Independent Variables |
Adult Outcome | ||
---|---|---|---|
Health | Crime | ||
Alcohol Abuse or Dependence Odds Ratio [P-value] | Past-month Drug Use Odds Ratio [P-value] | Ever Being in Jail Odds Ratio [P-value] | |
Number of observations |
5571 | 5462 | 5571 |
Age of alcohol initiation |
|||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
0.88 [0.21] | 1.07 [0.58] | 1.19 [0.40] |
18-19 |
0.56 [0.00] | 1.06 [0.71] | 1.54 [0.07] |
not by age 19 |
0.23 [0.00] | 0.62 [0.03] | 1.16 [0.62] |
Age of marijuana initiation |
|||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.07 [0.37] | 0.76 [0.03] | 0.77 [0.20] |
18-19 |
1.30 [0.07] | 0.88 [0.40] | 0.62 [0.09] |
not by age 19 |
0.61 [0.00] | 0.28 [0.00] | 0.52 [0.00] |
Age of cocaine initiation |
|||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.27 [0.50] | 0.91 [0.79] | 0.28 [0.01] |
18-19 |
0.92 [0.82] | 1.03 [0.92] | 0.29 [0.00] |
not by age 19 |
0.75 [0.37] | 0.53 [0.05] | 0.12 [0.00] |
Age of sex initiation |
|||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.06 [0.56] | 1.00 [0.98] | 0.84 [0.34] |
18-19 |
1.04 [0.78] | 0.69 [0.02] | 0.49 [0.02] |
not by age 19 |
0.77 [0.03] | 0.28 [0.00] | 0.42 [0.00] |
Number of crimes/delinquencies (1980) |
|||
9+ |
1 | 1 | 1 |
3-8 |
0.81 [0.07] | 0.93 [0.59] | 0.57 [0.01] |
1-2 |
0.75 [0.03] | 0.81 [0.15] | 0.63 [0.03] |
0 |
0.50 [0.00] | 0.47 [0.00] | 0.28 [0.00] |
Sex |
|||
Male |
2.25 [0.00] | 1.25 [0.04] | 6.61 [0.00] |
Female |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Race/Ethnicity |
|||
White |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Black |
0.94 [0.59] | 1.08 [0.54] | 4.62 [0.00] |
Hispanic |
0.98 [0.84] | 0.69 [0.02] | 1.64 [0.04] |
Educational attainment |
|||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
0.85 [0.24] | 0.91 [0.57] | 0.47 [0.00] |
Some college and up |
0.69 [0.02] | 0.72 [0.06] | 0.24 [0.00] |
Rosenberg self-esteem scale |
0.96 [0.01] | 1.00 [0.71] | 0.92 [0.00] |
Parent with alcohol problem |
|||
Yes |
1.33 [0.01] | 1.21 [0.09] | 1.32 [0.00] |
No |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Family Type |
|||
Both biological parents |
1 | 1 | 1 |
Single mother |
0.71 [0.02] | 0.96 [0.80] | 0.97 [0.89] |
Single father |
0.87 [0.72] | 0.85 [0.73] | 1.48 [0.49] |
Mothers and stepfather |
0.99 [0.96] | 1.23 [0.25] | 1.08 [0.80] |
Dads and stepmother |
0.42 [0.04] | 0.60 [0.25] | 2.61 [0.03] |
Others (relatives and non-relatives) |
1.21 [0.52] | 0.96 [0.91] | 1.55 [0.35] |
Mother's Education Attainment |
|||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
0.97 [0.76] | 0.89 [0.33] | 0.99 [0.95] |
Some college |
0.81 [0.22] | 1.51 [0.02] | 1.54 [0.18] |
College graduate |
0.69 [0.07] | 1.36 [0.15] | 0.48 [0.21] |
Father's Education Attainment |
|||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
1.21 [0.08] | 1.08 [0.51] | 0.54 [0.00] |
Some college |
0.96 [0.83] | 0.94 [0.75] | 0.77 [0.44] |
College graduate |
1.33 [0.08] | 0.94 [0.75] | 0.44 [0.05] |
Independent Variables |
Economic Outcomes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Logistic Regressions Odds Ratio [P-value] | Negative Binomial Regressions Marginal Effects [P-value] | OLS Marginal Effects [P-value] | Weibull Regression Marginal Effects [P-Value] | |||
Ever Being in Poverty Ages 25-29 | Ever Being on Welfare Ages 21-33 | Years in Poverty Ages 25-29 | Years on Welfare Ages 21-33 | Percent time Employed | Age when Reached 2 Years of Tenure | |
