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Medicare Part B Drugs: Trends in Spending and

Medicare Part B Drugs: Trends in Spending and Utilization, 2006-2017

Medicare covers prescription drugs provided during inpatient hospital and skilled nursing facility stays through Part A, retail prescription drugs through Part D, and drugs provided in physicians’ offices and hospital outpatient departments through Part B.
  • Medicare Part B Drug Spending and Utilization
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The Impact of COVID-19 on Medicare Health

The Impact of COVID-19 on Medicare Health Services and Payments

Beginning in mid-March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on health care utilization. The impact on patients, their families and the health care system was significant.
  • The Impact of COVID-19 on Medicare Health Services and Payments
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Footnotes

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. Footnotes

1 Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, Chapter 3 Duration of Covered Inpatient Services. 2 Medicare Benefit Policy Manual, Chapter 7 Home Health Services. 3 An index hospitalization is an acute hospitalization with a prior 60-day clean period. In the prior 60 days, no acute or post-acute (IRF, LTCH, SNF, HHA, outpatient therapy) services were
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Appendix B

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. Appendix B

Table B-1. Utilization 1 and Payment, by Claim Type, by DRG and APR-DRG Severity Index 2 , for Live Discharges, 2005 APR-DRG Severity of Illness Level DRG   N % with Claim Mean Use Mean Payment N
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Appendix A

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. Appendix A

HHC Label HCC1 HIV/AIDS HCC2 Septicemia/Shock HCC5 Opportunistic Infections HCC7 Metastatic Cancer and Acute Leukemia HCC8 Lung, Upper Digestive Tract, and Other Severe Cancers
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5. References

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 5. References

Berenson, R. 2004. The Medicare Chronic Improvement Program. Retrieved August 2008 from http://www.urban.org/publications/900714.html Buntin MB, AD Garten, S Paddock, D Saliba, M Totten, and JJ Escarce. 2005. How much is postacute care use affected by its availability? Health Serv. Res., 40(2): 413-34. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and P
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4.2 Next Steps

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 4.2 Next Steps

The results of the current work will feed directly in to work we will be completing as part of a contract modification. The additional work will include use of the CCW data to identify the presence of chronic conditions in beneficiaries in our 2006 episode file. Similar to some of the analyses presented in this report, we will look at the patterns
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4.1 Implications of the Findings

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 4.1 Implications of the Findings

These analyses provide important information for understanding who uses PAC services, how their likelihood of using them differs by certain characteristics, and which factors are most important in predicting hospital length of stay, probability of PAC use, relative probability of PAC site of care choices, hospital readmission rates, and average ep
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4. Discussion

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 4. Discussion

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3.9.5 Ordinary Least Squares Regression

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9.5 Ordinary Least Squares Regression Predicting Post-Acute Care Episode Payment

In the regression predicting PAC episode payments, increasing severity is associated with increases in episode payments. For example, in the model using MS-DRG severity measures and HCCs (Set 3, Table 3-27 ), beneficiaries with MS-DRG w/MCC have $6,313 higher episode payments compared to beneficiaries in the lowest severity level.
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3.9.4 Binomial Logit Regression Predicting

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9.4 Binomial Logit Regression Predicting Readmission During Post-Acute Care Episodes

As in the other models, severity is an important predictor of acute hospital readmission during PAC episodes. The odds of readmission increase with increasing severity. In the binomial logit model using both the MS-DRG severity measures and the HCCs (Set 3, Table 3-27 ), the odds of readmission for beneficiaries with MS-DRG w/MCC are 1.4 times t
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3.9.3 Multinomial Logit Predicting First Site of

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9.3 Multinomial Logit Predicting First Site of Post-Acute Care

The effect of severity on first site of PAC demonstrates that the odds of discharge to IRFs, LTCHs, and SNFs are much higher compared to the odds of discharge to hospital outpatient therapy or home health for beneficiaries of higher severity. For example, in the multinomial model run using the APR-DRG severity measures (Set 1, Table 3-24 ), the
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3.9.2 Binomial Logit Regression Predicting Use of

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9.2 Binomial Logit Regression Predicting Use of Post-Acute Care

As in the model predicting index acute admission length stay, severity measures were important factors in predicting the use of any PAC services. The odds of using any post-acute care services increased with increasing severity level across each set of severity measures. In the case of APR-DRGs (Set 1, Table 3-24 ), for beneficiaries in APR-DRG
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3.9.1 Ordinary Least Squares Regression

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9.1 Ordinary Least Squares Regression Predicting Index Admission Length of Stay

The results of the models predicting index admission length of stay highlight the importance of severity measures ( Table 3-24 , Table 3-25 , and Table 3-26 ). The results using independent variable Set 1 with the APR-DRG severity measures ( Table 3-24 ) indicate that beneficiaries in APR-DRG severity level 4 (extreme severity) have a mean l
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3.9 Multivariate analysis results

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.9 Multivariate analysis results

The regression models presented here provide more information on the factors that affect (1) 78 index admission length of stay; (2) use of any PAC services; (3) first site of PAC, (4) readmission to acute hospitals during PAC episodes; and (5) total episode payments. These five models were run using three sets of independent variables. The ke
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3.8.1 Part B Physician Service Utilization within

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.8.1 Part B Physician Service Utilization within Post-Acute Care Episodes

The pie charts in the previous section showing the distribution of payments for service use within episodes by service type indicate the significant role of physician services within episodes of PAC. The proportion of total episode payments accounted for by physician services varied only slightly across the medical DRG (DRG 089: Simple Pneumonia &
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3.8 Composition of Total Episode Payments

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.8 Composition of Total Episode Payments

One of the main goals of the analyses of post-acute care episodes using the 2006 Medicare claims was to incorporate Medicare carrier claims (including Part B physician services, independent clinical labs, ambulance providers, and freestanding ambulatory surgery centers), DME, and hospice claims in order to learn more about complete composition of
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3.7 Patterns of Use within an Episode

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.7 Patterns of Use within an Episode

Patterns of care during PAC episodes vary significantly depending on many factors including diagnoses, patient severity, and supply of services. One of the primary goals of this work has been to understand utilization of services within episodes of PAC. While the factors explaining use are explored further in the multivariate analyses, Tables 3-
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3.6.1 Episode Utilization and Payment, by All

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.6.1 Episode Utilization and Payment, by All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group and Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Group

In Tables 3-13 through 3-15 , episode lengths of stay and Medicare payments during PAC episodes are presented for post-acute care users across all DRGs as well as for post-acute care users in DRG 089 and DRG 544. Within these tables, we show the number of beneficiaries with each claim type, the percent using each type of service, the mean leng
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3.6 Post-Acute Care Episode Analysis

Examining Post Acute Care Relationships in an Integrated Hospital System. 3.6 Post-Acute Care Episode Analysis

In this next section we present analyses of the patterns of PAC episode utilization and payment. We focus on the patterns of use for post-acute users overall, and on the patterns of use for one medical DRG, DRG 089 Simple Pneumonia & Pleurisy Age > 17 w CC; and for one rehabilitative DRG, DRG 544 Major Joint Replacement or Reattachment Proc

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