Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Appendix B. Poverty Data
Figure B-1. The Poverty Gap 1 and Reductions in the Gap from Cash and Non-Cash Transfers for All Persons, 1979 - 1996
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Appendix A. Program Data
The Welfare Indicators Act specifies that the annual welfare indicators reports shall include analyses of families and individuals receiving assistance under three means-tested benefit programs: the program of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act (replaced with the Temporary Assistance
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 8. Teen Violent Crime Arrests
Teen crime data indicate serious adolescent problem behavior and may predict future dependence.
Figure TEEN 8. Arrest Rates for Violent Crime for Youths Ages 10 to 17, per 100,000 Youths, 1980 to 1996
Source: Table TEEN 8.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 7. Teen Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Teen alcohol and substance abuse are important examples of teen problem behavior and may increase the risk of dependence.
Figure TEEN 7. Percentage of Teens Ages 12 to 17 Who Used Cocaine, Marijuana, or Alcohol, 1979 to 1997
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 6. Detached Youth
Teens who are neither in school nor working are likely to be at significant risk of dependence.
Figure TEEN 6. Percentage of Youths Ages 16 to 19 Who Were Neither in School Nor Working by Race, 1985 to 1996
Source: Table TEEN 6.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 5. Never-married Family Status
This measure complements the measures of nonmarital births by showing the “stock” of children living with never-married women. Children living with never-married women are at increased risk of dependence.
Figure TEEN 5. Percentage of all Children Living in Families Headed by Never- Married Women, 1983 to 1997
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 4. Early Sexual Intercourse
Early sexual intercourse is a strong predictor of subsequent childbearing at an early age, which increases the risk of dependence.
Figure TEEN 4. Percentage of High School Students Grades 9 to 12 Who Reported Ever Having Sexual Intercourse, 1997
Source: Table TEEN 4.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 3. Unmarried Teen Birth Rates Within Age Groups
This indicator tracks trends in the number of births per 1,000 unmarried teen women within specific age groups.
Figure TEEN 3a. Births per 1,000 Unmarried Teens Ages 15 to 17, 1966 to 1996
Figure TEEN 3b. Births per 1,000 Unmarried Teens Ages 18 to 19, 1966 to 1996
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 2. Percentage of All Births That are to Unmarried Teens
This risk factor shows the percentage of total births that are to unmarried teen mothers each year.
Figure TEEN 2. Percentage of all Births That Are to Unmarried Teens Ages 15-19, 1940 to 1997
Source: Table TEEN 2.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Teen Behavior Risk Factor 1. Percentage of Births That are to Unmarried Women Within Age Groups
This risk factor shows the percentage of all births, within each age group, that are to unmarried women.
Figure TEEN 1. Percentage of Births That Are to Unmarried Women, by Age Group, 1940 to 1997
Source: Table TEEN 1.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 9. High-school Dropout Rates
Although some teens who drop out of high school eventually graduate or obtain GEDS, dropout rates are reliable risk factors associated with teen problem behavior and future economic problems.
Figure WORK 9. Percentage of Students Enrolled in Grades 10 to 12 in the Previous Year Who Were Not Enrolled and Had Not Graduated in the Survey Year, 1
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 8. Educational Attainment
Completed schooling is one measure of job-skill level. Individuals with no more than a high school education have the lowest amount of human capital and are at the greatest risk of becoming poor despite their work effort. This risk factor tracks the trend in educational attainment.
Figure WORK 8. Percentage of Adults Ages 25 and Over by Level
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 7. Child CARE Expenditures
Proportion of total family income spent on child care in families with employed mothers is an important dimension of the risk of dependency.
Figure WORK 7. Percentage of Monthly Income Spent on Child Care for Preschoolers by Families with Employed Mothers, 1993
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 6. Children's Health Conditions
Health limitations may limit the labor force participation of parents and therefore illustrate a risk of dependence.
Table WORK 6. Selected Chronic Health Conditions per 1,000 Children Ages 0 to 17, 1984 to 1994
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 5. Adult Alcohol and Substance Abuse
Adult alcohol and substance abuse is a risk factor for dependence.
Figure WORK 5. Percentage of Adults who used Cocaine, Marijana, or Alcohol, 1997
Source: Table WORK 5.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 4. ADULT/CHILD Disability
Health conditions that limit parents’ ability to work are important predictors of family economic problems and future dependence.
Figure WORK 4. Percentage of the Total Population Reporting a Disability, 1994
Source: Table WORK 4.
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 3. Earnings of Low-skilled Workers
The economic condition of the low-skill labor market is key to the ability of young adult men and women to support families without receiving means-tested assistance. This measure tracks trends in the earnings of low-skilled workers.
Figure WORK 3. Mean Weekly Wages of Men Working Full-Time, Full-Year with No More Than a High School Education
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 2. Employment Among the Low-skilled
This risk factor tracks trends in the percentage of men and women with 12 years of schooling or less who are engaged in paid employment. These trends illustrate a key risk of dependence.
Figure WORK 2. Percent of All Persons Ages 18 to 65 with no more than a High School Education who were Employed, 1969 to 1998
Indicators of Welfare Dependence: Annual Report to Congress, 1998. Employment and Work-related Risk Factor 1. Labor Force Attachment
This risk factor focuses exclusively on the participation of an adult in the labor market, without regard to whether means-tested assistance was received concurrently. Measuring labor force attachment reflects a critical aspect of the risk of dependence.
Figure WORK 1. Percentage of All Individuals in Families with Labor Force Participants, 1