        Background Information on 2-Year Client Survey Measures

Background information is organized by topic.  "(SECTION __)" indicates
the section of the survey instrument from which the data were recorded.

I. PARTICIPATION    (SECTION A)

The participation section of the 2-year survey includes start dates and
end dates of up to 4 spells each of job search, ESL, ABE/GED, regular high
school, post-secondary education, work experience,  OJT, and vocational
training.  In addition, respondents were asked if they ever interrupted spells
of ESL, ABE/GED, regular high school, post-secondary education, or vocational
training.  If so, respondents were asked to supply another start date and end
date for each spell in which they returned to school.  With one exception,
interviewers  recorded only the month and year of each start and end date.
For job search, interviewers asked for the start date and the number of weeks
of participation.  MDRC added a DD to the date, usually 15, to accommodate
conversion of the dates to SAS date format.  The dates appear as YYMMDD in the
ASCII version of the file.

The date variables are named

xxSD1, xxSD2, xxSD3,xxSD4 and

xxED1, xxED2, xxED3,xxED4, where



xx stands for a 2-letter stem that denotes the activity name:



     JC= Job club/job search

     ES=ESL (English as a second language)

     AB=ABE/GED (Adult basic education)

     HS=Regular high school

     CO=post-secondary education (college)

     UJ=work experience (unpaid job)

     OJ=OJT (On-the-job-training)

     VO=vocational training



SD  means  start date and ED means end date.  RSD and RED are  used for the
dates when the respondent started and stopped attending after an interruption.

Some dates were changed changed if they meet one of the conditions outlined
below:


1) All month values will range from 01 (January) to 12 (December). All year
values will range from 50 (=1950) to 96 (=1996), inclusive.


2) If condition (1) is met then all the start and end dates are set to the 15
day of the same month and year.

   e.g. JCSD1= 0393 ==> JCSD1= 031593 (The Day was set to the 15 but the Month
   and Year remained the same).

3) One exception to rule (2) is Job Club/Job Search end dates. Because JC
activities last only a short time, usually ending in the same month in which a
person was assigned to attend them, they are calculated by adding to start date
the number of days represented by the number of weeks attended times 7 plus 1
day.  Therefore, the Day value may not be a 15.

4) Sometimes the respondent indicated that she was still participating in an
activity as of her interview date.  The interviewer marked down 77/77
for the end month and year.  These dates were converted to the interview date.

4a) This strategy creates a problem when the respondent started the activity
during the same month as the interview date and the interview took place before
the 15th of the month.  That's because the general rule calls for
setting the start date to the 15th, which results in a start date taking place a
few days after the end date.  We solved this problem by  setting the DD of the
start date to 01 so that it cannot be greater than the interview date.

   e.g. COSD3= 101595  INTDT= 100795 ====> COSD3= 100195 (The Day was set to 01
   but the Month and Year remained the same).


Note: this rule is implemented even if the end date occurs after the 15th of
the month.

   e.g. COSD3= 101595  INTDT= 101795 ====> COSD3= 100195 (The Day was set to 01
   but the Month and Year remained the same).



5) If the start date is less than the random assignment date, and the end date
is greater or equal to the random assignment date then the start date is set to
the random assignment date.

   e.g. RADATP= 081792 VOSD1= 081592  VOED1= 101594 ===> VOSD1= 081792
   VOED1= 101594 (The start DAY for vocational training was set to the random
   assignment Day).

6) If the start date is greater than or equal to random assignment date and
less than or equal to the interview date, but the end date is greater than the
interview date then the end date is set to the interview date.

   e.g. RADATP= 032593 INTDT= 032295    UJSD1= 111593    UJED1= 061595 ===>
   UJSD1= 111593 UJED1= 032295 (The end Day for unpaid job was set to the
   interview date).

7) If the start date is greater than the interview date and the end date is
greater than or equal to the interview date then set both the start date and
end date to missing.

   e.g. INTDT= 011795    JCSD2= 101595    JCED2= 011796 ===> JCSD2= . JCED2= .
   (Both dates are set to missing because they fall out of follow-up).

8) If the end date is missing, the start date is less than the random
assignment date but occurs during the same month and year as RA date then the
start date is set to the random assignment date.

   e.g. RADATP= 081793 UJSD1= 080993    UJED1= . ===> UJSD1= 081793 UJED1= .
   (The start date is set to the random assignment date).

9) If the start date is missing, the end date is less than the random
assignment date but occurs during the same month and year as RA date, then the
end date is set to the random assignment date.

   e.g. RADATP= 081793 UJSD1= .  UJED1= 080793 ===> UJSD1= . UJED1= 081793
   (The end date is set to the random assignment date).

10) If the start date is less than the random assignment date, and the end date
is less than the random assignment date but occurs in the same month and year
as RA date, then both the start and end date are set to the random assignment
date.

   e.g. RADATP= 081892 HSSD1= 121591    HSED1= 080992 ===> HSSD1= 081892
   HSED1= 081892 (Both dates are set to the random assignment date).


Data problem flags


The file contains  flag variables that are used to identify missing start and
end dates or missing scheduled or actual hours.  Spells that occurred after
random assignment but missing start or end dates or missing hours of
participation were imputed. (see below for details) Imputed values are
saved on this file. Researchers who wish to implement an alternative
strategy for imputations (or drop the respondent from calculations) can
use these flags to identify dates and hours that they wish to reset to
missing or change to a different value.


The program employs a flag naming convention where xx represents 2-
letter stem denoting the activity name:

     JC= Job club/job search
     ES=ESL (English as a second language)
     AB=ABE/GED (Adult basic education)
     HS=Regular high school
     CO=post-secondary education (college)
     UJ=work experience (unpaid job)
     OJ=OJT (On-the-job-training)
     VO=vocational training


 Individual Spell Flags

Activity date flags:

  xxFLG1-xxFLG4 for JC, ES, AB, HS, CO, UJ, OJ, VO: indicate
whether start and end dates were recorded, whether dates are prior
to or after random assignment, and whether end dates are earlier
than start dates.

  xxRFLG1-xxRFLG4 for ES,AB,HS,CO,VO: indicate whether re-start
dates and re-end dates were recorded, whether dates are prior to or
after the random assignmentdate, and whether re-end dates are
earlier than re-start dates.  Re-start and re-end data were not
collected for JC, UJ, and OJ activities.

  There are several reasons an activity date would be flagged as a
problem.  The following identifies the conditions under which the
flags above would result in one of these values.

    0 = '0:NON-PARTICPANT' (a respondent that provided no start
or end dates, or hourly data, or an institution code would receive
this value).

    1 = '1:SD & ED' (a respondent that provided both start and
end dates with in the follow-up period would receive this value.
Note, this is a good result).

    2 = '2:SD & STILL IN' (a respondent whose start date fell
after the random assignment date and was still participating in the
activity would receive this code.  This is also a good result).

    3 = '3:SD ONLY' (a respondent who only provided a valid start
date but not an end date would receive this code. The end date was
imputed.

    4 = '4:ED ONLY' (a respondent who only provided a valid end
date but not a start date would receive this code.  The start
date was imputed.

    5 = '5:STILL IN ONLY' (a respondent who did not provide a
start date and whose end date is the day of the interview would
receive this code.  The start date was imputed.

    6 = '6:SD&ED<RA,ED=RA MTH' (a respondent who has a start date
and end date that occurs prior to the random assignment date, but
their end date occurs in the same month and year as the random
assignment date would receive this value. This data is more
problematic, but we do count this spell in the participation
analysis as participation during the follow-up).

    7 = '7:SD GT ED' (a respondent whose start date occurs after
her end date would receive this code.  Such data was treated
as invalid and the spell was bypassed when estimating total days of
participation).

    8 = '8:SD&ED LT RAD' (a respondent whose start and end date
occur before the random assignment date would receive this value.
This spell is bypassed when estimating total days of
participation).

    9 = '9:PART SIGNS' (a respondent who does not provide either
a start date or an end date, but does provide either scheduled or
actual hours or an institution code would receive this code.  This
spell is treated as invalid and is bypassed when estimating total
days of participation).


Imputation of Dates


Start and end dates were imputed by calculating the site
mean of end month minus start month and (1) adding the mean to the start
date if the end date were missing; or (2) subtracting the mean from
the end date if the start date were missing.   Imputed start dates
that occurred before random assignment date were reset to random
assignment date.  Imputed end dates that occurred after interview date
were reset to interview date.





Activity Scheduled and Actual Hours Flag:

  xxSCFHR1-xxSCFHR4 for JC, ES, AB, HS, CO, VO: indicate whether
scheduled hours are greater than zero when one or both dates are
okay.  Scheduled hours data were not collected for UJ and OJ
activities.

  xxSRFHR1-xxSRFHR4 for ES, AB, HS, CO, VO: indicate whether
scheduled hours are greater than zero when one or both re-start and
re-end dates are okay.  Data were not collected for JC, UJ, and OJ
activities.

  xxACFHR1-xxACFHR4 for JC, ES, AB, HS, CO, VO: indicate whether
actual hours are greater than zero when one or both dates are okay.
Actual hours data were not collected for UJ and OJ activities.

  xxARFHR1-xxARFHR4 for ES, AB, HS, CO, VO: indicate whether actual
hours are greater than zero when one or both re-start and re-end
dates are okay.  Data were not collected for JC, UJ, and OJ
activities.

  There are several reasons an activity date would be flagged as a
problem.  The following identifies the conditions under which the
flags above would result in one of these values.

    0 = 'MISSING HOURS' (an individual who reported a start or end
date after random assignment but did NOT provide scheduled (or
actual depending on the flag) hours would receive this value.
Scheduled or actual hours data must be imputed for this spell,
either from hours data for other spells for the respondent or from
site averages).
    1 = 'HAS HOURS' (an individual who has at least 1 scheduled
(or actual depending on the flag) hour but less than or equal to 95
scheduled (or actual depending on the flag) hours would receive
this value).
    9 = 'NO DATE GE RA' (an individual whose start and end dates
are invalid would receive this value.  In this situation, any
scheduled or actual hours information is bypassed when estimating
total hours of participation.  Moreover, hours information for this
spell is bypassed when calculating averages for the respondent or
for the site).


Missing hours were imputed when dates were ok or imputed.




Imputation of hours

Missing scheduled or actual hours of participation were imputed using
either (1) the mean value of hours for the respondent if she
participated in one or more additional spells; or (2) the mean value for
the site.


II. ADDITIONAL BASIC EDUCATION VARIABLES (SECTION B)

Section B of the 2-year survey examines the respondent's perceptions of ESL
or ABE/GED activities.  Respondents were asked whether they had ever
participated in either an ESL or an ABE/GED activity.  ONLY those who had
participated in an ESL or ABE activity were asked to complete the remainder
of the section.  Responses made by other respondents were recoded to
missing.


Question 1: The first question contains 2 parts.  Part (a) asks the
interviewer to identify whether the respondent reported any ESL or ABE
classes (BANYEDUC).  If they had, respondents were asked Part (b), what is
the earliest or only ESL or ABE episode recorded (BEDWHCH).

Question 2: The second question contains 10 parts asking respondents to
identify how much they agreed with a statement made to them.  Respondents
were asked to scale their responses using the scale below.  Out-of-range
responses (less than 0 and greater than 10) were recoded to missing.

NOT AT ALL                                                                 MOST

00     01      02      03      04     05      06      07      08      09     10



Part (a) asks respondents, "how much was your class interesting and
enjoyable."  Their response is recorded by variable BEDINTR.

Part (b) ask respondents, "how much did other students in the class give
you encouragement and support."  Their response is recorded by variable
BEDPEERS.

Part (c) asks respondents, "how much did the teachers care about you as a
person."  Their response is recorded by variable BEDTCHRS.

Part (d) asks respondents, "how much did the teachers try to help you learn
what was being taught in your class".  Their responses is recorded by
variable BEDTCHRH.

Part (e) asks respondents, "how well prepared was the teacher for this
class".  Their response is recorded by variable BEDTCHRP.

Part (f) asks respondents, "how much effort did you put into your work."
Their response is recorded by variable BEDEFRT.

