APPENDIX G. DATA ON FAMILIES SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF CHILDREN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Teenage Pregnancy Category 1973 1980 1985 1990 1991 Female population (ages 15-19). 10,193,000 10,381,000 9,174,000 8,645,000 8,371,000 Births......................... 604,096 552,161 467,485 521,826 520,000 Induced abortions.............. 231,900 444,780 399,200 350,970 314,000 Estimated miscarriages......... 144,010 154,910 133,420 139,460 129,000 Pregnancies.................... 980,000 151,850 100,110 1,012,260 963,000 Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- International Infant Mortality Rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) Country 1950-52 1970-72 1980-82 1986-88 1993 Japan.......................... 55.9 12.4 7.1 5.0 4.3 Sweden......................... 20.9 11.0 6.9 6.0 5.8 United States (white).......... 26.0 17.1 10.5 8.7 6.8 Canada......................... 39.4 17.8 9.7 7.5 7.0 England and Wales.............. 29.1 17.7 11.3 9.3 7.4 United States (total).......... 28.7 19.2 12.0 10.1 8.4 Hungary........................ 77.0 34.7 21.4 17.4 13.1 United States (black).......... 45.1 30.9 20.3 17.8 16.5 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993); U.S. Public Health Service (1996). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living Arrangements of Children Under Age 18 (in thousands) Group 1960 1970 1980 1990 1996 Total in population............ 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 70,908 Living with one parent......... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 19,752 Percent of all children.... 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.9 Living with never-married parent........................ 243 557 1,820 4,853 7,202 Percent of all children.... 0.4 0.8 2.9 7.6 10.2 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Children Below Poverty (number in thousands/rate per 1,000) Ethnic Group 1974 1979 1990 1992 1995 Total.......................... 10,156 (15.4) 10,377 (16.4) 13,431 (20.6) 15,294 (22.3) 14,665 (20.8) Black.......................... 3,755 (39.8) 3,833 (41.2) 4,550 (44.8) 5,106 (46.6) 4,761 (41.9) White.......................... 6,223 (11.2) 6,193 (11.8) 8,232 (15.9) 9,399 (17.4) 8,981 (16.2) Hispanic....................... NA (NA) 1,535 (28.0) 2,865 (38.4) 3,637 (40.0) 4,080 (40.0) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Educational Achievement High school dropouts (percentage of status dropouts, ages 16-24) 1970 1975 1985 1990 1996 Total...................... 15.0 13.9 12.6 12.1 11.1 White...................... 13.2 12.6 12.2 12.1 11.0 Black...................... 27.9 22.8 15.1 13.2 13.5 Hispanic origin \1\........ NA 29.2 27.6 32.4 29.3 Average verbal SAT scores...... 460 434 431 424 423 Average math SAT scores........ 488 472 475 476 479 Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1995); U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. TABLE G-1.--TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES, SELECTED YEARS 1950-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number (thousands) Rate \1\ Year --------------------------------------------------- Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950........................................................ 1,667 385 11.1 2.6 1960........................................................ 1,523 393 8.5 2.2 1970........................................................ 2,159 708 10.6 3.5 1980........................................................ 2,390 1,189 10.6 5.2 1985........................................................ 2,413 1,190 10.1 5.0 1986........................................................ 2,407 1,178 10.0 4.9 1987........................................................ 2,421 1,157 9.9 4.8 1988........................................................ 2,395 1,167 9.7 4.7 1989........................................................ 2,404 1,163 9.7 4.7 1990........................................................ 2,443 1,190 9.8 4.7 1991 \2\.................................................... 2,371 1,187 9.4 4.7 1992 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,215 9.3 4.8 1993 \2\.................................................... 2,334 1,187 9.0 4.6 1994 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,191 9.1 4.6 1995 \2\.................................................... 2,336 1,169 8.9 4.4 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Per 1,000 population. \2\ Provisional data. Source: National Center for Health Statistics. TABLE G-2.--PERCENT NEVER MARRIED BY AGE AND SEX, SELECTED YEARS 1960-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Age and sex -------------------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women: 20-24........................................ 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.8 65.7 66.7 68.5 25-29........................................ 10.5 10.5 20.9 31.1 33.2 35.3 37.6 30-34........................................ 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.4 18.8 19.0 20.5 Men: 20-24........................................ 