Family Structure and Healthy Relationships

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 6. Reentry and Parenting

Given the percentage of incarcerated men who are fathers, it is important to examine what happens to father-child relationships after reentry. Further, resumption of fathering activities could help to facilitate criminal desistance among released fathers. In a qualitative study of 200 low-income, non-custodial fathers, Edin et al (2001) found that

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.6 Research Limitations

Further empirical research is needed to understand how reentry affects the partner relationship and vice versa. Although quite informative, the limited research on this topic is predominantly qualitative and based on small, nonrepresentative samples. Although some quantitative research has focused on the protective role of family on the ex-offende

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.5 Conflict and Domestic Violence

Although many ex-offenders have a history of violence, little is known about reentry and domestic violence (Hairston & Oliver, 2006). Given the high rate of substance use, which has been consistently associated with domestic violence, it is likely that domestic violence will be an issue for a subsample of released men and their partners. Afric

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.4 Resumption of Criminal Activity or Substance Use

Insight from qualitative studies suggests that in order to cope with the trauma of separation, much of couples’ conversations in prison focused on how things will change for the better upon release. Men talked about their personal transformations and women responded with hope and commitment to the future (Fishman, 1990). Although many of these p

5.3 Dealing with Resentment and Negative

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.3 Dealing with Resentment and Negative Emotions

As couples seek to recreate the routines of daily life, numerous powerful emotions may emerge. Researchers leading the Safe Return Study conducted focus groups in four urban areas with men who were incarcerated and released within 2 years, as well as their wives and girlfriends (Hairston & Oliver, 2006). They found that resentment, fear, disap

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.2 Reestablishing Roles

Very little research is available to reliably document the process of reintegrating into the marital/partner relationship at reentry. What we do know about this process comes from small qualitative studies of men who were imprisoned and released and their partners (Fishman, 1990; Hairston & Oliver, 2006). Thematic summaries from these qualitat

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5.1 The Importance of Family

Married men who reside with their wives and children upon release from prison have a more successful transition.

5. Reentry and the Marital/Partner Relationship

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 5. Reentry and the Marital/Partner Relationship

With some exceptions, most men who are imprisoned return home. Reentry is the dynamic process of exiting prison and returning to a free society (Visher & Travis, 2003). Although this can be an exciting time for some families, it can be a fearful time for others (particularly those whose partners have a history of domestic violence). There are

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.4 Research Limitations

An empirical understanding of the effect of paternal incarceration on children is beginning to emerge, particularly in the wake of several major longitudinal analyses of child outcomes in cohorts that included children of incarcerated parents (Murray & Farrington, 2005; Phillips et al., 2006; Kinner et al., 2007; Murray et al., 2007). Several

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.3 Protective Factors

Children differ in how they respond to parental incarceration. Factors such as positive relationships with other caregivers can protect children from negative outcomes (Parke & Clarke-Stewart, 2001). For example, a high-quality relationship with the imprisoned parent prior to the incarceration has been proposed as an important protective facto

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.2.4 Stigma and Social Isolation

Because of stigma, children with fathers in prison are frequently denied the social support and sympathy provided to children experiencing other types of parental separation or loss such as divorce or death.

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.2.3 Change in Caregivers

Another potential disruption in the child’s life associated with parental incarceration is a change in the child’s caregivers or the addition of a new member to the household (Johnson & Waldfogel, 2002; Nurse, 2004). For children who reside with a parent who becomes incarcerated, parental arrest can trigger placement in foster care, the in

4.2.2 Economic Hardship and Harsh Parenting

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.2.2 Economic Hardship and Harsh Parenting

As discussed earlier, the loss of income brought about by imprisonment can present significant hardship to families. Although figures specific to the households of incarcerated fathers are not available, longitudinal data on divorced families indicate that family income falls by an average of 41% in the first year that one parent is absent (Page &

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.2.1 Parental Separation

Separation is a significant challenge for children of incarcerated fathers, who are typically away from their parent much longer than children of incarcerated mothers (Parke & Clarke-Stewart, 2003). An average sentence for fathers in state prison is 12.5 years, approximately 5 years longer than the average sentence for mothers (Mumola, 2000).

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.2 Mechanisms of Risk

Many children of incarcerated parents live in impoverished households, are exposed to substance abuse, and have witnessed or been victims of family violence prior to the parent’s arrest.

4.1 Negative Effects on Child Development

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4.1 Negative Effects on Child Development

In addition to the great stress that incarceration places on the marital bond, it also negatively affects parenting efficacy and child development. Based on qualitative and cross-sectional quantitative studies, children of incarcerated parents appear more likely to experience a range of negative outcomes than children of similar socioeconomic back

4. The Effects of Parental Incarceration on

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 4. The Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children

Two percent of all children and almost seven percent of all African American children have a parent in prison. This chapter discusses the adverse effects of parental incarceration on children and the types of stressors children experience because of their parent’s arrest and imprisonment. The chapter concludes by identifying some protect

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 3.6 Research Limitations

Although the aforementioned literature provides descriptions of, and critical insights into, the types of challenges faced when couples are separated by imprisonment, this information was gathered largely through qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups with small, nonrepresentative samples. These methods provide rich descriptions u

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 3.5 Positive Perceptions of Partner Incarceration from Women

Although most women report incarceration as a negative event, some experience positive changes as a result of their partner’s imprisonment. If a partner has been abusive toward the woman and/or children, his imprisonment is often a relief. Having a partner locked up also can be advantageous if criminal involvement was endangering the home life o

Incarceration and the Family: A Review of Research and Promising Approaches for Serving Fathers and Families. 3.4 Community-Level Effects

In neighborhoods with a high rate of arrest and release, the influence of incarceration can spread beyond the individual and the family and spill over into the community (Western & McLanahan, 2000). High incarceration rates can destabilize communities by increasing the number of families headed by low-income single mothers, stripping the commu

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