| Measure | High School Diploma or GED | No High School Diploma or GED | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrated Group(%) | Traditional Group(%) | Integrated Group(%) | Traditional Group(%) | |
| For all sample members for whom case files were revieweda | ||||
| Attended JOBS orientation | 88.0 | 58.3*** | 83.2 | 69.1** |
| Participated in: | ||||
| Any Activity | 54.7 | 33.3*** | 50.5 | 34.0** |
| Job search | 22.2 | 12.5** | 5.6 | 3.1d |
| Any education or training | 27.4 | 20.0 | 41.1 | 29.9* |
| Basic education | 11.1 | 7.5 | 39.3 | 24.7** |
| Post-secondary educationb | 6.0 | 8.3 | 5.6 | 3.1d |
| Vocational training | 12.0 | 6.7 | 2.8 | 3.1d |
| Life skills workshops | 12.8 | 1.7*** | 6.5 | 0.0d |
| Work experience | 15.4 | 7.5* | 7.5 | 2.1d |
| Sample sizec | 117 | 120 | 107 | 97 |
| For all sample members who attended a JOBS orientatione | ||||
| Participated in: | ||||
| Any Activity | 65.5 | 53.7 | 61.4 | 53.3 |
| Job search | 26.2 | 22.0 | 4.3 | 6.7 |
| Any education or training | 33.3 | 39.0 | 50.0 | 44.4 |
| Basic education | 14.3 | 12.2 | 47.1 | 37.8 |
| Post-secondary educationb | 6.0 | 17.1 | 8.6 | 2.2 |
| Vocational training | 15.5 | 14.6 | 4.3 | 4.4 |
| Life skills workshops | 15.5 | 0.0 | 10.0 | 0.0 |
| Work experience | 20.2 | 14.6 | 11.4 | 4.4 |
| Sample size | 84 | 41 | 70 | 45 |
| Source: MDRC calculations based on MDRC-collected JOBS case file data. Notes: aFor this sample, the follow-up period began on the day the individual was randomly assigned. Tests of statistical significance were calculated for the differences between the integrated and traditional groups. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: * = 10 percent; ** = 5 percent; ***= 1 percent. bCourses for college credit at a two-year or four-year college. cTwo individuals who did not indicate whether they had a high school diploma or GED at random assignment were excluded from the subgroup analysis. dTests of statistical significance are not appropriate; sample sizes for this measure are too small. eFor this sample, the follow-up period began on the day of JOBS orientaion. Only orientation attenders for whom there are two full years post-orientation data are included. Differences between the integrated and traditional group outcomes, shown in italics, are not true experimental comparisons; statistical significance tests were not calculated. |
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| Measure | High School Diploma or GED | No High School Diploma or GED | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrated Group | Traditional Group | Integrated Group | Traditional Group | |
| For all sample members for whom case files were revieweda | ||||
| Average number of months receiving AFDC | 16.6 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 18.2 |
| Average number of months in which individuals were JOBS -mandatory | 14.6 | 15.0 | 14.4 | 15.4 |
| Average number of months in which individuals participated in a JOBS activity | 3.2 | 2.2 | 3.5 | 1.6*** |
| Sample sizeb | 117 | 120 | 107 | 97 |
| For Participants onlyc: | ||||
| Average number of months in which individuals participated in a JOBS activity | 5.8 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 4.8 |
| Number of months in which there was paticipition(%) | ||||
| 1 | 14.1 | 7.7 | 13.7 | 15.6 |
| 2 | 21.9 | 20.5 | 19.6 | 25.0 |
| 3 | 10.9 | 10.3 | 13.7 | 6.3 |
| 4-6 | 18.8 | 23.1 | 5.9 | 21.9 |
| 7-12 | 21.9 | 23.1 | 27.5 | 25.0 |
| 13-18 | 10.9 | 2.6 | 11.8 | 6.3 |
| 19 or more | 1.6 | 12.8 | 7.8 | 0.0 |
| In any activity at the end of the follow-up period(%) | 9.4 | 18.0 | 17.7 | 3.1 |
| Sample size | 64 | 39 | 51 | 32 |
| Source: MDRC calculations from MDRC-collected JOBS case file data and Ohio AFDC records. Notes: aTests of statistical significance were calculated for the differences between the integrated and traditional groups. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: * = 10 percent; ** = 5 percent; ***= 1 percent. bTwo individuals who did not indicate whether they had a high school diploma or GED at random assignment were excluded from the subgroup analysis. cDifferences between the integrated and traditional group outcomes, shown in italics, are not true experimental comparisons; statistical significance tests were not calculated. |
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| Measure | High School Diploma or GED | No High School Diploma or GED | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Integrated Group | Traditional Group | Integrated Group | Traditional Group | |
| For all sample members for whom case files were revieweda | ||||
| Sanction initiatedb(%) | 40.2 | 57.5*** | 51.4 | 67.0** |
| Santion imposed (%) | 33.3 | 30.0 | 40.2 | 41.2 |
| In sanction at the end of the follow-up period (%) | 4.3 | 5.8 | 4.7 | 6.2 |
| Sample sizec | 117 | 120 | 107 | 97 |