Number of observations |
5571 | 5571 | 5520 | 5571 | 5534 | 5096 |
Age of alcohol initiation |
||||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16-17 |
0.93 [0.48] | 0.90 [0.28] | -0.031 [0.33] | -0.103 [0.09] | -0.003 [0.56] | -0.401 [0.12] |
18-19 |
1.15 [0.18] | 0.80 [0.05] | 0.035 [0.32] | -0.126 [0.06] | -0.003 [0.68] | 0.500 [0.07] |
not by 19 |
1.27 [0.05] | 1.06 [0.64] | 0.051 [0.18] | 0.002 [0.98] | -0.007 [0.35] | 0.735 [0.02] |
Age of marijuana initiation |
||||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16-17 |
0.92 [0.45] | 0.98 [0.86] | -0.012 [0.73] | -0.006 [0.92] | 0.003 [0.63] | -0.169 [0.54] |
18-19 |
0.79 [0.07] | 0.72 [0.01] | -0.083 [0.05] | -0.148 [0.07] | 0.007 [0.35] | -0.596 [0.07] |
Not by 19 |
0.90 [0.27] | 0.80 [0.03] | -0.028 [0.39] | -0.091 [0.15] | 0.001 [0.88] | -0.273 [0.31] |
Age of cocaine initiation |
||||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16-17 |
0.86 [0.67] | 0.72 [0.34] | -0.075 [0.49] | -0.204 [0.35] | 0.029 [0.19] | -0.749 [0.46] |
18-19 |
0.67 [0.22] | 0.59 [0.11] | -0.140 [0.19] | -0.303 [0.15] | 0.052 [0.01] | -1.063 [0.27] |
Not by 19 |
0.59 [0.08] | 0.58 [0.08] | -0.174 [0.08] | -0.317 [0.11] | 0.048 [0.02] | -0.830 [0.37] |
Age of sex initiation |
||||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
16-17 |
0.86 [0.10] | 0.89 [0.22] | -0.060 [0.04] | -0.048 [0.40] | 0.011 [0.05] | -0.698 [0.01] |
18-19 |
0.71 [0.00] | 0.60 [0.00] | -0.109 [0.00] | -0.264 [0.00] | 0.017 [0.01] | -1.583 [0.00] |
Not by 19 |
0.67 [0.00] | 0.34 [0.00] | -0.168 [0.00] | -0.586 [0.00] | 0.024 [0.00] | -2.725 [0.00] |
Number of crimes/delinquencies (1980) |
||||||
9+ |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3-8 |
0.81 [0.07] | 0.83 [0.10] | -0.082 [0.03] | -0.144 [0.05] | 0.016 [0.02] | -0.391 [0.19] |
1-2 |
0.96 [0.69] | 0.80 [0.06] | -0.035 [0.35] | -0.133 [0.07] | 0.014 [0.04] | -0.285 [0.36] |
0 |
0.85 [0.17] | 0.69 [0.00] | -0.075 [0.04] | -0.221 [0.00] | 0.015 [0.02] | -0.606 [0.05] |
Sex |
||||||
Male |
0.59 [0.00] | 0.32 [0.00] | -0.231 [0.00] | -0.712 [0.00] | 0.020 [0.00] | -1.003 [0.00] |
Female |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Race/Ethnicity |
||||||
White |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Black |
2.78 [0.00] | 2.86 [0.00] | 0.399 [0.00] | 0.756 [0.00] | -0.084 [0.00] | 1.011 [0.00] |
Hispanic |
1.73 [0.00] | 1.72 [0.00] | 0.189 [0.00] | 0.320 [0.00] | -0.006 [0.33] | 0.425 [0.10] |
Educational Attainment |
||||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High school graduate |
0.38 [0.00] | 0.46 [0.00] | -0.218 [0.00] | -0.386 [0.00] | 0.072 [0.00] | -1.066 [0.00] |
Some college and up |
0.24 [0.00] | 0.25 [0.00] | -0.385 [0.00] | -0.704 [0.00] | 0.108 [0.00] | -0.777 [0.03] |
Rosenberg self-esteem scale |
0.95 [0.00] | 0.96 [0.00] | -0.016 [0.00] | -0.027 [0.00] | 0.003 [0.00] | -0.044 [0.05] |
Parent with alcohol problem |
||||||
Yes |
1.22 [0.02] | 1.41 [0.00] | 0.040 [0.13] | 0.234 [0.04] | 0.002 [0.66] | 0.805 [0.00] |
No |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Family Type |
||||||
Both biological parents |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Single mother |
1.32 [0.01] | 1.27 [0.02] | 0.110 [0.00] | 0.176 [0.01] | -0.019 [0.00] | 0.533 [0.06] |
Single father |
2.73 [0.00] | 2.34 [0.01] | 0.275 [0.00] | 0.243 [0.22] | -0.021 [0.01] | 1.899 [0.04] |
Mother and stepfather |