53.1 54.7 68.8 79.3 80.3 80.7 81.0 25-29........................................ 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.0 48.7 51.0 52.0 30-34........................................ 11.9 9.4 15.9 27.0 29.4 28.2 29.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1966; 1996b). TABLE G-3.--NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED WOMEN, BY AGE AND RACE OF MOTHER, 1980, 1993, 1994, AND 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births Rate per 1,000 unmarried ------------------------------- women Age of mother ------------------------- All races White Black All races \1\ \1\ White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980: Under 15........................................... 9,024 3,166 5,691 NA NA NA 15-19.............................................. 262,777 130,417 126,278 27.6 18.5 87.9 15-17.......................................... 121,900 58,705 60,548 20.6 12.0 68.8 18-19.......................................... 140,877 71,712 65,728 39.0 24.1 118.2 20-24.............................................. 237,265 118,445 114,538 40.9 25.1 112.3 25-29.............................................. 99,583 46,722 47,594 34.0 21.5 81.4 30-34.............................................. 40,984 21,325 18,160 21.1 14.1 46.7 35-39.............................................. 13,187 7,298 5,338 9.7 7.1 19.0 40 and over \2\.................................... 2,927 1,611 1,202 2.6 1.8 5.5 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\....................... 665,747 328,984 318,799 29.4 18.1 81.1 ======================================================== 1993: Under 15........................................... 11,467 4,868 6,293 NA NA NA 15-19.............................................. 357,432 213,080 133,031 44.5 33.6 102.4 15-17.......................................... 152,212 87,032 60,412 30.6 22.1 76.8 18-19.......................................... 205,220 126,048 72,619 66.9 52.4 141.6 20-24.............................................. 438,538 283,538 159,598 69.2 54.2 142.2 25-29.............................................. 233,776 139,905 84,604 57.1 46.7 94.5 30-34.............................................. 132,263 79,136 47,330 38.5 32.2 57.3 35-39.............................................. 55,570 34,283 18,526 19.0 16.4 25.9 40 and over \2\.................................... 11,126 7,319 3,094 4.4 3.9 5.8 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\....................... 1,240,172 742,129 452,476 45.3 35.9 84.0 ======================================================== 1994: Under 15........................................... 12,186 5,406 6,404 NA NA NA 15-19.............................................. 381,499 235,263 134,371 46.4 36.2 100.9 15-17.......................................... 164,135 97,969 61,174 32.0 24.1 75.1 18-19.......................................... 217,364 137,294 73,197 70.1 56.4 141.6 20-24.............................................. 449,246 277,364 156,304 72.2 58.1 138.1 25-29.............................................. 237,636 146,527 81,599 59.0 49.7 93.6 30-34.............................................. 136,991 83,870 47,044 40.1 34.2 57.2 35-39.............................................. 59,701 37,594 19,242 19.8 17.3 26.3 40 and over \2\.................................... 12,333 8,236 3,351 4.7 4.3 5.9 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\....................... 1,289,592 794,261 448,315 46.9 38.3 82.1 ======================================================== 1995: Under 15........................................... 11,441 5,196 5,876 NA NA NA 15-19.............................................. 375,738 236,546 127,241 44.4 35.5 92.8 15-17.......................................... 161,140 98,415 57,766 30.5 23.6 68.6 18-19.......................................... 214,598 138,131 69,475 67.6 55.4 131.2 20-24.............................................. 432,003 271,466 145,134 70.3 58.0 127.7 25-29.............................................. 228,614 143,006 75,815 56.1 48.7 84.8 30-34.............................................. 133,282 82,392 44,690 39.6 34.2 54.3 35-39.............................................. 60,234 37,931 19,271 19.5 16.9 25.6 40 and over \2\.................................... 12,664 8,455 3,462 4.7 4.2 6.0 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\....................... 1,253,976 784,992 421,489 45.1 37.5 75.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than black and white. \2\ Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. \3\ Rates computed by relating all births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995). TABLE G-4.