| For sanctioned individuals onlyd | ||||
| Average number of months in which sanction was effect | 3.3 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 5.5 |
| Number of months in sanction(%) | ||||
| 1 | 33.3 | 27.8 | 20.9 | 12.5 |
| 2 | 20.5 | 13.9 | 18.6 | 5.0 |
| 3 | 15.4 | 13.9 | 9.3 | 27.5 |
| 4-6 | 18.0 | 22.2 | 23.3 | 30.0 |
| 7-12 | 10.3 | 16.7 | 20.9 | 17.5 |
| 13-18 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
| 19 or more | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.5 |
| in sanction at the end of the follow-up period(%) | 12.8 | 19.4 | 11.6 | 15.0 |
| Sample size | 39 | 36 | 43 | 40 |
| Source: MDRC calculations from MDRC-collected JOBS case file data. Notes:aTests of statistical significance were calculated for the differences between the integrated and traditional groups. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: * = 10 percent; ** = 5 percent; ***= 1 percent. b"Sanction inititated" indicates that the integrated case manager or the traditional JOBS case manager decided that a sanction should be implemented. cTwo individuals who did not indicate whether they had a high school diploma or GED at random assignment were excluded from the subgroup analysis. dDifferences between the integrated and traditional group outcomes, shown in italics, are not true experimental comparisons; statistical significance tests were not calculated. |
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| Outcome | Participated (%) | Hours of Paticiptation | Hours of Participation Among Participants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Program Group | Control Group | Difference | Program Group | Control Group | Difference | Program Group | Control Group | Difference | |
| Integrated program | |||||||||
| Participated in: | |||||||||
| Any Activity | 47.9 | 24.2 | 23.7*** | 174.6 | 69.3 | 105.2*** | 364.2 | 286.2 | 77.9 |
| Job searcha | 14.2 | 3.9 | 10.3*** | 13.5 | 3.6 | 9.9** | 95.3 | 91.2 | 4.1 |
| Any education or training activity | 33.0 | 20.3 | 12.7*** | 161.1 | 65.8 | 95.3*** | 488.1 | 323.7 | 164.4 |
| Basic education | 20.4 | 8.8 | 11.7*** | 77.1 | 15.8 | 61.3*** | 377.7 | 180.8 | 196.9 |
| Post-secondary educationb | 11.1 | 6.8 | 4.4** | 63.1 | 28.3 | 34.8* | 566.2 | 417.3 | 148.9 |
| Vocational training | 4.1 | 6.4 | -2.3 | 20.9 | 21.6 | -0.7 | 512.1 | 340.5 | 171.6 |
| Work experience or on-the-job training | 8.8 | 2.2 | 6.7*** | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sample sizec | 371 | 357 | 371 | 357 | varies | varies | |||
| Traditional Program | |||||||||
| Participated in: | |||||||||
| Any Activity | 45.3 | 24.2 | 21.0*** | 262.7 | 69.3 | 193.4*** | 580.4 | 286.2 | 294.2 |
| Job searcha | 11.6 | 3.9 | 7.7*** | 18.4 | 3.6 | 14.8*** | 158.9 | 91.2 | 67.7 |
| Any education or training activity | 34.2 | 20.3 | 13.9*** | 244.3 | 65.8 | 178.6*** | 715.1 | 323.7 | 391.5 |
| Basic education | 19.7 | 8.8 | 10.9*** | 93.9 | 15.8 | 78.1*** | 477.1 | 180.8 | 296.3 |
| Post-secondary educationb | 12.1 | 6.8 | 5.4** | 99.4 | 28.3 | 71.1*** | 818.1 | 417.3 | 400.8 |
| Vocational training | 6.3 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 51.0 | 21.6 | 29.4** | 806.5 | 340.5 | 466.0 |
| Work experience or on-the-job training | 7.5 | 2.2 | 5.4*** | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sanctioned | 30.9 | 4.2 | 26.7*** | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Sample sizec | 366 | 357 | 366 | 357 | varies | varies | |||
| Source: MDRC calculations from the Two-Year Client Survey. Notes: Estimates are regression-ajusted using ordinary least squares, controlling for pre-random assignment characteristics of sample members. Numbers may not add to 100 percent because of rounding. A two-tailed t-test was applied to differences between outcomes for the program and control groups. Statistical significance levels are indicated as: * = 10 percent; ** = 5 percent; *** = 1 percent. Italics are used to signal average outcomes and differences that were calculated only for participants. Unlike the full-sample program and control groups, these program and control groups may differ from each other in average background characteristics. Such differences could have influenced the types of employment-related activities people in the groups attended or their length of stay. If so, the program-control differences might understate or overstate the effects of the programs. Because these impact estimates are less reliable than those based on the full sample, statistical significance tests of these results were not conducted. N/a = not available or not applicable. aFor integrated and traditional group members, this measure includes participation in life skills workshops. bCourses for college credit at a two-year or four-year college. cSample sizes for individual measures vary because of missing values. |
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