1.47 [0.01] | 1.49 [0.00] | 0.149 [0.00] | 0.217 [0.01] | -0.031 [0.00] | 0.779 [0.05] |
Father and stepmother |
1.12 [0.68] | 1.94 [0.01] | 0.100 [0.24] | 0.348 [0.03] | -0.014 [0.41] | 1.897 [0.01] |
Others (relatives and non-relatives) |
1.79 [0.01] | 1.48 [0.08] | 0.154 [0.02] | 0.260 [0.07] | -0.018 [0.21] | [0.05] |
Mother's Education Attainment |
||||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High school graduate |
0.71 [0.00] | 0.88 [0.14] | -0.124 [0.00] | -0.147 [0.01] | 0.019 [0.00] | -1.085 [0.00] |
Some college |
0.77 [0.06] | 0.90 [0.49] | -0.078 [0.09] | -0.115 [0.19] | 0.021 [0.01] | -0.566 [0.11] |
College graduate |
0.55 [0.00] | 0.58 [0.01] | -0.270 [0.00] | -0.611 [0.00] | 0.021 [0.02] | -0.663 [0.10] |
Father's Education Attainment |
||||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
High school graduate |
0.85 [0.06] | 0.72 [0.00] | -0.079 [0.00] | -0.219 [0.00] | 0.015 [0.00] | -0.447 [0.05] |
Some college |
0.86 [0.29] | 0.81 [0.12] | -0.106 [0.02] | -0.223 [0.01] | 0.010 [0.18] | -0.088 [0.80] |
College graduate |
1.03 [0.81] | 0.50 [0.00] | -0.062 [0.18] | -0.452 [0.00] | 0.016 [0.03] | -0.504 [0.14] |
Independent Variables |
Family Formation Outcomes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marital and Fertility and Status at age 33 Multi-logistic Regressions Relative Risk Ratios [P-value] Reference Group: Married with Children | |||||
Never married without children | Never married with children | Married without children | Married but divorced without children | Married but divorced with children | |
Number of observations=5431 |
|||||
Age of alcohol initiation |
|||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
0.83 [0.13] | 1.39 [0.05] | 1.10 [0.48] | 0.88 [0.47] | 0.89 [0.31] |
18-19 |
0.96 [0.76] | 1.37 [0.09] | 1.14 [0.39] | 0.94 [0.77] | 0.95 [0.72] |
not by 19 |
0.86 [0.32] | 1.12 [0.57] | 1.03 [0.87] | 0.68 [0.14] | 0.88 [0.38] |
Age of marijuana initiation |
|||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.17 [0.25] | 0.98 [0.92] | 0.91 [0.53] | 0.94 [0.75] | 0.99 [0.97] |
18-19 |
1.00 [0.99] | 0.67 [0.07] | 0.97 [0.86] | 1.38 [0.15] | 0.88 [0.40] |
not by 19 |
0.96 [0.73] | 0.90 [0.52] | 0.90 [0.44] | 0.92 [0.69] | 0.92 [0.49] |
Age of cocaine initiation |
|||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.10 [0.83] | 0.48 [0.21] | 2.71 [0.14] | 0.90 [0.86] | 1.97 [0.14] |
18-19 |
0.81 [0.63] | 0.70 [0.50] | 1.94 [0.31] | 0.88 [0.84] | 1.13 [0.79] |
not by 19 |
0.41 [0.03] | 0.48 [0.13] | 1.26 [0.72] | 0.53 [0.27] | 1.08 [0.86] |
Age of sex initiation |
|||||
11-15 |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
16-17 |
1.20 [0.17] | 0.68 [0.01] | 1.06 [0.69] | 1.13 [0.53] | 0.72 [0.00] |
18-19 |
1.65 [0.00] | 0.56 [0.00] | 1.22 [0.23] | 0.86 [0.51] | 0.48 [0.00] |
not by 19 |
3.23 [0.00] | 0.33 [0.00] | 1.76 [0.00] | 0.73 [0.22] | 0.23 [0.00] |
Number of crimes/delinquencies (1980) |
|||||
9+ |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
3-8 |
0.76 [0.05] | 0.62 [0.01] | 0.96 [0.79] | 1.16 [0.50] | 0.99 [0.92] |
1-2 |
0.83 [0.19] | 0.54 [0.00] | 1.08 [0.64] | 0.92 [0.74] | 0.94 [0.66] |
0 |
0.67 [0.00] | 0.45 [0.00] | 0.96 [0.82] | 0.78 [0.30] | 0.83 [0.20] |
Sex |
|||||
Male |
2.06 [0.00] | 0.74 [0.02] | 1.46 [0.00] | 0.75 [0.05] | 0.58 [0.00] |
Female |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Race/Ethnicity |
|||||