--TWO-PARENT AND ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AS PROPORTIONS OF ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN PRESENT BY RACE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-96 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Year (all races) Year (white) Year (black) Family type --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1985 1988 1992 1996 1970 1988 1992 1996 1970 1988 1992 1996 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Numbers in thousands --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 25,823 25,231 24,573 24,977 24,880 25,361 23,477 22,012 21,909 22,178 2,071 2,055 1,948 1,942 One-parent family groups................................ 3,808 6,920 8,779 9,367 10,499 11,717 2,638 6,090 6,938 7,769 1,148 3,002 3,216 3,493 Maintained by mother................................ 3,415 6,230 7,737 8,146 9,028 9,855 2,330 5,100 5,753 6,329 1,063 2,812 2,994 3,171 Never married................................... 248 1,063 2,208 2,707 3,284 3,721 73 1,050 1,391 1,712 173 1,605 1,799 1,884 Spouse absent................................... 1,377 1,743 1,732 1,776 1,947 2,067 796 1,127 1,341 1,377 570 585 548 620 Separated....................................... 962 1,483 1,524 1,499 1,658 1,718 1,168 941 1,146 1,168 479 515 482 503 Divorced........................................ 1,109 2,721 3,228 3,121 3,349 3,660 930 2,568 2,692 2,957 172 471 550 581 Widowed......................................... 682 703 569 544 448 406 531 356 328 283 148 149 97 87 Maintained by father................................ 393 692 1,042 1,221 1,472 1,862 307 989 1,186 1,440 85 191 222 322 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 29,631 32,150 33,372 34,344 35,379 37,077 26,115 28,102 28,847 29,947 3,219 5,057 5,164 5,434 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 87.1 78.5 73.6 72.7 70.3 68.4 89.9 78.3 75.9 74.1 64.3 40.6 37.7 35.7 One-parent family groups................................ 12.9 21.5 26.3 27.3 29.7 31.6 10.1 21.7 24.1 25.9 35.7 59.4 62.3 64.3 Maintained by mother................................ 11.5 19.4 23.2 23.7 25.5 26.6 8.9 18.1 19.9 21.1 33.0 55.6 58.0 58.4 Never married................................... 0.8 3.3 6.6 9.0 9.3 10.0 0.3 7.0 4.8 5.7 5.4 31.7 34.8 34.7 Spouse absent................................... 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.6 3.0 4.0 4.6 4.6 17.7 11.6 10.6 11.4 Separated....................................... 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.6 1.8 3.3 4.0 3.9 14.9 10.2 9.3 9.3 Divorced........................................ 3.7 8.5 9.7 9.1 9.5 9.9 3.6 9.1 9.3 9.9 5.3 9.3 10.7 10.7 Widowed......................................... 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.1 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.9 4.6 2.9 1.9 1.6 Maintained by father................................ 1.3 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.2 5.0 1.2 3.5 4.1 4.8 2.6 3.8 4.3 5.9 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note.--Family groups consist of family households, related subfamilies, and unrelated subfamilies. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-5.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, SELECTED YEARS 1960-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living arrangements of Year children and marital status ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents............. 55,877 58,939 48,624 46,503 46,638 48,276 48,224 One parent.............. 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,578 18,938 19,752 Mother only......... 5,105 7,452 11,406 13,874 15,396 16,477 16,993 Father only......... 724 748 1,060 1,993 2,182 2,461 2,759 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...... 2,021 2,024 2,337 1,768 1,749 3,040 2,932 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total number of children....... 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 65,965 70,254 70,908 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents............. 87.7 85.2 76.7 72.5 70.7 68.7 68.0 One parent.............. 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 26.6 27.0 27.9 Mother only......... 8.0 10.8 18.0 21.6 23.3 23.5 24.0 Father only......... 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.9 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...... 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.8 2.6 4.3 4.1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-6.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS LIVING WITH ONE PARENT, SELECTED YEARS 1960-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Living arrangements of children and ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- marital status of parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Never married...................... 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,258 6,558 7,202 Married, spouse absent............. 2,700 3,521 3,898 3,767 4,214 4,348 4,453 Separated...................... 1,608 2,484 3,327 3,222 3,605 3,621 3,606 Widowed............................ 1,543 1,649 1,469 1,125 763 830 782 Divorced........................... 1,343 2,473 5,281 6,122 6,637 7,201 7,315 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total children living with one parent................ 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,872 18,938 19,752 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Never married...................... 