N/A |
| Note: Spell length categories
are not mutually exclusive. Spells separated by only 1 month are not considered
separate spells. Due to the length of the observation period, actual spell
lengths for spells that lasted more than 20 months cannot be observed. AFDC
spells are defined as those spells starting during the 1996 SIPP panel for
individuals in families with no labor force participants. For certain
racial/ethnic and age categories, data are not available (N/A) due to
insufficient sample size. Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP, 1996 panel. |
||||
| Spells <=4 months | Spells 5-12 months | Spells 13-20 months | Spells >20 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 Panel All Persons | 27.2 | 16.2 | 6.9 | 49.7 |
| 1996 Panel All Persons | 40.5 | 27.5 | 13.3 | 18.7 |
| Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP, 1993 and 1996 panels. | ||||
[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 8. Percentage of AFDC/TANF, Food Stamp, and SSI Spells
for Individuals Entering Programs During the 1996 SIPP Panel, by Length of
Spell
| Spells <=4 months | Spells 5-12 months | Spells 13-20 months | Spells >20 months | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFDC/TANF | All Recipients | 46.6 | 29.2 | 11.5 | 12.7 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 47.4 | 33.0 | 10.7 | 8.9 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 45.2 | 28.3 | 13.6 | 12.9 | |
| Hispanic | 46.3 | 25.4 | 10.5 | 17.9 | |
| Age Categories | |||||
| Ages 0-5 Years | 41.8 | 33.2 | 10.8 | 14.2 | |
| Ages 6 to 10 Years | 49.4 | 24.6 | 9.0 | 17.0 | |
| Ages 11 to 15 Years | 42.5 | 25.6 | N/A | N/A | |
| Ages 16 to 64 Years | 48.6 | 30.7 | 12.0 | 8.7 | |
| 65 Years and Older | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| FOOD STAMPS | All Recipients | 43.1 | 27.7 | 9.3 | 19.8 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.5 | 27.5 | 9.4 | 16.7 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 38.6 | 28.5 | 9.1 | 23.9 | |
| Hispanic | 41.7 | 28.5 | 8.1 | 21.8 | |
| Age Categories | |||||
| Ages 0 to 5 years | 36.5 | 31.4 | 8.6 | 23.5 | |
| Ages 6 to 10 years | 40.6 | 27.3 | 9.1 | 22.9 | |
| Ages 11-15 | 40.4 | 30.3 | 10.0 | 19.3 | |
| Ages 16-64 | 46.2 | 26.7 | 9.6 | 17.6 | |
| 65 Years and Older | 31.7 | 26.8 | 6.9 | 34.7 | |
| SSI | All Recipients | 34.1 | 19.2 | 9.1 | 37.6 |
| Racial/Ethnic Categories | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 36.8 | 18.7 | 7.8 | 36.7 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 34.8 | 19.7 | 9.5 | 36.0 | |
| Hispanic | 27.1 | 22.4 | 9.8 | 40.7 | |
| Age Categories | |||||
| Ages 0-10 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Ages 11-15 | 30.9 | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Ages 16-64 | 37.1 | 20.1 | 8.6 | 34.2 | |
| 65 Years and Older | 22.1 | 16.7 | 11.9 | 49.3 | |
| Note: Spell length categories are not mutually
exclusive. Spells separated by only 1 month are not considered separate spells.
Due to the length of the observation period, actual spell lengths for spells
that lasted more than 20 months cannot be observed. AFDC/TANF spells are
defined as those starting during the 1996 SIPP Panel. For certain age and
racial/ethnic categories, data are not available (N/A) because of insufficient
sample size. Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP, 1996 Panel. |
|||||
| Spells <=4 months | Spells 5-12 months | Spells 13-20 months | Spells >20 months | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992 Panel | ||||
| AFDC | 30.4 | 24.7 | 10.5 | 34.4 |
| Food Stamps | 33.4 | 24.9 | 10.2 | 31.5 |
| SSI | 25.7 | 8.9 | 4.8 | 60.6 |
| 1993 Panel | ||||
| AFDC | 30.7 | 25.4 | 12.5 | 31.4 |
| Food Stamps | 33.1 | 26.8 | 10.1 | 30.0 |
| SSI | 24.0 | 7.9 | 4.7 | 63.4 |
| 1996 Panel | ||||
| AFDC/TANF | 46.6 | 29.2 | 11.5 | 12.7 |
| Food Stamps | 43.1 | 27.7 | 9.3 | 19.8 |
| SSI | 34.1 | 19.2 | 9.1 | 37.6 |
| Source: Unpublished data from the SIPP; 1992, 1993, and 1996 Panels. | ||||
The remaining three indicators in Chapter II present data over time spans as long as a decade and so are updated less frequently than the first eight indicators. Indicators 9, 10, and 11 are unchanged from last year's report and are included here for the convenience of those who do not have ready access to past reports.