White |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Black |
1.91 [0.00] | 11.73 [0.00] | 0.88 [0.34] | 0.67 [0.06] | 0.94 [0.56] |
Hispanic |
0.87 [0.27] | 2.36 [0.00] | 0.76 [0.05] | 0.77 [0.20] | 0.98 [0.85] |
Educational Attainment |
|||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
1.17 [0.38] | 0.63 [0.01] | 1.11 [0.64] | 1.21 [0.54] | 1.13 [0.38] |
Some college and up |
1.64 [0.01] | 0.52 [0.00] | 2.12 [0.00] | 1.72 [0.08] | 0.86 [0.33] |
Rosenberg self-esteem scale |
0.96 [0.00] | 0.96 [0.00] | 1.00 [0.57] | 1.00 [0.88] | 1.00 [0.74] |
Parent with alcohol problem |
|||||
Yes |
0.96 [0.75] | 1.19 [0.19] | 0.85 [0.22] | 1.09 [0.64] | 1.17 [0.11] |
No |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Family Type |
|||||
Both biological parents |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Single mother |
1.50 [0.00] | 1.48 [0.01] | 1.04 [0.83] | 1.00 [0.99] | 1.02 [0.88] |
Single father |
1.58 [0.26] | 2.00 [0.14] | 0.69 [0.56] | 0.51 [0.51] | 1.01 [0.99] |
Mother and stepfather |
0.91 [0.67] | 1.29 [0.26] | 0.97 [0.91] | 1.23 [0.48] | 1.61 [0.00] |
Father and stepmother |
0.45 [0.08] | 0.88 [0.76] | 1.10 [0.79] | 0.70 [0.56] | 0.84 [0.60] |
Others (relatives and non-relatives) |
0.98 [0.96] | 0.87 [0.71] | 0.97 [0.94] | 1.53 [0.38] | 1.68 [0.05] |
Mother's Education Attainment |
|||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
1.04 [0.74] | 0.77 [0.06] | 1.07 [0.56] | 1.25 [0.22] | 0.96 [0.67] |
Some college |
1.05 [0.76] | 0.99 [0.95] | 1.06 [0.76] | 1.15 [0.60] | 0.77 [0.14] |
College graduate |
1.26 [0.21] | 0.55 [0.09] | 1.44 [0.06] | 1.12 [0.70] | 0.91 [0.63] |
Father's Education Attainment |
|||||
High school dropout |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school graduate |
1.24 [0.06] | 1.14 [0.34] | 1.12 [0.36] | 1.30 [0.14] | 1.17 [0.11] |
Some college |
1.19 [0.30] | 1.25 [0.34] | 1.08 [0.66] | 1.51 [0.09] | 0.95 [0.74] |
College graduate |
1.21 [0.22] | 0.80 [0.43] | 1.13 [0.46] | 1.02 [0.93] | 0.85 [0.33] |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Age of Alcohol Initiation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
11-15 | 16-17 | 18-19 | not by age 19 | |
Never married without children |
0.164 | 0.139 | 0.154 | 0.149 |
Never married with children |
0.071 | 0.096 | 0.092 | 0.083 |
Married without children |
0.104 | 0.117 | 0.116 | 0.112 |
Married with children |
0.437 | 0.445 | 0.428 | 0.459 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.051 | 0.046 | 0.048 | 0.037 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.173 | 0.156 | 0.162 | 0.160 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Age of Marijuana Initiation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
11-15 | 16-17 | 18-19 | not by age 19 | |
Never married without children |
0.145 | 0.167 | 0.150 | 0.145 |
Never married with children |
0.093 | 0.091 | 0.069 | 0.089 |
Married without children |
0.120 | 0.108 | 0.119 | 0.112 |
Married with children |
0.431 | 0.428 | 0.446 | 0.450 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.045 | 0.042 | 0.064 | 0.044 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.166 | 0.164 | 0.152 | 0.160 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Age of Cocaine Initiation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
11-15 | 16-17 | 18-19 | not by age 19 | |
Never married without children |
0.256 | 0.238 | 0.212 | 0.141 |
Never married with children |