4.2 6.8 14.6 30.6 35.0 34.6 36.5 Married, spouse absent............. 46.3 42.9 31.3 23.7 23.6 23.0 22.5 Separated...................... 27.6 30.3 26.7 20.3 20.2 19.1 18.3 Widowed............................ 26.5 20.1 11.8 7.1 4.3 4.4 4.0 Divorced........................... 23.0 30.2 42.4 38.6 37.1 38.0 37.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent.................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-7.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF WHITE CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type -------------------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------------------------- Two parents...................................... 50,082 52,624 43,200 40,593 46,735 41,946 41,609 One parent....................................... 3,932 5,109 7,901 9,870 10,971 11,719 12,335 Mother only.................................. 3,381 4,581 7,059 8,321 9,250 9,827 10,239 Father only.................................. 551 528 842 1,549 1,721 1,892 2,096 Other relatives or nonrelatives.................. 1,062 1,058 1,141 928 886 1,662 1,770 -------------------------------------------------------------- Total.................................... 55,077 58,790 52,242 51,390 52,493 55,327 55,714 -------------------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) -------------------------------------------------------------- Two parents...................................... 90.9 89.5 82.7 79.0 77.4 75.8 74.7 One parent....................................... 7.1 8.7 15.1 19.2 20.9 21.2 22.1 Mother only.................................. 6.1 7.8 13.5 16.2 17.6 17.8 18.4 Father only.................................. 1.0 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.8 Other relatives or nonrelatives.................. 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.0 3.2 -------------------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married................................ 61 131 552 1,894 2,449 2,760 3,101 Married, spouse absent....................... 1,615 1,822 2,243 2,356 2,837 2,797 2,915 Separated................................ 779 1,111 1,817 1,982 2,425 2,362 2,423 Widowed...................................... 1,139 1,160 1,000 774 624 530 518 Divorced..................................... 1,118 1,997 4,106 4,847 5,061 5,631 5,801 -------------------------------------------------------------- Total.................................... 3,932 5,110 7,901 9,869 10,971 11,719 12,335 -------------------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) -------------------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married................................ 1.6 2.6 7.0 19.2 22.3 23.6 25.1 Married, spouse absent....................... 41.1 35.7 28.4 23.9 25.9 23.9 23.6 Separated................................ 19.8 21.7 23.0 20.1 22.1 20.2 19.6 Widowed...................................... 29.0 22.7 12.7 7.8 5.7 4.5 4.2 Divorced..................................... 28.4 39.1 52.0 49.1 46.1 48.1 47.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-8.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF BLACK CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type -------------------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------------------------- Two parents...................................... 5,795 5,508 3,956 3,781 3,714 3,746 3,816 One parent....................................... 1,897 2,996 4,297 5,485 5,934 6,339 6,560 Mother only.................................. 1,723 2,783 4,117 5,132 5,607 5,881 6,056 Father only.................................. 173 213 180 353 327 458 504 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............. 959 917 1,122 752 779 1,216 1,058 -------------------------------------------------------------- Total.................................... 8,650 9,422 9,375 10,018 10,427 11,301 11,434 -------------------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) -------------------------------------------------------------- Two parents...................................... 67.0 58.5 42.2 37.7 35.6 33.1 33.4 One parent....................................... 21.9 31.8 45.8 54.8 56.9 56.1 57.4 Mother only.................................. 19.9 29.5 43.9 51.2 53.8 52.0 53.0 Father only.................................. 2.0 2.3 1.9 3.5 3.1 4.1 4.4 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............. 11.1 9.7 12.0 7.5 7.5 10.8 9.3 -------------------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married................................ 182 423 1,235 2,839 3,314 3,466 3,792 Married spouse absent........................ 1,085 1,651 1,573 1,251 1,290 1,327 1,372 Separated................................ 829 1,343 1,463 1,125 1,156 1,122 1,073 Widowed...................................... 405 482 411 278 194 245 199 Divorced..................................... 225 438 1,078 1,117 1,136 1,301 1,197 -------------------------------------------------------------- Total.................................... 