Part (g) asks respondents, "overall, how much did you learn by being in
this class."  Their response is recorded by variable BEDLRN.

Part (h) asks respondents, "how much did the teacher or other staff help
you deal with problems that made it difficult for you to come to class."
The range of acceptable values differed slightly for this question.  In
addition, to the zero to ten range, a value of 88 was used to indicate that
the respondent did not have any problems.  BEDSTFHP records the responses to
this question, where a value of 88 is recoded to missing.

Part (I) asks respondents, "how much do you think this class has actually
improved your long-run chances of getting or keeping a job."  Their
response is recorded by variable BEDJOB.

Part (j) asks respondents, "how interesting and helpful were the books and
materials you used."  The range of acceptable values differed slightly for
this question.  In addition, to the zero to ten range, a value of 88 was
used to indicate that the respondent did not use any books or materials.
BEDMATL records the responses to this question, where a value of 88 is recoded
to missing.

Question 3: The third question asks respondents, "on average, how many
hours per week of reading or studying for the class did you do outside of
class."  Responses less than 0 hours and greater than 95 hours were reset
to missing.  The response is recorded by variable BEDAVGHR.

Question 4: The fourth question asks respondents, "how often did you miss
class for any reason."  Respondents were instructed to use the scale below.
(Responses less than 1 and greater than 5 were reset to missing).  Their
response was recorded by variable BEDMISNO.  Women who answered "5: Never"
were instructed to skip to question 7.

    1:Half the time or more

    2:A quarter of the time

    3:Once in a while

    4:Almost never, or

    5:Never

Question 5: The fifth question was asked of respondents who did NOT
respond "5: Never" to question 4.  These women were asked, "when you missed
class, what were the main reasons."  (Responses less than 01 and greater than 10
were reset to missing).  A maximum of six responses were recorded by
variables BEDMISY1-BEDMISY6.  This question employed the scale below.  The
6-letter stem to the left of each value is part of a naming convention used
to refer to the respondent's reason for missing class.  This stem will be
used by a set of counter variables below (see BMxxxxxx).

    OWNILL="01: Own illness"

    CHDILL="02: Illness of child"

    FAMILL="03: Illness of other family member"

    FAMREP="04: Other family responsibilities"

    CHDCAR="05: Child care unavailable"

    WLFOFF="06: Appointments at welfare office"

    NOFEEL="07: Didn't feel like going"

    JOBSER="08: Looking for a job"

    TRANPB="09: Transportation problems"

    OTHERS="10: Other (specify):"

Question 6: The sixth question was also asked of respondents who did NOT
answer "5: Never" to question 4.  These women were asked, "when you missed
class, how much was it because you just didn't want to go."  (Responses
less than 0 and greater than 10 were reset to missing).  Their response is
recorded by variable BEDMISWA.

Question 7: The seventh question asks (all) respondents, "if a friend of
yours wanted to get a similar kind of education and could choose any
program, how much would you encourage him/her to choose [Institution
name]."  (Responses less than 0 and greater than 10 were reset to missing).
Their response is recorded by variable BEDENCOU.

[SECTION C was dropped from the survey instrument.]

III. DEGREE RECEIPT (SECTION D)

The file contains two types of variables regarding degrees attained by
respondents:

 (1) yes/no variables for each degree which indicate whether a respondent has
     ever received that degree and

 (2) date variables (MM/YY) which indicate the date the degree was
received. A DD was added to facilitate calculation of SAS dates:

GESD: GED
HSSD: High school diploma
TRSD: Trade license
ASSD: Associate's
BASD: Bachelor's
GRSD  Graduate

Note: interviewers recorded dates of degree attainment even if they
occurred many years before random assignment.

Interviewers implemented a skip pattern in this section:

If a respondent indicated that she did not have a high
school diploma or GED, then she was not asked whether they she had a higher
degree, such as a bachelor's or associate's degree.


Higher degrees BACHEDGR, ASSOCDGR, and GRADUDGR were changed from
missing to 2= 'No degree' when a respondent indicated that she did not
have either a high school diploma or GED.

In addition, if a respondent indicated that she did not receive a degree (2:No)
but gave a date for the receipt of that degree, those no values were recoded to
'1:Yes.'


IV. EMPLOYMENT (SECTION E)

Interviewers asked about respondents' current or most recent job and
about any jobs in which the respondent worked for pay on or after the
date of random assignment.  Usually but not always the current or most
recent job was recorded as Job #1.

Questions:

The next questions are about any paid jobs you've had, including paid
babysitting or housekeeping jobs, or any other jobs you've had since (RAD)?

RAD=random assignment date


Since (RAD), have you worked for pay at all?
(Please don't count unpaid work experience.)

IF "NO," PROBE:  A lot of people have irregular jobs or do other things
on the side to make ends meet.  Have you done any jobs like that for pay since
(RAD)?)

IF NO, skip rest of section and skip sections on transitional benefits and
child care for employment.

I'd like to ask you about each of the jobs you've had since (RAD).
Please count each employer as a separate job.  Let's start with your current or
most recent job.  Are you currently working for pay?


How many jobs do you currently have?  (SELF-EMPLOYMENT COUNTS AS ONE JOB)


Questions asked for each job:

Note: Job 1 is supposed to be the current or most recent job or (if respondent
were working at two or more jobs) the job with the most hours.

When did you start (and end) this job? MO./YR. STARTED

MO./YR. ENDED (Code: 77/77 IF CURRENT: later reset to interview date)

Including overtime, how many hours per week (do/did) you usually work (on this
job?

How much (are/were) your weekly earnings (now/just before you left),
before taxes and other deductions? Please include tips, commissions, and
regular overtime pay.

(Is/Was) that before or after taxes?

(Is/Was) that per week?

IF  NO:  ASK

(Is/Was) that:
Per day               IF SO: How many days per week (do/did) you work?
Per hour
Every two weeks
Twice a month
Per month, or
Something else?
(SPECIFY UNIT)

(Does/Did) your employer offer you any of the following benefits?

Sick days with pay

Paid vacation

Dental benefits

Health plan or medical insurance (not asked: did respondent accept
coverage)

Training classes or tuition reimbursement





Variables created from responses to each question include:

For each job:

1) Start and end date variables were created and modified in the same way as
activity start and end dates (See Section I. above)

2) Hourly and weekly wages based on answers to component questions

3) 0/1 variables for each employee fringe benefit


Another series of measures was created for

(1) Current or most/recent job
(2) Current job
(3) First job after random assignment


Data problem flags and imputations

Start and end dates were imputed in the same way as activity start and
end dates (See Section I above) with one exception: For the few
jobs with end date before start, the end date was copied to the start date and
the end date was reset to missing then imputed with mean substitution.

Hours per week, hourly and weekly wages were imputed for the firs,
current, and current/most recent job:

The first priority when imputing was to use information supplied by the
respondent:



Impute weekly pay according to the following hierarchy:

  a. if hours per week not missing:  weekly wage= hours per week *
hourly pay from the most recent previous job (if any); else the next job
with information on hourly pay.

  b. if hours per week missing and hourly wage not missing, impute hours
per week:

     i.  substitute hours from the most recent previous job; if none:
from next job.  If none:

     ii. substitute mean hours by site and research group


If both hours worked and hourly wage missing, substitute

  c. Earnings in the month before interview (from Income section)
divided by 4

  d. Weekly pay from job with closest start or end date

  e. UI earnings for the quarter of current/most recent job divided by 13

  f. Mean weekly wage by site and research group mean

Note: if respondents had UI data then the higher value between the UI
and site and research group mean was used.

Hourly pay and job hours were also imputed:

 a. If missing hours worked: hours worked from an earlier job was used;
else, use next job with hours.

 a. If missing pay per week:  pay from an earlier job was used;
else, use next job with hours.  ELSE

 c. site and research group mean for hourly pay was used.


NOTE: Only start and end dates (but not hourly or weekly pay) were
imputed for jobs that weren't the first or current/most recent.

Data Problem Flags

The file includes variables that indicate missing data for dates, hours,
and pay, even if values were subsequently imputed.  Researchers can
identify respondents with imputed values and, if they wish, reset the
values back to missing and impute values in a different way.


For fringe benefits, it was assumed that respondents with missing values
did not receive the benefit.  They received a 0 on the 0/1 measures.

For hourly and weekly pay, it was assumed that the pay was pre-tax
(gross pay) if the net pay/gross pay indicator were missing.

Top-coding

Hours per week: top-coded at 95
Hourly pay: top coded at $25
Weekly pay: top coded at $1,154 (equivalent to $15,000 per quarter)



V. TRANSITIONAL BENEFITS  (SECTION F)

The file contains variables regarding the types of transitional benefits
(both medical and child care benefits) clients may have received if they
had been employed since RA and their AFDC payments ceased.  All of these
variables are yes/no/don't know variables with the exception of the first
which is just a yes/no variable.


The survey instrument directs interviewers to skip from the Employment
section E to the Household Composition section if the respondent indicated
that she did not work after RA. Specifically,  ANYPDWRK (Since RA, have you
worked for pay at all?) is the filter for Transitional benefits and the number
of people who said they had worked since RA were expected to answer the first
question FADCSTOP (Did you stop getting AFDC because you got a new
job or your earnings increased at your old job?).  The number of
respondents who said they did not work since RA were expected to have
missing values for all of the questions in this section.

There are additional skips throughout this section of the survey:

a) if the respondent indicated that her AFDC did not stop due to work or
   increased earnings at an old job, she was not asked the rest of the
   questions on transitional benefits (FMEDINFO, FMEDCOVR, FANYCHCR,
   FCCTRANS, FCCYOU, FCCINFO).

b) if the respondent indicated that she did not have any children under
   13 in child care, she was not asked all follow-up questions about
   transitional child care (FCCTRANS, FCCYOU, FCCINFO).

c) if the respondent indicated that she received child care money from
   the welfare department, she was not asked the question on whether the
   respondent paid for child care (FCCYOU).


Additional outcome measures

An outcome measure in the form of a 0/1 dummy "Ever..." variable was
created for each of the seven questions in this section:
VFADSTOP, VMEDINF, VFMEDCOV,VFANYCHC, VFCCTRAN, VFCCYOU and VFCCINFO.

The values assigned to thesemeasures can be either:
0 = representing a No response
1 = representing a Yes response

Missing was reset to 0

TRANSMED: categorical variable which captures employment, AFDC and
    transitional medical benefits.

TRANSCC: categorical variable which captures employment, AFDC and
    transitional child care benefits.

Dummy variables based on TRANSMED and TRANSCC:

NOWORK: 1=no paid work since RAD
EMPONADC: 1=worked for pay and on AFDC since RAD
NADCNMED: 1=worked for pay, not on AFDC and did not use transitional
            medical benefits
NADCYMED: 1=worked for pay, not on AFDC and used transitional medical
            benefits
NADCNTCC: 1=worked for pay, not on AFDC and did not receive transitional
            child care
NADCYTCC: 1=worked for pay, not on AFDC and received transitional child
            care

Missing was reset to 0 for these measures.


[Section G was dropped from the survey instrument]


VI. CHILD CARE FOR EMPLOYMENT (SECTION H)

The file contains variables regarding the dynamics of child care used
by working respondents.  Several types of variables are found in this
section, including:

1) yes/no variables

2) count variables

3) dollar variables

4) categorical variables

The question  ANYPDWRK (Since RA, have you worked for pay at all?)
acts as the direct filter for Section H.  Respondents who said they
worked were expected to answer the first question in Section H,
H1: HANYCC (While you are/were working, are/were any of your children -
under age 13 - cared for in any regular child care arrangement, such
as a day care center, or nursery school, by a baby-sitter, relative,
or in some other kind of regular arrangement?).  Respondents who
indicated that they had not worked were expected to have missing values
for all of the questions in Section H.  At the same time, it was
expected that everyone who answered the first question in Section H
indicated that they had worked since RA.

Section F (Transitional Benefits) also contains information on child
care payments, but only for respondents who indicated that they stopped
receiving AFDC because of employment or increased earnings.
The survey instrument directs interviewers to skip from Section F to
Section H if the respondent indicated that she did not stop getting AFDC
payments because ofemployment since RA (F1:FADCSTOP).