0.130 | 0.062 | 0.100 | 0.088 |
Married without children |
0.068 | 0.151 | 0.131 | 0.111 |
Married with children |
0.358 | 0.300 | 0.360 | 0.454 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.067 | 0.049 | 0.059 | 0.045 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.121 | 0.200 | 0.138 | 0.162 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Age of Sex Initiation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
11-15 | 16-17 | 18-19 | not by age 19 | |
Never married without children |
0.093 | 0.119 | 0.166 | 0.284 |
Never married with children |
0.112 | 0.087 | 0.075 | 0.042 |
Married without children |
0.089 | 0.100 | 0.116 | 0.149 |
Married with children |
0.416 | 0.448 | 0.465 | 0.429 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.046 | 0.056 | 0.044 | 0.034 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.242 | 0.191 | 0.134 | 0.062 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Number of Crimes/Delinquencies in 1980 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
9+ | 3-8 | 1-2 | 0 > | |
Never married without children |
0.173 | 0.145 | 0.158 | 0.139 |
Never married with children |
0.126 | 0.093 | 0.082 | 0.075 |
Married without children |
0.103 | 0.107 | 0.120 | 0.117 |
Married with children |
0.396 | 0.430 | 0.432 | 0.469 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.045 | 0.056 | 0.045 | 0.042 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.158 | 0.169 | 0.163 | 0.158 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Family Type | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Both Biological parents | Single Mother | Single Father | Mother and Stepfather | Father and Stepmother | Others (relatives and non-relatives) | |
Never married without children |
0.147 | 0.194 | 0.209 | 0.124 | 0.077 | 0.133 |
Never married with children |
0.083 | 0.106 | 0.134 | 0.093 | 0.084 | 0.066 |
Married without children |
0.114 | 0.107 | 0.074 | 0.103 | 0.144 | 0.101 |
Married with children |
0.450 | 0.405 | 0.414 | 0.406 | 0.508 | 0.404 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.047 | 0.042 | 0.022 | 0.052 | 0.037 | 0.063 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.158 | 0.146 | 0.146 | 0.223 | 0.150 | 0.232 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Mother's Educational Attainment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
High School Dropout | High School Graduates | Some College | College Graduate | |
Never married without children |
0.144 | 0.150 | 0.153 | 0.173 |
Never married with children |
0.097 | 0.079 | 0.099 | 0.058 |
Married without children |
0.105 | 0.112 | 0.112 | 0.142 |
Married with children |
0.444 | 0.445 | 0.453 | 0.430 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.041 | 0.050 | 0.048 | 0.044 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.169 | 0.164 | 0.135 | 0.153 |
Marriage and Fertility Outcome At age 33 |
Father's Educational Attainment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
High School Dropout | High School Graduates | Some College | College Graduate | |
Never married without children |
0.138 | 0.155 | 0.152 | 0.165 |
Never married with children |
0.100 | 0.102 | 0.114 | 0.084 |
Married without children |
0.106 | 0.108 | 0.107 | 0.117 |
Married with children |
0.452 | 0.413 | 0.425 | 0.452 |
Married but divorced without children |
0.040 | 0.047 | 0.057 | 0.041 |
Married but divorced with children |
0.163 | 0.174 | 0.146 | 0.141 |