1,897 2,995 4,297 5,484 5,934 6,339 6,560 -------------------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) -------------------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married................................ 9.6 14.1 28.7 51.8 55.9 54.7 57.8 Married spouse absent........................ 57.2 55.1 36.6 22.8 21.7 20.9 20.9 Separated................................ 43.7 44.8 34.0 20.5 19.5 17.7 16.4 Widowed...................................... 21.3 16.1 9.6 5.1 3.3 3.9 3.0 Divorced..................................... 11.9 14.6 25.1 20.4 19.1 20.5 18.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Black children include nonwhite in 1960. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-9.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF HISPANIC CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type ----------------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 3,111 4,116 4,789 4,935 6,191 6,381 One parent................................................ NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 3,321 Mother only........................................... NA 1,069 1,943 2,168 2,798 2,937 Father only........................................... NA 83 211 279 417 384 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... NA 191 231 237 438 549 ----------------------------------------------------- Total children.................................... 4,006 5,459 7,174 7,619 9,843 10,251 ----------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 77.7 75.4 66.8 64.8 62.9 62.2 One parent................................................ NA 21.1 30.0 32.1 32.7 32.4 Mother only........................................... NA 19.6 27.1 28.5 28.4 28.7 Father only........................................... NA 1.5 2.9 3.7 4.2 3.7 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... NA 3.5 3.2 3.1 4.4 5.4 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... NA 228 703 872 1,200 1,336 Married, spouse absent................................ NA 468 728 739 968 990 Separated......................................... NA 400 577 600 803 786 Widowed............................................... NA 103 149 137 146 114 Divorced.............................................. NA 353 574 699 901 881 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 3,321 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... NA 19.8 32.6 35.6 37.3 40.2 Married, spouse absent................................ NA 40.6 33.8 30.2 30.1 29.8 Separated......................................... NA 34.7 26.8 24.5 25.0 23.7 Widowed............................................... NA 8.9 6.9 5.6 4.5 3.4 Divorced.............................................. NA 30.6 26.6 28.6 28.0 26.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups; numbers in thousands. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1973, 1996b). TABLE G-10.--CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE LIVING WITH BIOLOGICAL, STEP, AND ADOPTIVE MARRIED-COUPLE PARENTS BY RACE OF MOTHER, 1980 AND 1990 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1990 ----------------------------------------------- Category Number Number (thousands) Percent (thousands) Percent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races: Biological mother and father................................ 39,523 83.7 37,026 81.5 Biological mother-stepfather................................ 5,355 11.3 6,643 14.6 Stepmother-biological father................................ 727 1.5 608 1.3 Adoptive mother and father.................................. 1,350 2.9 974 2.1 Unknown mother or father.................................... 293 0.6 197 0.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years....................... 47,248 100.0 45,448 100.0 =============================================== White: Biological mother and father................................ 35,852 84.7 32,975 83.0 Biological mother-stepfather................................ 4,362 10.3 5,258 13.2 Stepmother-biological father................................ 664 1.6 549 1.4 Adoptive mother and father.................................. 1,209 2.9 815 2.1 Unknown mother or father.................................... 242 0.6 135 0.3 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years....................... 42,329 100.0 39,732 100.0 =============================================== Black: Biological mother and father................................ 2,698 71.5 2,336 63.6 Biological mother-stepfather................................ 877 23.2 1,149 31.3 Stepmother-biological father................................ 46 1.2 38 1.0 Adoptive mother and father.................................. 119 3.1 97 2.6 Unknown mother or father.................................... 35 0.9 51 1.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years....................... 3,775 100.0 3,671 100.0 =============================================== Hispanic origin: \1\ Biological mother and father................................ NA NA 3,703 81.1 Biological mother-stepfather................................ NA NA 699 15.3 Stepmother-biological father................................ NA NA 38 0.8 Adoptive mother and father.................................. NA NA 101 2.2 Unknown mother or father.................................... NA NA 27 0.6 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years....................... NA NA 4,568 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992). TABLE G-11.--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENT, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1995 \1\ [In thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family living arrangement ------------------------------------------------- Family type defined by mother's marital status Total Independent Extended Unrelated families families Cohabiting \2\ families ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of persons: Never married................................... 10,572 6,084 2,850 1,100 538 Separated/other................................. 6,587 4,880 1,206 259 242 Divorced........................................ 10,456 7,579 958 1,081 838 Widowed......................................... 1,286 1,038 117 53 78 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 28,901 19,581 5,131 2,493 1,696 =========================================================== Number of poor persons: Never married................................... 6,236 4,128 1,123 722 264 Separated/other................................. 3,304 2,684 360 156 104 Divorced........................................ 2,984 2,127 208 424 225 Widowed......................................... 334 274 29 12 20 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 12,858 9,212 1,719 1,315 612 =========================================================== Poverty rate (percent poor): Never married................................... 59.0 67.8 39.4 65.6 49.0 Separated/other................................. 50.2 55.0 29.9 60.4 42.8 Divorced........................................ 28.5 28.1 21.7 39.3 26.9 Widowed......................................... 26.0 26.4 24.4 22.9 25.5 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 44.5 47.0 33.5 52.7 36.1 =========================================================== Number of families: Never married................................... 3,721 1,932 1,184 419 185 Separated/other................................. 2,068 1,459 432 103 74 Divorced........................................ 3,660 2,592 369 408 291 Widowed......................................... 406 312 46 17 31 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 9,855 6,295 2,030 948 581 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The Current Population Survey (CPS) defines families on the basis of marital and blood relations, and treats families as a basic economic unit in its measures of family poverty and income. Under such definitions, an unmarried, cohabiting, couple would be viewed as two distinct economic units; either as two unrelated individuals, if no child dependents were involved, or as one or two single-parent families, if one or both members of the couple had children residing in the household. Cohabiting couples are identifiable on the CPS only by inference. The Census Bureau identifies such families as unmarried couple households--a household with only two adults who are unrelated and of the opposite sex (one of whom is the householder) with or without the presence of children under the age of 15. The CPS assigns a residing child to only one of the two adult members of the unmarried couple, even though the child may be the couple's offspring. \2\ Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single adult male. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Marital status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1996. Poverty status is based on family income in the prior year (1995). Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service, based on analysis of the March 1996 Current Population Survey microdata files. TABLE G-12.--BIRTHS AND FERTILITY RATES, BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1940-95 [Fertility rates are births per 1,000 women aged 15-44 years] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births Fertility rate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Asian or Asian or All births \1\ White Black American Pacific All births White Black American Pacific Indian \2\ Islander \1\ Indian \2\ Islander -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1940 \3\..................... 2,559,000 2,199,000 NA NA NA 79.9 77.1 NA NA NA 1950 \3\..................... 3,632,000 3,108,000 NA NA NA 106.2 102.3 NA NA NA 1960 \3\..................... 4,257,850 3,600,744 602,264 21,114 NA 118.0 113.2 153.5 NA NA 1970 \3\..................... 3,731,386 3,091,264 572,362 25,864 NA 87.9 84.1 115.4 NA NA 1975 \3\..................... 3,144,198 2,551,996 511,581 27,546 NA 66.0 62.5 87.9 NA NA 1980......................... 3,612,258 2,936,351 568,080 29,389 74,355 68.4 65.6 84.7 82.7 73.2 1985......................... 3,760,561 3,037,913 581,824 34,037 104,606 66.3 64.1 78.8 78.6 68.4 1986......................... 