Keep in mind that Section F is not a direct filter for Section H because
respondents who said that their AFDC did stop due to employment are also
asked the questions in Section H.

Sections AA and BB  contain information on child care, but only for the
focal child of members of the Child Outcomes Study sample in Atlanta,
Grand Rapids, and Riverside.

Skip patterns for Section H

There are additional skips throughout this section of the survey:
a) if the respondent reported that, while working, she did not have any
children under 13 in any kind of child care arrangement, she was not
asked the rest of the questions about child care (HDYSMISS, HDYSLATE,
HPAIDANY, HCCAMT, HCCPERWK, HCCUNIT, HCCHRS, HCCDAYS, HCCNUMCH,
HCCOTHPY, HCCOTHP1-HCCOTHP6, HCCTOWHO, HCCREAMT, HCCREPER, HCCUNITR,
HCCREHRS, and HCCREDYS: H2-H18).

b) if the respondent indicated that neither she nor anyone in her
household paid for any of the cost of the child care, questions
pertaining to paying for child care out of pocket were skipped and
the next question she was asked was whether anyone else, such the
welfare department, paid for any or all of
the child care costs (skipped variables include, HCCAMT, HCCPERWK,
HCCUNIT, HCCHRS, HCCDAYS, and HCCNUMCH: H5-H10).

c) if the respondent indicated that the amount she paid for child care
was per week, questions designed to determine the unit of payment were
skipped and the next question she was asked was how many children were
covered by the amount she paid for child care (skipped variables
include, HCCUNIT, HCCHRS, HCCDAYS: H7-H9).  If she said that it was not
per week, the next question (HCCUNIT: H7) was asked directly to
investigate the unit by which she paid for child care.

d) if the respondent indicated that the unit of payment was per hour,
she was asked the next question directly.  However, if she indicated
that it was per day, the interviewer skipped the question about how
many hours per week the child care was used (HCCHRS: H8) and instead,
asked how many days per week the child care was used (HCCDAYS: H9).
If the respondent reported anything else (a value of 3 or greater),
all questions used to determine an hourly or daily unit of payment were
skipped and the interviewer asked how many children were covered by the
amount the respondent reported paying for child care. [Note to users:
Section H cannot be used to calculate average child care payments per
hour or per day because of the skip patterns discussed in (c) and (d).]

e) if the respondent reported that no one else (e.g., a government
agency, employer) paid for any of the cost of the child care, the
interviewer was supposed to skip the remaining questions in Section H
and go on to Section I (skipped variables include, HCCOTHP1-HCCOTHP6,
HCCTOWHO, HCCREAMT, HCCREPER, HCCUNITR, HCCREHRS, and HCCREDYS: H12-H18).

f) if the respondent indicated that, when someone else paid for some of
the cost of the child care, the provider was paid back directly or she
didn't know who was reimbursed, then the interviewer was supposed to
skip the rest of the questions in Section H and begin asking questions
in Section I (skipped variables include, HCCREAMT, HCCREPER, HCCUNITR,
HCCREHRS, and HCCREDYS: H14-H18).

g) if the respondent reported that she was paid back per week and
confirmed that it was per week, the rest of questions in Section H
were skipped and she was asked the first question in Section I (skipped
variables include, HCCUNITR, HCCREHRS, and HCCREDYS: H16-H18).

h) if the respondent indicated that the reimbursement she received was
per hour, the interviewer proceeded with the next question.  However,
if the respondent reported that the reimbursement was per day, the next
question was skipped (HCCREHRS: H17) and she was asked the number of
days per week for which she was reimbursed.  If she reported anything
else (a value of 3 or greater), the remaining questions were skipped and
the interviewer began asking questions in Section I (skipped variables
include, HCCREHRS and HCCREDYS: H17-H18).

i) if the respondent reported the number of hours per week for which
she was reimbursed, the interviewer was expected to skip the next
question (HCCREDYS: H18) and continue on to Section I (Household
Composition.)


Outcome measures

Several outcome measures in the form of a 0/1 dummy "Ever..." variable
were created for some of the questions in Section H.

The variables are as follows: VHANYCC,VDYSLATE, VDYSMISS, VHCCAMT, and VCCREAMT
(only respondents with ANYPDWRK = Yes and HANYCC = Yes), and VHCCHRS and
VHCCDAYS (only respondents with HCCAMT > 0).

The values assigned to these measures can be either:

0 = representing an out of range response to H[n]

1 = representing a valid response to H[n] within a certain range.

Two series of outcome measures were created that involve child care
payments, one for which dollars were paid by the client and one for
which dollars were paid by someone other than the client.  Information
from H4-H9 can be used to construct a measure of average weekly child
care payments paid by the respondent or by someone else in her
household. Similarly, one can use information from H11 and H13-H18 to
construct a measure of average amount reimbursed to the respondent for
weekly child care payments.  An initial step for creating each of these
weekly child care payment measures involves creating a standard pay unit
variable, combining information from the question on payments per week
and the question on payments for other pay periods.  Questions H6 and H7
involve client dollars while questions H15 and H16 involve reimbursement
dollars when someone else paid for the child care; both sets of
questions are designed to obtain information about the unit in which
child care was paid.  The measures created using these four survey
variables are described below.

1) The variables SLFOTHPD, SLFOTHNO, SLFOTHPB, OTHERPD, and NONEPAID are
dummy variables that represent different ways in which respondents and
others paid for child care. SLFOTHPD equals 1 when HPAIDANY=1 and
HCCAMT > 0 and HCCOTHPY=1 and HCCTOWHO=2. SLFOTHNO equals 1 when
HPAIDANY=1 and HCCAMT > 0 and HCCOTHPY=2. SLFOTHPB equals 1 when
HPAIDANY=1 & HCCAMT > 0 & HCCOTHPY=1 & HCCTOWHO IN (1,3) & HCCREAMT > 0.
OTHERPD equals 1 when HPAIDANY=2 and HCCAMT=0 and HCCOTHPY=1 and
HCCTOWHO=2.NONEPAID equals 1 when HPAIDANY=2 and HCCAMT=0 and HCCOTHPY=2.

2) XMPCCAMT is a measure of the monthly amount paid by the respondent
for child care. XMPCAMTR is a measure of the monthly amount paid by
another person/agency for child care. These two measure were combined to
create XNTMCAMT, which represents the net amount paid by the respondent.
XMPCAMTR was subtracted from XMPCCAMT to get XNTMCAMT. If the amount paid
by another person exceeded the amount paid by the respondent, XNTMCAMT
was set to $0. If the difference between XMPCAMTR and XMPCCAMT was
greater than $0 but less than $1, XNTMCAMT was rounded up to $1. If
either XMPCAMTR or XMPCCAMT was missing, the value was set to $0.
(For example, if XMPCCAMT was $100 and XMPCAMTR was . then XMPCAMTR
was set to $0 so that XNTMCAMT would equal $100).

3) The variables XWKCCAMT, XWKCAMTR and XNTWCAMT are the same as the
variables described above except that they represent weekly payments
instead of monthly payments. XWKCCAMT is the weekly version of XMPCCAMT,
XWKCAMTR is the weekly version of  XMPCAMTR and XNTWCAMT is the weekly
version of XNTMCAMT.

4) The variables CPCTMERN and CPCTWKLY represent percentage of monthly
and weekly earnings spent on child care. CPCTMERN was created by
dividing XNTMCAMT by ERNTOT1 (monthly earnings). CPCTMERN is missing
for respondents without reported earnings. CPCTWKLY was created by
dividing XNTWCAMT by WKLYPAY (weekly earnings at most recent job).
CPCTWKLY is equal to zero for respondents without reported earnings.
Both of these variables are actually proportions. Thus, values range
from 0 to 1. Both variables are top coded to 1 for those whose out of
pocket child care expenses exceed their reported earnings.

5) The variables OUTPKTCC, NOPKTCC, NOCCPAID and PAIDCC are similar
to the variables described in number 1 above but they were created
using monthly child care payment amounts. OUTPKTCC represents out of
pocket payment by the respondent and equals 1 if XMPCCAMT exceeds
XMPCAMTR. NOPKTCC represents payments by another person only and
equals 1 if XMPCAMTR exceeds XMPCCAMT or if XMPCCAMT=0 and XMPCAMTR=.
but respondent indicated that another person paid (HCCOTHPY=1).
NOCCPAID represents child care that was not paid for by either
the respondent or another person and equals 1 if XMPCCAMT=0 and
XMPCAMTR=0 and HANYCC=1. PAIDCC represents child care that was
paid for either by the respondent or by another person and equals
1 if OUTPKTCC=1 or if NOPKTCC=1.

6) CCWRKPRB is a dummy variable which equals one if respondent was
late to work because of child care problems (VDYSLATE=1) OR missed
work because of child care problems (VDYSMISS=1).

7) CCEMPM25 is a dummy variable which equals one if respondent used
child care (VHANYCC=1) and was employed in the last month of follow-up
(JEMODYN1=1).


Limitations of Section H

Please be aware that there are some limitations with the variables in
this section.  First of all, the section does not have a variable which
evaluates the dollar value of the amount paid directly to a provider
for child care. Secondly, the section does not ask follow-up questions
when a respondent indicates that she used child care while employed,
but neither paid for it herself or received any payments from anyone
else.  That is, the survey does not attempt to affirm that the respodent
was receiving child care at no cost.  Finally, the child care information
from this section may contradict information from Sections F, AA, and BB-
the extent to which will be determined as consistency checks are done for
similar variables in the different sections.

VII. HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION (SECTION I)


The file contains variables regarding various aspects of a respondent's
household composition: housing arrangements, marital status and
household occupants, and whether the respondent had a baby since RA
(for female respondentsonly).  Several types of variables are found in this
section, including:

1) yes/no variables
2) categorical variables
3) an open-ended variable


Skip patterns for Section I

The entire survey sample was expected to answer questions in Section I;
there is no initial filter to pass through to be eligible to answer the
questions.  It was expected that each question would be asked of all
respondents, except where skip instructions were involved.

The skips in this section of the survey are as follows:
a) if the respondent indicated she has never been married
(question I2: IEVRMAR), then she was not supposed to be asked if she
was currently married, separated, divorced or widowed
(question I3: ICURMAR).

b) if the respondent reported that she was married and living with her
spouse in the month prior to the interview (question I3: ICURMAR), then
she was not supposed to be asked whether she was living as a married
couple (question I4: ICOUPLE).

c) if the respondent confirmed that everyone listed as living in her
household usually lived there (question I5e: IALLHHLD), then she was
not supposed to be asked for an explanation about why the person did
not usually live there (question I5ex: IWHYNOT).

d) if the respondent indicated being male (question I7: IGENDER), he was
not supposed to be asked the next question about whether or not he had
a baby since RAD (question I7a: IBABY).

Users of the survey file should be aware that measures on housing status,
marital status, and number of children can be compared with similar
information from the background characteristics data as indicators of
change. Limitations of these
cross-checks are addressed at the end of this discussion.

TYPES OF VARIABLES CREATED

Outcome measures

A set of dummy variables was created for each of the possible living
quarters a respondent could have reported when asked about her
household in question I-1 (ILIVQTR).  These variables include: IOWNHOME,
IRENTHOM, ILVFFNR, ILVFFYR, ILVGRPSH and ILVOTHER.  These variables can
have one of the following values:

0 = representing a value other than the one which matches a particular
living quarter option reflected by the dummy variable

1 = representing the value the option matches, for instance, for
respondents who reported owning their home, the value for ILIVQTR is a 1
and so the dummy variable IOWNHOME has a 1.  A respondent who
reported renting her home would have a value of 1 for the dummy variable
IRENTHOM because the value of ILIVQTR was 2, but a 0 for IOWNHOME.