[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 9.
Percentage of AFDC Recipients with More than 50 Percent of Income
from AFDC and Food Stamps Between 1987 and 1996, by Years of Dependency
| Between 1967 and 1976: | All Recipients | Child Recipients 0-5 in 1967 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Years Dependent: | All | Black | Non-Black | All | Black | Non-Black |
| 0 Years | 47.9 | 33.0 | 56.2 | 37.1 | 25.0 | 44.3 |
| 1-2 Years | 23.2 | 25.6 | 21.9 | 26.6 | 23.6 | 28.4 |
| 3-5 Years | 17.5 | 22.3 | 14.8 | 22.2 | 27.0 | 19.3 |
| 6-8 Years | 8.0 | 12.3 | 5.7 | 9.4 | 15.5 | 5.8 |
| 9-10 Years | 3.3 | 6.8 | 1.4 | 4.7 | 8.9 | 2.2 |
| Between 1977 and 1986: | All Recipients | Child Recipients 0-5 in 1977 | ||||
| Years Dependent: | All | Black | Non-Black | All | Black | Non-Black |
| 0 Years | 49.5 | 38.8 | 56.2 | 32.0 | 18.9 | 40 |
| 1-2 Years | 23.7 | 24.0 | 23.5 | 26.6 | 25.1 | 27.6 |
| 3-5 Years | 12.4 | 15.4 | 10.5 | 14.1 | 19.4 | 10.9 |
| 6-8 Years | 9.0 | 12.0 | 7.1 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 |
| 9-10 Years | 5.5 | 9.9 | 2.8 | 12.2 | 21.7 | 6.5 |
| Between 1987 and 1996: | All Recipients | Child Recipients 0-5 in 1987 | ||||
| Years Dependent: | All | Black | Non-Black | All | Black | Non-Black |
| 0 Years | 46.5 | 35.5 | 54.5 | 28.2 | 18.8 | 37.9 |
| 1-2 Years | 23.6 | 22.7 | 24.2 | 22.4 | 21.1 | 23.8 |
| 3-5 Years | 16.2 | 17.9 | 14.9 | 23.0 | 21.8 | 24.2 |
| 6-8 Years | 8.0 | 14.1 | 3.5 | 15.3 | 23.0 | 7.3 |
| 9-10 Years | 5.8 | 9.8 | 2.9 | 11.0 | 15.3 | 6.8 |
| Note: The base for the percentages
consists of individuals receiving at least $1 of AFDC in any year in the
ten-year period. Footnotes in previous reports erroneously defined the base
for these percentages as individuals receiving at least $1 of AFDC in the
first year of the ten-year period. The current table is based on the same
methodology used to compute estimates for earlier reports. Child recipients
are defined by age in the first year of the 10-year period. This measures
years of dependency over the specified ten-year time periods and does not
take into account years of dependency that may have occurred before or after
the ten-year period. Source: Unpublished data from the PSID 1968-93 final release files and 1994-1997 unreleased preliminary data as of January, 2002. |
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[Go To Contents]
Figure IND 10.
Percentage of AFDC Recipients, by Years of Receipt Between 1987 and 1996
| Between 1967 and 1976: | All Recipients | Child Recipients 0-5 in 1967 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Years received AFDC: | All | Black | Non-Black | All | Black | Non-Black |
| 1-2 Years | 46.8 | 32.2 | 54.9 | 39.6 | 24.6 | 48.6 |
| 3-5 Years | 27.1 | 32.4 | 24.1 | 30.7 | 38.5 | 26.0 |
| 6-8 Years | 17.9 | 22.3 | 15.4 | 18.3 | 19.9 | 17.3 |
| 9-10 Years | 8.2 | 13.2 | 5.5 | 11.4 | 17.0 | 8.0 |
| Between 1977 and 1986: | All Recipients | Child Recipients 0-5 in 1977 | ||||
| Years received AFDC: | All | Black | Non-Black | All | Black | Non-Black |
| 1-2 Years | 46.1 | 32.1 | 54.9 | 35.5 | 17.0 | 46.7 |
| 3-5 Years | 26.0 | 29.3 | 24.0 | 23.1 | 31.5 | 18.0 |