3,756,547 3,019,175 592,910 34,169 107,797 65.4 63.1 78.9 75.9 66.0 1987......................... 3,809,394 3,043,828 611,173 35,322 116,560 65.8 63.3 80.1 75.6 67.1 1988......................... 3,909,510 3,102,083 638,562 37,088 129,035 67.3 64.5 82.6 76.8 70.2 1989......................... 4,040,958 3,192,355 673,124 39,478 133,075 69.2 66.4 86.2 79.0 68.2 1990......................... 4,158,212 3,290,273 684,336 39,051 141,635 70.9 68.3 86.8 76.2 69.6 1991......................... 4,110,907 3,241,273 682,602 38,841 145,372 69.6 67.0 85.2 75.1 67.6 1992......................... 4,065,014 3,201,678 673,633 39,453 150,250 68.9 66.5 83.2 75.4 67.2 1993......................... 4,000,240 3,149,833 658,875 38,732 152,800 67.6 65.4 80.5 73.4 66.7 1994......................... 3,952,767 3,121,004 636,391 37,740 157,632 66.7 64.9 76.9 70.9 66.8 1995......................... 3,899,589 3,098,885 603,139 37,278 160,287 65.6 64.4 72.3 69.1 66.4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For 1940-91 includes births to races not shown separately. \2\ Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. \3\ Data are by race of child; see source below for more information. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al., 1997. TABLE G-13.--NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, AND PREGNANCIES, BY AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME, \1\ 1976-95 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female Total number (in thousands) Rate per 1,000 females population ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age group and year (in Induced Fetal thousands) Births abortions losses \1\ Pregnancies \2\ Birth Abortion Pregnancy \2\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women aged 15-19: 1976........................................ 10,582 559 363 151 1,072 52.8 34.3 101.3 1977........................................ 10,581 559 397 152 1,108 52.8 37.5 104.7 1978........................................ 10,555 543 419 147 1,109 51.5 39.7 105.1 1979........................................ 10,498 549 445 148 1,142 52.3 42.4 108.8 1980........................................ 10,413 552 445 149 1,146 53.0 42.7 110.0 1981........................................ 10,096 527 433 142 1,103 52.2 42.9 109.2 1982........................................ 9,809 514 419 125 1,058 52.4 42.7 107.8 1983........................................ 9,515 489 411 119 1,020 51.4 43.2 107.2 1984........................................ 9,287 470 399 114 983 50.6 42.9 105.8 1985........................................ 9,174 467 399 114 981 51.0 43.5 106.9 1986........................................ 9,206 462 389 113 964 50.2 42.3 104.7 1987........................................ 9,139 462 382 113 957 50.6 41.8 104.8 1988........................................ 9,029 478 393 117 988 53.0 43.5 109.4 1989........................................ 8,840 507 371 123 1,001 57.3 42.0 113.2 1990........................................ 8,709 522 351 129 1,002 59.9 40.3 115.0 1991........................................ 8,371 520 314 129 963 62.1 37.6 115.0 1992........................................ 8,324 505 295 126 927 60.7 35.5 111.3 1993........................................ 8,410 501 NA NA NA 59.6 NA NA 1994........................................ 8,580 505 NA NA NA 58.9 NA NA 1995........................................ 8,799 500 NA NA NA 56.8 NA NA Women under age 15: \3\ 1976........................................ 2,080 12 16 4 32 5.7 7.6 15.3 1977........................................ 2,048 11 16 4 31 5.6 7.6 15.2 1978........................................ 2,020 11 15 4 30 5.3 7.5 14.8 1979........................................ 1,944 11 16 3 30 5.5 8.3 15.4 1980........................................ 1,850 10 15 3 29 5.5 8.3 15.6 1981........................................ 1,787 10 15 3 28 5.4 8.5 15.7 1982........................................ 1,748 10 15 3 27 5.6 8.3 15.6 1983........................................ 1,781 10 16 3 29 5.5 9.2 16.3 1984........................................ 1,819 10 17 3 30 5.5 9.3 16.4 1985........................................ 1,853 10 17 3 30 5.5 9.2 16.4 1986........................................ 1,706 10 16 3 29 6.0 9.2 17.0 1987........................................ 1,613 10 14 3 28 6.4 8.8 17.2 1988........................................ 1,573 11 14 3 27 6.7 8.7 17.5 1989........................................ 1,608 11 13 3 28 7.1 7.9 17.2 1990........................................ 1,593 12 13 3 27 7.3 7.9 17.2 1991........................................ 1,661 12 12 3 28 7.2 7.4 16.6 1992........................................ 1,679 12 13 3 28 7.3 7.7 16.9 1993........................................ 1,735 13 NA NA NA 7.2 NA NA 1994........................................ 1,828 13 NA NA NA 7.1 NA NA 1995........................................ 1,829 12 NA NA NA 6.7 NA NA Women aged 15-17: 1976........................................ 6,319 215 153 70 439 34.1 24.2 69.4 1977........................................ 6,310 214 166 70 449 33.9 26.2 71.2 1978........................................ 