A categorical variable was created called MARITALS which was assigned a
value for each of the possible marital statuses:
1 = Single: either respondent was never married and is currently not
living as a couple with anyone
2 = Living as a couple, but not currently married:  either respondent
was never married and is currently living as a couple OR was once
married, is currently separated, divorced or widowed and living as a
couple with someone

3 = Was once married: currently married and living with spouse

4 = Was once married: currently separated

5 = Was once married: currently divorced

6 = Was once married: currently widowed.

A set of 0/1 dummy variables was created for each of the above MARITALS
values.  These variables include:  ISINGLE, ICOUPLVG, IMARSPOU,ISEPARTE,
IDIVORCE and IWIDOW.  The values for each of these variables can be one
of the following:

0 = the value for MARITALS does not represent the appropriate condition
(i.e., ISINGLE=0 because       MARITALS=2 for not married, living as
a couple)

1 = the value for MARITALS represents the appropriate condition
(i.e., ISINGLE=1 because     MARITALS=1 for single).
Two other marital status dummy variables were created. INOTMAR equals
one if respondent is either not currently married or was never married.
INOLGMAR equals one if respondent has ever been married but is not longer
married.

A set of 0/1 dummy variables was created to assess the different
relationships a respondent has to the members of her household which she
identified on the grid.  These variables include: ISELF, ISPOUSE, ISON,
IDAUGHTR, IFATHER, IMOTHER, IBROTHER, ISISTER, IGRNDFTH, IGRNDMTH,
IUNCLE, IAUNT, ICOUSIN, INEPHEW, INIECE, IMALEREL, IFEMLREL, IMADULT,
IFADULT, IMCHILD, IFCHILD, IGRNDSON and IGRNDDAU.  These variables can
have one of the following values:

0 = respondent did not identify the relationship represented by the flag

1 = respondent identified a particular relationship that corresponds
with the flag.

A frequency for any of the flags listed above actually shows that the
number of respondents with flags equal to one indicates that the
respondent lived with at least one of a certain kind of household member;
these variables do not count the number of a particular relation a
respondent identified.

A second set of 0/1 variables was created in order to provide a count of
the number of any relation a respondent reported as living in her
household.  These variables are called: SELFNUM, SPOUSNUM, SONNUM,
DAUGTNUM, FATHRNUM,  MOTHRNUM, BRONUM, SISNUM, GFATHNUM, GMOTHNUM,
UNCLENUM, AUNTNUM, COUSNUM, NEPHWNUM, NIECENUM, MRELTNUM, FRELTNUM,
MADLTNUM, FADLTNUM, MCHLDNUM, FCHLDNUM, GSONNUM and GDAUNUM.  The values
for each of these flags can range from 0 to 8.  Even though the maximum
number of fields provided for reporting household members is 9, one of
the fields will always be used for the respondent's place in the
household.  In addition, since the variable SELFNUM represents the
number of "selves" a respondent listed, it can only have a value of 1.

NUMKIDS is a variable that was created to return the total number of
sons and daughters a respondent reported living in her household in the
month prior to the interview.  This variable is based on the IHHREL2-9
variables which may underestimate the actual number of sons and
daughters for respondents that identified a name on the grid
(IHHNUM2-9), but did not include the relationship of that person.1  The
value for NUMKIDS can range from 0 to 8 (again, even though 9 fields are
provided, one of them is always held by the respondent).

VIBABY is a dummy variable which equals one if a female respondent had a
baby since RAD. KIDSGT0 is a dummy variable which equals one if there
the number of children in the household is at least one.

Two variables were created which provide a total count of the number of
people the respondent reported as living in her household.  TOTHHREL is
calculated by summing of all the 0/1 variables listed above, from
SELFNUM to GDAUNUM (which are based on the IHHREL1-9 variables).  The
value for this variable ranges from 1 to 9.  The second variable,
TOTHHNUM, is determined by taking the maximum number of values among the
variables IHHNUM1 through IHHNUM9, producing a possible range of values
from 1 to 9 as well.  TOTHHNUM is the recommended outcome measure to use
for the total number of people reported in a respondent's household in
the prior month, as it has been subject to more imputation and deletion
rules and is therefore, more accurate.

A series of dummy variables was created to represent different family
structures and combinations of family members. The following table shows
the variable name and the family structure associated with that variable.

VARIABLE NAME           =1 if family has this composition

NUCLEAR                 Respondent, spouse and children

EXTDNUCL                Respondent, spouse, children and parent of
                        respondent

OTHRNUCL                Respondent, spouse, children and other relatives
                        (non-parents) of respondent

COUPLE                  Respondent, partner, and children

EXTDCOUP                Respondent, partner, children and parent of
                        respondent

OTHRCOUP                Respondent, partner, children and other
                        relatives (non-parents) of respondent

SINGLE                  Respondent and children

EXTSINGL                Respondent, children and parent of respondent

EXTRELS1                Respondent, children and respondent's sister,
                        brother, neice or nephew

EXTRELS2                Respondent, children and respondent's aunt,
                        uncle, grandmother, grandfather, grandson,
                        granddaughter, cousin or other female/male
                        relatives.

NONRELS                 Respondent, children and non-relatives (either
                        unrelated adults or Children)

OTHREXTD                Respondent, children, non-relatives and relatives

NOHHKIDS                Respondent lives without children

The variable FAMCOMP is a categorical variable created from the variables
in the table above. Respondents were coded in the following categories:
nuclear family, living as a couple, single and living with just children,
single and living with children and relatives, single and living with
children and non-relatives and living without children. Dummy variables
for each of the categories listed above were also created. These dummies
are VNUCLEAR, VCOUPLE, VSNGKIDS, VRELATES, VNONRELS, VNOKIDS.

Limitations of Section I
Section I has some potential problems and limitations of which future
file users should be cognizant.

Limitations
1) First, the concept of "usually live in household in prior month"
(question I5e: IALLHHLD) may have been interpreted differently by
different people.  Also, it is ambiguous whether people who moved in or
out of the household in the prior month were included.

2) Some absences of household members, even of focal children, are
temporary (e.g., respondent's children may be away at summer camp, on
visits with other relatives or absentee parent), but the grid contains
household members living in the house in the month prior to the interview.

3) Some relationships recorded in the grid could be described by more
than one code (e.g., a respondent's boyfriend could be thought of as a
partner (code 1) or as an unrelated male adult (code 17).

Potential Problems

There are potential contradictions between some of the answers given (or
not given) for questions in Section I and answers provided for questions
in other sections or on baseline characteristics measures.  For
instance:

1)  In Section J, the respondent is asked to report the income of the
people she listed as living in her household in the prior month to the
interview.  It is possible that an income amount is provided in the
grid, but the person (IHHNUM[n]) and the relationship (IHHREL[n]) are
missing from Section I which correspond to the reported income.

2)  A respondent may indicate in Section I that she owns her home (asked
in question I1: ILIVQTR), but reports in Section K that she receives
rent subsidies (asked in questions K1: KPUBHSG and K2: KRENTSUB).

3)  As mentioned at the beginning of this memo, users of the file should
be aware that measures on housing status, marital status, and number of
children can be compared with similar information from the background
characteristics data asindicators of change.  However, there are potential
problems in making these comparisons.  A discrepancy in the number of children
listed on the background characteristics data and reported living in the
household could occur for a varietyof reasons.  The respondent may have had a
baby within the two years of follow-up (which could be cross-checked with the
question in Section Ithat asks whether the respondent - if female - has had a
baby since RA).

Or some of the respondent's children may have left home for some reason.
It is possible for some of there children to "age out" and could have
moved out to be on their own or they could be living out of the home
because of summer vacation or because they are spending time with the
non-custodial parent.  Marital status is also apt to change in two-years,
but certain information can be confirmed, such as whether the respondent
was ever married.  It is likely that housing status could also change.
If a respondent owned her home at the outset of the follow-up period, but
subsequently lost ownership, the information between the background
characteristics data and the responses provided for question I1: ILIVQTR could
be discrepant.

4)  Contradictions could exist between information given for question
    I3: ICURMAR or I4: ICOUPLE and relationship information given in
    the household grid with variables IHHREL2-9:

a)  the respondent could have reported currently being married and
    living with spouse (ICURMAR=1), but did not list spouse/partner
    among IHHREL2-9.  This does not work in the other way, however,
    because if the respondent listed a spouse/partner, but did not
    indicate that she is currently married (ICURMAR=1) it is quite
    possible that she is referring to a partner to whom she is not
    currently married since the code collapses both spouse and partner.

b)  the respondent could have reported that she was living with a
    boyfriend/ girlfriend/partner (ICOUPLE=1), but did not list a
    spouse/partner (code 1) or unrelated adult (codes 17 and 18) for of
    the variables IHHREL2-IIHHREL9.

c)  contradictions may be found between a respondent reporting that she
    lives with family and friends (ILIVQTR = 3 or 4) and not listed an
    adults in IHHREL2-9, however, ILIVQTR refers to the current month
    and IHHREL2-9 refer to the month prior.

d)  contradictions may also exist between variables IEVRMAR on the survey
    and MARITAL on the background characteristics data.  Some
respondents may have reported being
    previously married on background characteristics data, but never
married on survey
-- or vice
    versa.

However, note that this will not occur for the phone-only sample
because the IHHNUM2 through IHHNUM9 variables were set to missing if a
relationship code was not provided.



VIII. INCOME FOR RESPONDENTS AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS (SECTION J)

Interviewers recorded income in the month prior to interview for the
respondent and for up to 8 other members of her household.  Interviewers
initially filled out a grid listing the respondent first then each
additional household member.  The interviewer then went through a series
of questions concerning 16 types of income.

                           Var name prefix
                           ================

1) Earnings from employment     EMP
2) Earnings from odd job        ODD
3) AFDC                         AFDC or ADC
4) Food Stamps                  FS
5) Child Support                CS
6) Supplemental Security Income SSI

[Note: these are the most frequently recorded sources of income
for the analysis of total measured income]

7) Alimony                      ALI
8) WIC                          WIC
9) Social Security              SSA
10)Unemployment insurance       UI
11)Workers Compensation         WKC
12)General Assistance           GA
13)Refugee Assistance           REF
14)Foster Care Payments         FC
15)Help from non-HH members     OUT
16)"Other"                      OTH


The survey also questioned respondents whether they knew of or had ever used
the earned income tax credit (EITC).


All Y/N vars for person 1 (respondent) and persons 2-9 were read in as
[missing] / 1. All missing values for the Y/N variables were reset to 0, unless
there were GE $1 in the corresponding income amount field -- in which case the
Y/N var was set to 1 (yes).

Out of range income amounts were set to missing.

NOTE: We do not reset the Y/N vars from 1 to 0, when the corresponding
amount field= 0 or missing. Instead, we imputed dollar amounts.
(See discussion of imputations below.)


Fixes:

1) Dollar amounts are top-coded at $5000, equivalent to $15,000, the
maximum  acceptable value of earnings for quarterly UI records.


2) Outliers at GT $1500 for AFDC and GT $1000 for other types of income.
None of these values are changed (none are higher than $5000).

3) All dollar amounts were changed to integer values.  But any original
amount between 0 and $1 was set to $1.

4) Negative values were reset to 0. (there were a few of these)





MISSING DATA FLAG VARIABLES:


Some respondents did not know or refused to report dollar values of earnings
or other income for themselves or for other household members.  Missing values
were imputed; the imputed values are stored on the file.(See below for details)

The file contains missing data flags for each dollar amount measure. (These were
created before values were imputed):

empy0ms1- empy0ms9
oddy0ms1- oddy0ms9
fsy0ms1 - fsy0ms9
adcy0ms1- adcy0ms9
csy0ms1 - csy0ms9
ssiy0ms1- ssiy0ms9
aliy0ms1-aliy0ms9
wicy0ms1-wicy0ms9
ssay0ms1-ssay0ms9
uiy0ms1-uiy0ms9
wkcy0ms1-wkcy0ms9
gay0ms1-gay0ms9
refy0ms1-refy0ms9
fcy0ms1-fcy0ms9
outy0ms1-outy0ms9
othy0ms1-othy0ms9


Researchers can use these flags to identify respondents or other
household members with imputed values and, if they wish, reset values
back to missing.


IMPUTATIONS

The NEWWS team decided to impute the values of all Section J measures in which
the respondent indicated YES, she or someone in her household received a type
of income, but did not indicate the dollar value.


Imputation strategy:

1) Respondent earnings  (JEMPAMT1):

The imputations are implemented depending on which information is
available for the respondent:

The first choice is to impute JEMPAMT1 from WKLYPAY (average weekly pay
for current or most recent job) from Section E (Employment).

For some respondents, the imputed value of WKLYPAY was used -- but only
those with employment in the month before interview recorded in SECTION E.
Most also show weekly hours for the spell that includes the month before
interview.

To impute JEMPAMT1: WKLYPAY is multiplied by 4  AND by EJCMRTIO.

EJCMRTIO is the ratio of ERNTOT1 to 4 * WKLYPAY for those with earnings
in both sections and most recent job spanning the month before interview.

Nearly all the remaining respondents with missing values for JEMPAMT1 have
the value imputed from their UI earnings for the quarter that includes the
month before interview.  UI earnings are divided by 3 and multiplied by
JEUIRTIO.

JEUIRTIO is the ratio of ERNTOT1 * 3 to EARNSFVP (earnings during the quarter
that contains the month before interview) for those with earnings in on both
sources.

NOTE: for both ratios, the mean values are compared to each other.
The ratios are not the mean of the ratios for each person who has earnings
on both sources.

NOTE: for both ratios, separate ratios are estimated for each research
group.

Three respondents had earnings and employment reset to 0 because there is
no indication of employment near the month before interview, either in
Section J or UI earnings.

2) Respondent AFDC payments: the AFDC record is substituted, including
   changing YES to NO if, $0 are found.

3) Respondent Food Stamps payments: the Food Stamps record is substituted,
including changing YES to NO if, $0 are found.

4) All other types of income for respondent: substitute the site AND
research group mean


5) All income sources for other household members: substitute site AND
household member type mean:  spouse-partner, other adult male,
other adult female, or child.  (Members of program and control group
households were combined in the calculation of the means.)


OUTCOME MEASURES

1) TOTAL MEASURED INCOME FOR THE RESPONDENT

a) ERNTOT1: sums respondent's income from earnings or odd jobs, using the
imputed version of the measures.

b)INCTOT1

The main measure that we've used in previous reports sums
earnings from regular or odd jobs, AFDC, Food Stamps, child support
payments, and SSI benefits.

INCTOT1 includes imputed values.

c)INCTOT2


INCTOT2 adds together the dollar amounts of all 16 income sources.
INCTOT2 includes imputed values.

d) INCTOT3

INCTOT3 net income for respondent.  It equals INCTOT2

PLUS an estimate of one month of EITC (based on ERNTOT1 and the number of
household members at baseline)

MINUS total out of pocket child care expenses

e) SVEITC1: estimated EITC for one month for respondent, uses the rules for
estimating EITC for the year in which the month before interview occurs.  To
estimate EITC, ERNTOT1 is multiplied by 12 and the respondent gets 80 PERCENT
of the EITC amount for 0, 1, or more than 1 child, depending on the value of
CHCNT (number of children) from the background characteristics data.
Estimated EITC is multiplied by .8,reflecting the estimate by John Schultz that
80 percent of those entitiled to EITC receive the tax credit.

2) TOTAL MEASURED INCOME FOR THE ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD

NOTE: These totals include imputed measures

a) ERNTOT2-ERNTOT9: sums earnings from regular and odd jobs
(JEMPAMT2-9 and JODDAMT2-9).

b)HINCTOT1: earnings, AFDC, FS, child support,and SSI for all household members.

c)HINCTOT2: sums all income from all sources for all household members.

d) SVEITC2-9: Estimated EITC for other household members

The measure assumes that other HH mbrs have no children --
which causes EITC to equal 0 until 1994.

Even then, EITC maxima are lower than for those with children.
Compared to EITC estimates for the respondent, SVEITC2-9 begin
to be reduced at a much lower level of earnings, as well.


SVHHEITC= sum all EITC amounts for all household members.

e) HINCTOT3 Total net income for respondent and all household
members.

It equals HINCTOT2

PLUS an estimate of one month of EITC for each household member

For the respondent, the EITC estimate is based on ERNTOT1
and the number of household members AT BASELINE)

MINUS total out of pocket child care expenses


For all other household members, the EITC estimate is based
ERNTOTn, assuming no children.  And no additional out-of-pocket
child care expenses are assumed.



f)HINCOTT2:  total income from all sourcesfor all household members
except the respondent (persons 2-9).

g) A series of total household income measures for the 16 types of income
recorded on the survey:

HHTOTxxx sums the incomes from persons 1-9.

HHOTTxxx sums the incomes from persons 2-9 (all household members but the
respondent).


h) Respondent income as percent of total household income


IN2PHIN2:Respondent income as percent of total household income from
16 sources (INCTOT2).


IN3PHIN3:Respondent income as percent of total household income from
16 sources + all EITC minus out of pocket child care expenses (INCTOT3).

3) CATEGORICAL AND 0/1 OUTCOME MEASURES FOR THE RESPONDENT


EMR(y/n)ADC(y/n): Series of 0/1 measures which indicate whether the respondent
worked and was off AFDC, worked and was on AFDC, did not work and was on AFDC,
or did not work nor receive AFDC for respondents who worked at a regular job.

EOR(y/n)ADC(y/n): Series of 0/1 measures which indicate whether the respondent
worked and was off AFDC, worked and was on AFDC, did not work and was on AFDC,
or did not work nor receive AFDC for respondents who worked at a regular or
odd job.

JEMODYN1(-9): O/1 variable which indicates whether the respondent (person 1)
received income from either a regular or odd job.  This measure was duplicated
for the other members of the household (persons 2-9).

Use and knowledge of the EITC:
VEITCKNW: 0/1 measure which indicates whether the respondent had heard of the
EITC.

VEITCUSE: 0/1 measure indicates whether the respondent had used the EITC on
her tax return since random assignment.  The skip pattern in Section J calls
for JEITCUSD (J7) to be skipped if the respondent answered NO to JEITCKNW (J6).
VEITCUSE is set to 0 in this instance, since NOT HEARING about EITC implies
that it was not used.  People with missing on JEITCKNW, including those with
DK, remain as missing for VEITCUSE.


NOTE: !!!
VEITCUSE is NOT used to estimate EITC use.  EITC is estimated solely from
ERNTOT1 * 12 and total number of household members at baseline.

4) CATEGORICAL AND 0/1 OUTCOME MEASURES FOR THE ENTIRE HOUSEHOLD


KHHxxx: The number of household members who received a type of income. This
series includes KHHEMOD for earnings from either a regular or odd job.

VHHxxx: 0/1 measures which indicate if any household member received a
type of income.  These measures are based on the yes/no variables.  Some
income amounts may be missing within the household.  This series includes
VHHEMOD for earnings from either a regular or odd job.

VHNCTOT1: 0/1 measure which indicates if any member of the household received
income from earnings, AFDC, Food Stamps, SSI, or child support.

VHNCTOT2: 0/1 measure which indicates if any member of the household received
income from any of the 16 income sources.

KOHHxxx: The number of household members besides the respondent (persons 2-9)
who received a type of income.  (includes EMOD)

VOHHxxx: 0/1 measures which indicate if a household member besides the
respondent earned a type of income.  These measures are based on the yes/no
variables.

VHHTTxxx: 0/1 measures which indicate if any household member received a
type of income.

VHNCOTT1: 0/1 measure which indicates if any member of the household but the
respondent received income from earnings, AFDC, Food Stamps, SSI, or child
support.

VHNCOTT2: 0/1 measure which indicates if any member of the household but the
respondent received income from any of the 16 income sources.



EMR(y/n)OHH(y/n): Series of 0/1 measures which indicate whether the respondent
alone, a combination of the respondent and other household members, or neither
the respondent nor other household members worked at a regular job.

EOR(y/n)OHH(y/n): Series of 0/1 measures which indicate whether the respondent
alone, a combination of the respondent and other household members, or neither
the respondent nor other household members worked at a regular or odd job.

5) PERCENT OF INCOME THAT IS EARNINGS

SVERNP1: Percent of five-component measure of total income that is earnings
from a regular or odd job.

SVERNP2: Percent of all income that is earnings from a regular or odd job.

 NOTE: When either ERNTOT1 or the INCTOT var equals $0, the percent is zero.

6) POVERTY MEASURES: (code to follow at a later date)
The poverty threshold is determined by the U.S. Census Bureau.  It
is updated annually and varies by family size.  Thresholds for 1992-1994
were obtained from the 1996 edition of the Statistical Abstract of the U.S.
(p. 473). Thresholds for 1995 and 1996 were obtained from the U.S. Census
Bureau home page.  For 1996, they are preliminary and may change before
publication.

Variables are created which record the percent of the poverty level three
types of respondent total income are for the year in which the month prior
to interview falls. The income for the month prior to interview is multiplied
by 12 in order to estimate the yearly income and poverty level in the year
that includes the month before interview.

SIN1PCPV = ((INCTOT1 * 12) as percent of poverty level.

SIN2PCPV = ((INCTOT2 * 12) as percent of poverty level.

SIN3PCPV = ((INCTOT3 * 12) as percent of poverty level.


Dummy variables are created that indicate what percent of the poverty
level total income represents.

The three types of total income:

1) INCTOT1: Earnings, AFDC, Food Stamps, SSI, and child support payments

These measures have the prefix SI1.

2) INCTOT2:

   All 16 types of income measured by the survey: earnings from regular or
   odd jobs, Food Stamps, AFDC, child support, alimony, WIC, SSI, SSA,
   unemployment insurance, worker's comp, general assistance, refugee
   assistance, foster child payments, money from outside the household, and
   any other type of income


These measures have the prefix SI2.

3) Net income: INCTOT3: INCTOT2 + EITC - out of pocket child care costs

These measures have the prefix SI3.

Sample members with more than three children are assigned the same poverty
levels as those with exactly three children.  Sample members with no children
are treated like those with one child.

The percent poverty measures are named by total income type and range:

SInLT50P: Income is less than 50% of the poverty level.
SIn51100: Income is between 50% and 100% of the poverty level.
SIn1150P: Income is between 100% and 150% of the poverty level.
SIn50M:   Income is at least 150% of the poverty level.
SIn100M:  Income is at least 100% of the poverty level.
SIn150M:  Income is at least 50% of the poverty level.

where n corresponds to the total income calculation number.

IX. NON-CASH BENEFITS AND MEDICAL COVERAGE (SECTION K)


The file  contains variables regarding the types of non-cash benefits
clients may have received: public housing or housing subsidies, energy
assistance, Medicaid or private health insurance, and the federal school
lunch or breakfast programs.  Most of these variables are yes/no/don't
know variables with the exception of two which are
categorical variables.

The entire survey sample is expected to answer questions in Section K;
there is no initial filter to pass through to be eligible to answer the
questions.  It was expected that each question would be asked of all
respondents with the exception of one question which is influenced by a
skip instruction (see below).


Skip patterns

The question with a skip instruction is KALLMED  Specifically, if
the respondent indicated that everyone in her household was covered by
either Medicaid/MediCal or some other health insurance plan (or if she
didn't know if everyone was covered medically), she was not asked the
next question which involves identifying household members who are not
covered by any kind of medical insurance (KNOMED1-KNOMED7) and was
asked about her children's receipt of free school breakfasts or lunches,
the next type of assistance, KSCHLFD, instead.  If the respondent
indicated that not everyone in her household had medical coverage, she
would be asked  who in her household was not covered and, after identifying
everyone, she would be asked question


Types of variables created

Outcome measures from Section K

An outcome measure in the form of a 0/1 dummy "Ever..." variable was
created for each of the questions in Section K; these measures are likely
to be us  The variables are as follows: VKPUBHSG, VKRNTSUB, VKHEAT,
VKANYMED, VKALLMED, VKNOMED1, VKNOMED2, VKNOMED3, VKNOMED4, VKNOMED5,
VKNOMED6, VKNOMED7, VKSCHLFD, and VKCURLVG.  The values assigned to these
measures can be one of the following:

0 = representing a No response to K1-K4, K6 and an out of range response
to K5 and K7

1 = representing a Yes response to K1-K4, K6 and a non-missing response
to K5 and K7.

Another version of the 0/1 dummy variable VKRNTSUB was created called
VKRENTSB.  This variable has the same value as VKRNTSUB except for those
respondents who indicated that they were living in public housing.  The
values for VKRENTSB can be one of the following:

0 = indicating that respondent was in public housing (where KRENTSUB =1)

1 = indicating that respondent was not in public housing and that either
the government was or was not paying for some of the respondent's rent.

It is suggested that researchers use this alternative measure, VKRENTSB,
as it captures the fact that one cannot be in subsidized housing and
public housing at the same time.

A set of 0/1 dummy variables was created to indicate each relationship a
respondent could have to a person in their household who was not covered
in the month prior to the interview by either Medicaid/Medical or another
kind of health plan.  These variables include: KNOSELF, KNOSPOUS,
KNOCHILD, KNOPARNT, KNOGPRNT, KNOTHREL, KNONREL and can have one of the
following values:

0 = everyone is covered or respondent didn't know who was covered

1 = indicated that one of the following people in household was not
covered medically: self, spouse, son/daughter, parent, grandparent,
other relative, non-relative.


Indicators of health insurance coverage


There are several ways to estimate health insurance coverage using
Section K vars as single measures, in combination, or with variables
from other sections.  Each measure gives a different percentage for
"ever covered."  For example, VKANYMED indicates that at least one person
in the respondent's household (self, spouse, or children) was covered by
Medicaid/Medical in the month prior to the interview.  Indication of AFDC
and SSI receipt also provide evidence of health insurance.

Several additional measures were created to analyze impacts on health
care coverage.    These measures include responses to questions from
Section E of the survey that asked respondents whether health care
coverage was offered by their employer.

The measures below include respondents who said that they had a job that
offered health insurance in the month prior to interview (SEMPMED).

Six key 0/1 variables were created to indicate who had health care
coverage in the month prior to interview.

(1)  XSELFMED:  indicates whether the survey respondent had health care
coverage.  Respondents were considered to have health care coverage if
they met any of the following conditions:  their entire household was
covered (KALLMED=2),  they had coverage (KNOSELF=0), they had a job that
offered medical insurance (SEMPMED=1), or  they were receiving AFDC or
SSI (JAFDCYN1=1 or JSSIYN1=1).  Note:  If KALLMED was missing then
KNOSELF=0.  The program accounted for this and if KALLMED was missing and
the respondent did not meet any of the other  conditions then it was
assumed the respondent did not have coverage.

(2)  XCHLDMED: indicates whether all dependent children in the
respondent's household had health care coverage. Children were considered
to have health care coverage if the respondent indicated that all
dependent children were covered or if the respondent was receiving AFDC
or SSI.

(3)  XSFCHMED: indicates whether both the respondent and all children in
the household had health care coverage.

(4)  XOSLFMED: indicates whether only the respondent had health care
coverage.

(5)  XOCHDMED: indicates whether only all children in the household had
health care coverage.

(6)  XNOMED:   neither the respondent nor all children in the household
had health care coverage.

KSELFMED was also created to measure whether the respondent had health
care coverage; it does not include responses to whether the respondent
had a job that provided health insurance.

Another series of 0/1 variables  take into account whether the
respondent was employed and whether they were receiving AFDC in the month prior
to interview. These measures were based on variables in Section J of the survey:
whether the respondent had earnings from a job or an odd job in the month
before interview (JEMODYN1) and whether the respondent was on AFDC in the
month before interview (JAFDCYN1).  Based on a combination of these two
measures, the following four categories were developed in Section J.
Note:  the numbers in the HHS memo will not exactly match because they
were generated before imputation.

EORYADRN: Employed (earnings or odd jobs), not on AFDC
EORYADRY: Employed (earnings or odd jobs), on AFDC
EORNADRN: Not employed, not on AFDC
EORNADRY: Not employed, on AFDC

Using these variables, six additional measures were created to describe
health care coverage for respondents.

Have Health Care Coverage

EOYADNSL: Employed, not on AFDC, and respondent has health care coverage.
EOYADYSL: Employed, on AFDC, and respondent has health care coverage.
EONADNSL: Not employed, not on AFDC, and respondent has health care c
          overage.
EONADYSL: Not employed, on AFDC, and respondent has health care coverage.

Does Not Have Health Care Coverage
EOYNOSELF:  Employed and respondent does not have health care coverage.
EONNOSELF:  Not employed and respondent does not have health care
            coverage.

These same 6 measures were created for children and for both respondent
and their children.  These variables have a similar prefix and end in CH
for dependent children and in SCH for both respondent and children.
For example,

EOYADNCH: Employed, not on AFDC, and dependent children have health care
          coverage.

EOYADNSC: Employed, not on AFDC, and both respondent and dependent
          children have health care coverage.


Other dummies capture only employment status and health care coverage
status:

EOYNOSLF: respondent no medical coverage, employed
EONNOSLF: respondent no medical coverage, not employed
EOYNOCHD: respondent's children no medical coverage, employed
EONNOCHD: respondent's children no medical coverage, not employed
EOYNOSCH: respondent and children no medical coverage, employed
EONNOSCH: respondent and children no medical coverage, not employed

A series of 0/1 dummy variables was created to represent each of the
satisfaction levels a respondent could have reported regarding her
standard of living at the time of the interview.  The variables are as
follows:

KVERYSAT, KSATISFD, KMIXED, KDISSATI and KVRYDISS.  The values for these
variables vary to the extent that a 1 will represent the particular level
of satisfaction the respondent chose.  Each variable and its respective
value is as follows:
KVERYSAT
(KCURLVG = 1)
0 = Not very satisfied with living standard
1 = Very satisfied with living standard

KSATISFD
(KCURLVG = 2)
0 = Not satisfied with living standard
1 = Satisfied with living standard

KMIXED
(KCURLVG = 3)
0 = Does not feel mixed about living standard
1 = Feels mixed about living standard

KDISSATI
(KCURLVG = 4)
0 = Not dissatisfied with living standard
1 = Dissatisfied with living standard


KVRYDISS
(KCURLVG = 5)
0 = Not very dissatisfied with living standard
1 = Very dissatisfied with living standard

 Outcome Measures created from Section F and Section K
The following dummies were created to capture different employment
statuses, medical coverage and use of transitional medical benefits:

EYTNNSLF:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed, did
    not have health insurance and did not use transitional medical
    benefits.

EYTNNCHD:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed, her
    children did not have health insurance and did not use transitional
    medical benefits.

EYTNNSCH:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed,
    neither she nor her children had health insurance and did not use
    transitional medical benefits.

EYTYNSLF:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed, did
    not have health insurance and used transitional medical benefits.

EYTYNCHD:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed, her
    children did not have health insurance and used transitional
    medical benefits.

EYTYNSCH:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was employed,
    neither she nor her children had health insurance and used
    transitional medical benefits.

ENTNNSLF:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    did not have health insurance and did not use transitional medical
    benefits.

ENTNNCHD:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    her children did not have health insurance and did not use
    transitional medical benefits.

ENTNNSCH:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    neither she nor her children had health insurance and did not use
    transitional medical benefits.

ENTYNSLF:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    did not have health insurance and used transitional medical benefits.

ENTYNCHD:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    her children did not have health insurance and used transitional
    medical benefits.

ENTYNSCH:    dummy variable where 1 means respondent was not employed,
    neither she nor her children had health insurance and used
    transitional medical benefits.


Limitations of Section K

1) Follow-up periods vary for different questions: sometimes the
   questions are asked regarding the time since RA date, at the time of
   the interview, in the month prior to the interview, or in the past
   year.

2) Questions KALLMED: K4 and KNOMED1-7: K5 are a complicated sequence.
We have to assume coverage of a particular household member, if that
person is not specifically cited as not being covered.  There are not
many other places in the survey in which we interpret a missing as a
"yes".  In addition, when a respondent reports that her son/daughter
(value 3 for QK5) does not have medical coverage, it does not mean that
all children in her household are not covered; it just means that at
least one son or daughter is without coverage.

3) Some respondents may misinterpret KALLMED: K4 to mean, "Did you use
your health insurance in the month prior to interview?" and some people
on AFDC or SSI do not realize that they receive health insurance.  On the
other hand, AFDC recipients who were sanctioned at the time of interview
may be correct in asserting that they do not have medical insurance.
(Technically, anyone sanctioned is off the AFDC grant and not eligible
for Medicaid/Medical.)

4) In the survey, other core and child study sections have questions on
access to medical insurance; however,  answers may not be consistent
across the questions.

The skip pattern described in (c) make FCCTRANS and FCCYOU incomplete
measures of use of child care for those employed and off AFDC.  For
instance, some respondents probably received money from the welfare
department, but also paid some child care costs themselves.  But these
respondents would only be recorded as having received child care money
from the welfare department.  Use data from Sections H (for all 7
sites), and AA and BB (for the Child Study sample) for estimating total
child care expenses and reimbursements.


[Sections L and M were dropped from the interview.]


X. CHILD OUTCOMES (SECTION N)


This file contains variables concerning the children of the respondents
in the sample.  A variety of questions were asked which involve such
aspects of a child's life as: visits to an emergency room, emotional,
behavioral and/or mental problems, removal from the home, grades
attended in school (if any), repetition of a grade, suspension,
exclusion or expulsion from school, special help for learning,
emotional or behavioral problems, any illnesses or disabilities and
medical coverage.  Several types of variables are found in this section,
including:

1) yes/no variables

2) categorical variables


Skip patterns for Section N


There is no initial filter question which qualified respondents
to answer questions in Section N.  It was expected that each question
would be asked of all respondents, however, the structure of the
questions produces a skip pattern unique to this section.

For every question asked of the entire sample, a follow-up question is
asked only of respondents from Atlanta, Grand Rapids and Riverside whose
children were aged 3-5 years at random assignment (this group is defined as the
Child Outcomes Study sample).  While the first question probed for information
regarding a certain aspect of a child's life, the second (usually
an 'a', sometimes a 'b', version) asked whether the response given
to the first question pertained to the focal child (the child in the
child study sample), another child or both children.  For example,
question N1: NHOSP asks, "Since RAD, have any of your children had
an accident, injury, or poisoning requiring a visit to a hospital
emergency room or clinic?"  This is followed by question
N1a: NHOSPWHO which asks, "Was that CHILD or another child?"
CHILD specifically refers to the focal child.


NOTE: Answers to the questions about the focal child are stored in the Child
Outcomes Study file.

The skips in this section of the survey are as follows:
a visit to the emergency room or that information was missing
 a) if the respondent reported that none of her children required
(N1:NHOSP=No, Don't Know), then she was not asked to specify
which child required such a visit (skip N1a:NHOSPWHO).

 b) if the respondent reported that none of her children were
currently getting help for emotional, mental or behavioral
problems or that information was missing (N2:NMNTHLTH=No, Don't Know),
then she was not asked to specify which child was currently getting
help of this kind (skip N2a: NMNTWHO).

 c) if the respondent reported that any of her children were
currently getting help for emotional, mental or behavioral
problems (N2:NMNTHLTH=Yes), then she was not supposed to be asked
question N3: NMNTFELT which asks whether, since RAD, the respondent
or anyone else felt that any of her children needed help for
any emotional, mental or behavioral problems.  This skip applied
to the entire sample.  Only if a respondent had reported that none
of her children were currently getting help or that information was
missing (N2:NMNTHLTH=No, Don't Know) was she supposed to be asked
whether she felt that any of her children needed to get help
(N3:NMNTFELT).

d) if the respondent reported that she did not feel that any of her
children needed help for emotional, mental or behavioral problems or
that information was missing (N3:NMNTHLTH=No, Don't Know), then she
was not supposed to be asked question N3a:NMNTFWHO which asks which
child she felt needed help, had she indicated that she felt this way.

e) if the respondent reported that none of her children had been
removed from her care because she could not care for or handle
them or that information was missing (N4:NRMVD=No, Don't Know),
then she was not supposed to be asked question N4a:NRMVDWHO which
asks which child was removed, had she indicated that a child was
removed.

f) if the respondent (regardless of which sample she was in) reported
that none of her children have attended kindergarten, first grade or a
higher grade in school (N5:NKINDER=No, Don't Know), then she was not
supposed to be asked questions N5a, N5b, N6, N6a, N7 and N7a which are
used to gain more information about a child's school experience, e.g.,
whether the child had ever been suspended or expelled.

g) if the respondent was not in the child study sample and reported
that any of her children have attended kindergarten, first grade or
a higher grade in school (N5:NKINDER=Yes), then she was not supposed
to be asked questions N5a and N5b which are used to gain more
information about the focal child's school experience, e.g.,
the highest grade attended by the focal child.

h) if the respondent was in the child study, reported that any
of her children have attended kindergarten, first grade or a higher
grade in school (N5:NKINDER=Yes), and that the focal child has never
attended kindergarten or grade school, then she was not supposed to
be asked question N5b: NFCLHGST which is used to determine the highest
grade the focal child has attended.

i) if the respondent reported that any of her children had attended
kindergarten, first grade or a higher grade in school (N5:NKINDER=Yes)
and, since RAD, none of her children have repeated any grade for any
reason (N6:NREPEAT=No), then she was not supposed to be asked question
N6a:NRPTWHO which is used to determine which child repeated a grade.

j) only if a respondent in the child study sample reported that the
focal child had ever attended kindergarten or grade school
(N5a:NKINDWHO=Yes) was question N6a:NRPTWHO supposed to be asked to
determine whether it was the focal child, another child or both
children that repeated a grade (as determined by question N6:NREPEAT).

k) if the respondent reported that any of her children had attended
kindergarten, first grade or a higher grade in school (N5:NKINDER=Yes),
and that, since RAD, none of her children had been suspended, excluded
or expelled from school (N7:NSUSPEND=No), then she was not supposed to
be asked question N7a:NRPTWHO which is used to determine which child was
suspended, excluded or expelled from school.

l) only if a respondent in the child study sample reported that the
focal child had ever attended kindergarten or grade school
(N5a:NKINDWHO=Yes) was question N7a:NSUSPWHO supposed to be asked
to determine whether it was the focal child, another child or both
children suspended, expelled or excluded from school (as determined
by question N7:NSUSPEND).

m) if the respondent indicated that none of her children attend a
special class or special school, or get special help in school for
learning problems (N8a1:NSPCLRN) or behavioral or emotional problems
	(N8b1:NSPCBEHV), then she was not supposed to be asked questions
N8a2:NSPCLWHO or N8b2:NSPCBEHV, respectively, which are used to
determine to whom these responses applied had they been "Yes".

n) if the respondent reported that none of her children have an
illness or disability that demands a lot of attention making it hard
to attend work or school (N9:NVERYILL), then she was not supposed to
	be asked question N9a:NILLWHO which is used to determine which child
has such an illness or disability.

o) if the respondent indicated that there were no periods since RAD
that any of her children were not covered by health insurance or
Medical/Medicaid (N10:NNOMED), then she was not supposed to be asked
question N10a:NNOMEDWH to determine which child lacked health coverage.

Outcome measures

An outcome measure in the form of a 0/1 dummy "Ever..." variable was
created for the questions in Section I; these measures are likely to be
used in impact or benefit/cost regressions.

.  The variables are as follows: VNHOSP, VHOSPWHO, VNMNTHLT,
VMNTHWHO, VNMNTFELT, VFELTWHO, VNRMVD, VNRMVWHO, VNKINDER, VKINDWHO,
VFCLHGST, VNREPEAT, VNRPTWHO, VNSUSPEN, VNSUSWHO, VNSPCLRN, VLRNWHO,
VNSPCBEH, VBEHVWHO, VNVRYILL, VNILLWHO, VNNOMED, and VNMEDWHO.  The
values assigned to these measures can be either:

0 = representing a No response to N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N5a, N6, N7,
N8a1, N8b1, N9 and N10 and an out of range response to N1a,
N2a, N3a, N4a, N5b, N6a, N7a, N8a2, N8b2, N9a and N10a

1 = representing a Yes response to N1, N2, N3, N4, N5, N5a, N6, N7,
N8a1, N8b1, N9 and N10    and a valid response to N1a, N2a,
N3a, N4a, N5b, N6a, N7a, N8a2, N8b2, N9a and N10a.


NOTE: Missing values were reset to 0.


SCHPROBS:    number of school problems for any child. can equal 0,
1 or 2 because the only  problems included in this measure are repeated a grade
(VNREPEAT) and attends a special class for learning problems (VNSPCLRN).

SCHPRBS0:    based on the variable SCHPROBS. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates no school problems. (SCHPROBS=0)

SCHPRBS1:    based on the variable SCHPROBS. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates one school problem exists. (SCHPROBS=1)

SCHPRBS2:    based on the variable SCHPROBS. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates both school problems (repeat a grade and special class for
    learning problems) exist. (SCHPROBS=2)

ANYSCHPR:    based on the variable SCHPROBS. dummy variable where a 1
indicates at least on school problem (repeat a grade and/or special
class for learning problems)exists.

BEHVPRBA:    number of behavioral or emotional problems for any child.
    Can equal 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. the problems included in this measure
    are receives help for emotional, mental or behavioral problems
    (VNMNTHLT), felt that any child needed help for emotional, mental or
    behavioral problems (VNMNFELT), any child suspended from school
    (VNSUSPND), and attends a special class for behavioral or emotional
    problems (VNSPCBEH).

BEHVEMOT:    any child either receives help for emotional, mental or
    behavioral problems OR respondent feels that any child should
    receive help for emotional, mental or behavioral problems. dummy
    variables which equals 1 when VNMNTHLT=1 OR VNMNFELT=1.

BEHVPRBB:    number of behavioral or emotional problems for any child.
    different  from BEHVPRBA because it can only equal 0, 1, 2 or 3.
    Instead of looking at whether any child was receiving help for
    behavioral or emotional problems and whether the respondent felt
    that any child needed help for behavioral or emotional problem
    separately as in BEHVPRBA, this measure looks at those two things
    together (BEHVEMOT). As in BEHVPRBA, this measure also looks at any
    child suspended (VNSUSPND) and any child attends a special class for
    behavioral or emotional problems (VNSPCBEH).

BEHVPRB0:    based on the variable BEHVPRBB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates no behavioral or emotional problems.

BEHVPRB1:    based on the variable BEHVPRBB. dummy variable where a
    1 indicates one behavioral or emotional problems exists.
      (BEHVPRBB=1)

BEHVPRB2:    based on the variable BEHVPRBB. dummy variable where a
    1 indicates two behavioral or emotional problems exist.
      (BEHVPRBB=2)

BEHVPRB3:    based on the variable BEHVPRBB. dummy variable where a
    1 indicates three behavioral or emotional problems exist.
      (BEHVPRBB=3)

ANYBHVPR:    based on the variable BEHVPRBB. dummy variable where a
    1 indicates that at least one behavioral or emotional problem exists
    (BEHVPRBB = 1, 2 or 3).

HLTHPRB:    number of pyshical safety and health problems. can equal 0,
    1, 2, 3 or 4. the problems included in this measure are any child
    needed emergency room visit (VNHOSP), any child removed from
    respondent's care (VNRMVD), any child has pysical condition or
    illness that requires a lot of attention (VNVRYILL) and any child
    without health insurance (VNNOMED).

HLTHPRB0:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates no physical safety or health problems.

HLTHPRB1:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates one physical safety or health problems exists. (HLTHPRB=1)

HLTHPRB2:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates two physical safety or health problems exist. (HLTHPRB=2)

HLTHPRB3:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates three physical safety or health problems exist.
    (HLTHPRB=3)

HLTHPRB4:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates four physical safety or health problems exist. (HLTHPRB=4)

ANYHLTPR:    based on the variable HLTHPRB. dummy variable where a 1
    indicates that at least one physical safety or health problem exists
    (HLTHPRB = 1, 2, 3 or 4).

CHILDPRB:    created from ANYSCHPR, ANYBHVPR and ANYHLTPR. dummy
    variable where a 1 indicates that any child has at least one problem
    in any of the three domains (school, behavioral or emotional, OR
    physical safety or health problems). equals 1 if ANYSCHPR=1 or
    ANYBHVPR=1 or ANYHLTPR=1.

HLTHPR20:    dummy variable where 1 indicates any child has no health
    problems. for this variable, any child not having medical insurance
    was NOT included as a health problem. thus, the physical safety and
    health problems included in this measure are only any child had
    emerency room visit, any child removed from home and any child has
    serious condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

HLTHPR21:    dummy variable where 1 indicates any child has 1 health
    problem. for this variable, any child not having medical insurance
    was NOT included as a health problem. thus, the physical safety and
    health problems included in this measure are only any child had
    emerency room visit, any child removed from home and any child has
    serious condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

HLTHPR22:    dummy variable where 1 indicates any child has 2 health
    problems. for this variable, any child not having medical insurance
    was NOT included as a health problem. thus, the physical safety and
    health problems included in this measure are only any child had
    emerency room visit, any child removed from home and any child has
    serious condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

HLTHPR23:    dummy variable where 1 indicates any child has 3 health
    problems. for this variable, any child not having medical insurance
    was NOT included as a health problem. thus, the physical safety and
    health problems included in this measure are only any child had
    emergency room visit, any child removed from home and any child has
    serious condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

ANYHTPR2:    dummy variable where 1 indicates any child has at least 1
    health problem. for this variable, any child not having medical
    insurance was NOT included as a health problem. thus, the physical
    safety and health problems included in this measure are only any
    child had emerency room visit, any child removed from home and any
    child has serious condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

CHLDPRB2:    similar to CHILDPRB but ANYHTPR2 was used instead of
    ANYHLTPR to indicate any child having physical safety or health
    problems.low housing risk. dummy variable which equals 1 if
    respondent owns her own home.

HOUSLOW:     low housing risk. Dummy variable which equals one if
    respondent owns her own home.

HOUSMED:    medium housing risk. dummy variable which equals 1 if
    respondent rents her own apartment or lives with family or friends
    and pays rent.

HOUSHIGH:    high housing risk. dummy variable which equals 1 if
    respondent lives in any of the following situations: group shelter,
    other living arrangement, lives with family or friends but does not
    pay rent, receives government subsidies to help pay rent or lives
    in public housing.

BABYRSK1:    respondent has never been married and is not living as
    a couple with a partner and had a baby.

BABYRSK2:    respondent is not currently married and had a baby.

NOKIDRSK:    respondent is living in high risk housing situation
    (HOUSHIGH=1) \ and her children are not living in her household.

ANYPRSUM:    sums the number of domains where any child has a problem.
    range for his variable is 0-3. the domains are school problems,
    emotional or behavioral problems and physical safety or health
    problems. the physical safety or health problems measure used to
    create this outcome is ANYHTPR2 which does NOT include any child not
    having medical insurance as a problem.

CHLPRSUM:    sums the number of problems any child has. range for this
    variable is 0-8. the problems are: behavioral or emotional problems
    (BEHEMOT), suspended or expelled (VNSUSPND), attends special class
    for behavior or emotional problems (VNSPCBEH), repeated a grade
    (VNREPEAT), attends special class for learning problems (VNSPCLRN),
    removed from mother's care (VNRMVD), condition or illness requiring
    a lot of attention (VNVRYILL) and had to go to emergency room
    (VNHOSP).

CHLD1DOM:    created from ANYPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has a problem in 1 domain.

CHLD2DOM:    created from ANYPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has a problem in 2 domains.

CHLD3DOM:    created from ANYPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has a problem in 3 domains.

CHLDPRLO:    created from CHLPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has 0-2 problems.

CHLDPRMD:    created from CHLPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has 3-5 problems.

CHLDPRHI:    created from CHLPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has 6-8 problems.

CHPR3T8:      created from CHLPRSUM. dummy variable where 1 indicates
     that any child has 3-8 problems.

CHLPRBS7:    similar to CHLPRSUM but excludes condition or illness
     requiring a lot of attention (VNVRYILL). Therefore, range on this
     variable is 0-7.

CHPR0T2:    created from CHLPRBS7. dummy variable where 1 indicates that
    any child has 0-2 of the 7 possible problems.

CHPR3T7:    created from CHLPRBS7. dummy variable where 1 indicates that
   any child has 3-7 of the 7 possible problems.

EMPHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
   over the follow up and had any child need a hospital emergency room
   visit.

EMPNHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
   employed over the follow up and any child did NOT need a hospital
   emergency room visit.

NEMPHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
   employed over the follow up and had any child need a hospital
   emergency room visit.

NEMPNHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
   employed over the follow up and any child did NOT need a hospital
   emergency room visit.

EMPACD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
   over the follow up and had any child with at least one school problem
   (ANYSCHPR=1).

EMPNACD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
   employed over the follow up and any child did NOT have any school
   problems (ANYSCHPR=0).

NEMPACD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and had any child with at least one
    school problem (ANYSCHPR=1).

NEMPNACD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
     employed over the follow up and any child did NOT have any school
     problems (ANYSCHPR=0).

EMPSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and had any child suspended from school.

EMPNSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed over the follow up and any child was NOT suspended from
    school.

NEMPSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and had any child suspended from school.

NEMPNSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and any child was NOT suspended from
    school.

NBEHVPR:    number of behavioral or emotional problems. the range for
    this variable is 0-2. the measures used to create this variable are
    any child gets help for behavioral or emotinoal problems or
    respondent thinks any child needs help (BEHVEMOT) and any child is
    in a special class for behavioral or emotional problems (VNSPCBEH).

NBEHVPR0:  dummy variable based on NBEHVPR where a 1 indicates that any
    child has NO behavioral or emotional problems.

NBEHVPR1:  dummy variable based on NBEHVPR where a 1 indicates that any
    child has 1 of the behavioral or emotional problems.

NBEHVPR2:  dummy variable based on NBEHVPR where a 1 indicates that any
    child has 2(both) behavioral or emotional problems.

NANYBEHV:  dummy variable based on NBEHVPR where a 1 indicates that any
    child has at least 1 behavioral or emotional problem.

EMPBHV:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and had any child with at least one behavioral or
    emotional problem (NANYBEHV=1).

EMPNBHV:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and any child did NOT have any
    behavioral or emotional problems (NANYBEHV=0).

NEMPBHV:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and had any child with at least 1
    behavioral or emotional problem (NANYBEHV=1).

NEMPNBHV:  dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and any child did NOT have any
    behavioral or emotional problems (NANYBEHV=0).

EMPILL:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and had any child with a serious condition or
    illness requiring a lot of attention.

EMPNILL:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and any child did NOT have a serious
    condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

NEMPILL:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and had any child with a serious
    condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

NEMPNILL:  dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and any child did NOT have a serious
    condition or illness requiring a lot of attention.

EMPRMD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and had any child removed from her care.

EMPNRMD:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up and any child was NOT removed from her care.

NEMPRMD:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and had any child removed from her care.

NEMPNRMD:  dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up and any child was NOT removed from her
    care.

EMPHYIN:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up, had any child require a hospital emergency room
    visit and did NOT have health insurance.

EMPHNIN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was employed
    over the follow up, did NOT have any child require a hospital
    emergency room visit and did NOT have health insurance.

NEMPHYIN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates taht respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up, had any child require a hospital
    emergency room visit and did NOT have health insurance.

NEMPHNIN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up, did NOT have any child require a
    hospital emergency room visit and did NOT have health insurance.

EMPHYIY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed over the follow up, had any child require a hospital
    emergency room visit and had health insurance.


EMPHNIY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed over the follow up, did NOT have any child require a
    hospital emergency room visit and had health insurance.

NEMPHYIY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates taht respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up, had any child require a hospital
    emergency room visit and had health insurance.

NEMPHNIY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up, did NOT have any child require a
    hospital emergency room visit and had health insurance.

NEMPYPSY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up but did particpate in any activity and
    any child was suspended.

NEMPYPSN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up but did particpate in any activity and
    any child was NOT suspended.

NEMPYPLY:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up but did particpate in any activity and
    any child had an academic or learning problem (ANYSCHPR=1).

NEMPYPLN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed over the follow up but did particpate in any activity and
    any child did NOT have an academic or learning problem (ANYSCHPR=0).

NEYAYHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, was on AFDC and any child needed to go to hospital
    emergency room.

NEYANHSP:     dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, on AFDC and any child did NOT need to go to hospital
    emergency room.

NEYAYLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, was on AFDC and any child had a learning problem.

NEYANLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, was on AFDC and any child did not have a learning problem.

NEYAYSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, was on AFDC and any child was suspended.

NEYANSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, was on AFDC and any child was not suspended.

NENAYHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child needed to go to hospital
    emergency room.

NENANHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child did NOT need to go to hospital
    emergency room.

NENAYLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child had a learning problem.

NENANLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child did not have a learning problem.

NENAYSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child was suspended.

NENANSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child was not suspended.

YEYAYHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child needed to go to hospital
    emergency room.

YEYANHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child did NOT need to go to hospital
    emergency room.

YEYAYLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child had a learning problem.

YEYANLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child did not have a learning problem.

YEYAYSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child was suspended.

YEYANSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, was on AFDC and any child was not suspended.

YENAYHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child needed to go to hospital
    emergency room.

YENANHSP:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child did NOT need to go to hospital
    emergency room.

YENAYLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child had a learning problem.

YENANLRN:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child did not have a learning problem.

YENAYSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child was suspended.

YENANSPD:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed, NOT on AFDC and any child was not suspended.

EMPRPT:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
    employed and any child repeated a grade.

EMPNRPT:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was
   employed and any child did not repeat a grade.

NEMPRPT:    dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
   employed and any child repeated a grade.

NEMPNRPT:   dummy variable where 1 indicates that respondent was NOT
   employed and any child did not repeat a grade.



NOTE: Missing values were reset to 0 for 0/1 measures.



Limitations of Section N

For in-depth information and child outcome measures pertaining to the
focal child from the Child Outcomes Study sample, please refer to the
double-letter sections of this survey.  The variables in this section
only touch the surface of the lives of the children in the entire sample.



XI. ATTITUDES TOWARD WORK AND WELFARE AND SANCTION INFORMATION
    (SECTION O)

Section O of the 2-year survey examines the respondent's perceptions of work
and welfare.  It asks respondents for their opinion of whether staying on
welfare is easy, the orientation (jobs oriented Vs. training oriented) of the
program, the fairness of sanctioning, and whether they have ever been sanctioned
or warned for poor attendance.  This sections was completed by both program
(Program, LFA, HCD, Traditional, Integrated) and control group members.


The program employs a naming convention where xx or xxx represents the 2-letter
and 3-letter stem denoting the question asked:

    STY, ST= It's easy just to stay on welfare and not try to get off.
    JOB, JO= The welfare department tries hard to make people look for a job.
    TRG, TR= The welfare department tries hard to make people go to school or
    get training.
    FAI= Is sanctioning fair if a person has a poor attendance record?



                       Section O Questions

Question 1: The first question contains three parts asking respondents to
identify how much they agree with a statement made to them.  Respondents were
asked to scale their responses using the following scale:


                                                                          AGREE
DO NOT AGREE                                                         COMPLETELY
00     01     02     03     04       05      06      07      08      09      10


Part (a) asks respondents if in their community "it's easy just to stay on
welfare and not try to get off."  The value is recorded by variable OWELFSTY.

Part (b) asks respondents if in their community "the welfare department tries
hard to make people look for a job."  The value is recorded by variable
OWELFJOB.

Part (c) asks respondents if in their community "the welfare department tries
hard to make people go to school or get training." The value is recorded by
variable OWELFTRG.

Question 2: The second question asked respondents how fair they thought it was
to reduce the amount of a person's welfare check if they did not attend a
program activity and didnt have a good excuse.  Respondents were instructed to
use the scale below and their response were recorded by variable OSNCFAIR.

    1:Very Fair
    2:Fair
    3:Mixed feelings
    4:Unfair, or
    5:Very unfair

Questions 3 : The third question asked respondents if they had ever been warned
that their welfare check could be reduced for not attending an activity (an
education, training, or employment program).  The value is recorded as variable
OSNCINFO.

Questions 4 : The fourth question asked respondents if their welfare checks had
ever been reduced for non-attendance.  The value is recorded as variable
OSNCHAD.  Questions 3 and 4 employed the following scale:

    1:Yes
    2:No
    3:Not sure/Might have been




VSNCINFO: equals 1 if the person was ever informed that she could be
sanctioned for non-attendance.  NOTE: The 0/1 variable SANCTION (=1 if
OSNCHAD=1) was already created in the STEP3 program.

NOTE: Out of range values were recoded to system missing (.). Respondents with
missing or out of range values for component variables also have a missing for
additional created variables described below.


Additional outcome measures:

High/Not High: This category codes responses to QUESTION 1 into a High and Not
High category.  High is defined as any value greater or equal to 7.  Not High
is defined as any value less than 7.

The High category includes respondents whose opinion "Agree[s]
completely" with the statement.

  HIWLFxxx: for STY, JOB, TRG: indicates respondents whose opinion agreed with
  the statement read to them.

For QUESTION 2, High is defined as any value less than or equal to 2.  Not High
is defined as any value greater than 2.

  HISNCFAI: indicates respondents who felt that it was fair to sanction
  participants for non-attendance.


The High category includes respondents felt that it was "Very
fair" to reduce the amount of a person's welfare check if they did not attend a
program activity and didn't have a good excuse.

Low/Not Low: This category codes responses to question 1 into a Low and Not Low
category.  Low is defined as any value less than or equal to 3.  Not Low is
defined as any value greater than 3.  The Low category includes respondents whose
opinion "Do[es] not agree" with the statement.

  LOWLFxxx: for STY, JOB, TRG: indicates respondents whose opinion did not
  agree with the statement read to them.



XII. PERCEPTIONS OF WELFARE-TO-WORK PROGRAMS (SECTION P)

Section P of the 2-year survey examines the respondent's perceptions of the
JOBS Program in general and about her case manager. This sections was completed
ONLY by program group members.

                       Section P Questions

The section is composed of two questions.

Question 1: The first question asked respondents if their case manager would
recommend they accept a $5/hour job that provided no medical benefits OR wait
for a better opportunity.  Responses employed the scale below and were recorded
by variable PAVCJOB.

    1:Take the job
    2:Wait for better opportunity
    3:No recommendation either way

Question 2: The second section contains five questions asking respondents to
identify how much they agreed with the statement made to them.  Respondents
were asked to scale their responses using the following scale:

NOT AT ALL                                                                  MOST
00      01      02     03      04      05      06      07      08      09     10

Part (a) asks respondents, how much did your most recent JOBS case manager know
about you and your family.  The value is recorded by variable PCMFAM.

Part (b) asks respondents, if you had problems that made it difficult for you
to participate in JOBS activities, how much would the JOBS staff help you deal
with those problems.  The value is recorded by variable PCMHELP.

Part (c) asks respondents, how much did the JOBS staff push you to get a job
quickly even before you felt ready or a good one came along.  The value is
recorded by variable PCMPUSH.

Part (d) asks respondents, how much did you feel the JOBS staff just wanted to
enforce the rules.  The value is recorded by variable PCMRULE.

Part (e) asks respondents, how much do you think the JOBS program has actually
improved your long-run chances of getting or keeping a job.  The value is
recorded by variable PIMPRV.


Additional outcome measures


  PTAKEJOB: indicates that case manager would recommend accepting a $5/hour job
  with no medical benefits if one was offered to her.

  PWAIT4OP: indicates that case manager would recommend waiting for a better
  opportunity rather than accept a $5/hour job with no medical benefits if one
  was offered to her.

  PNOJBAVC: indicates that case manager would not recommend one way or the
  other if she should accept a $5/hour job with no medical benefits should one
  was offered to her.