6,286 203 169 66 438 32.2 26.9 69.7 1979........................................ 6,200 200 179 65 444 32.3 28.8 71.6 1980........................................ 6,100 198 183 65 446 32.5 30.1 73.2 1981........................................ 5,848 187 176 61 424 32.0 30.1 72.6 1982........................................ 5,617 181 168 55 405 32.3 30.0 72.1 1983........................................ 5,424 173 166 53 392 31.8 30.7 72.2 1984........................................ 5,373 167 161 51 378 31.0 29.9 70.4 1985........................................ 5,410 168 166 51 385 31.0 30.6 71.1 1986........................................ 5,520 169 165 51 385 30.5 29.9 69.8 1987........................................ 5,450 173 161 53 386 31.7 29.6 70.9 1988........................................ 5,251 177 158 54 389 33.6 30.2 74.0 1989........................................ 4,975 181 139 55 375 36.4 28.0 75.4 1990........................................ 4,890 183 130 56 369 37.5 26.5 75.5 1991........................................ 4,861 188 118 56 362 38.7 24.3 74.6 1992........................................ 4,959 188 114 60 362 37.8 23.1 72.9 1993........................................ 5,037 191 NA NA NA 37.8 NA NA 1994........................................ 5,188 195 NA NA NA 37.6 NA NA 1995........................................ 5,351 193 NA NA NA 36.0 NA NA Women aged 18-19: 1976........................................ 4,263 343 210 82 635 80.5 49.3 148.9 1977........................................ 4,263 345 231 82 658 80.9 54.1 154.2 1978........................................ 4,269 341 250 81 671 79.8 58.4 157.2 1979........................................ 4,297 349 266 83 698 81.3 61.9 162.5 1980........................................ 4,313 354 261 84 699 82.1 60.6 162.2 1981........................................ 4,248 340 257 81 678 80.0 60.6 159.6 1982........................................ 4,191 333 250 70 653 79.4 59.7 155.7 1983........................................ 4,091 317 245 66 628 77.4 59.9 153.5 1984........................................ 3,914 303 238 64 605 77.4 60.8 154.4 1985........................................ 3,765 300 234 63 596 79.6 62.0 158.3 1986........................................ 3,685 293 224 62 579 79.6 60.8 157.1 1987........................................ 3,689 290 221 61 571 78.5 59.8 154.5 1988........................................ 3,778 302 234 63 599 79.9 62.0 158.7 1989........................................ 3,866 325 232 68 626 84.2 60.0 161.8 1990........................................ 3,819 338 221 73 632 88.6 57.9 165.6 1991........................................ 3,510 331 196 73 600 94.4 55.9 171.0 1992........................................ 3,365 318 181 66 565 94.5 53.8 167.9 1993........................................ 3,372 311 NA NA NA 92.1 NA NA 1994........................................ 3,392 310 NA NA NA 91.5 NA NA 1995........................................ 3,448 307 NA NA NA 89.1 NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Spontaneous fetal losses from recognized pregnancies of all gestational periods as reported to women in the 1982 and 1988 National Survey of Family Growth conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The rate of pregnancy loss depends on the degree to which losses at very early gestations are detected. \2\ Sum of births, induced abortions, and fetal losses. \3\ Population is women aged 14 years. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). TABLE G-14.--NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES FOR WOMEN AGES 15-19 BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER,\1\ 1960- 95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births, Birth rate \2\ all women under 20 ------------------------------------------------ Year ---------------------- All women 15-19 15-17 18-19 ------------------------------------------------ White Black White Black White Black White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1960..................................... 460,654 122,260 79.4 156.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1961..................................... 474,514 ......... 79.2 155.2 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1962..................................... 462,522 ......... 73.2 147.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1963..................................... 445,892 ......... 68.2 142.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1964..................................... 447,034 140,422 63.4 147.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1965..................................... 446,198 146,268 60.6 144.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1966..................................... 467,778 155,110 60.4 142.7 26.6 97.9 108.2 219.2 1967..................................... 438,000 160,285 58.9 141.8 25.7 99.5 104.0 213.4 1968..................................... 429,616 163,892 54.9 138.7 25.6 98.2 100.5 206.1 1969..................................... 437,958 168,588 54.7 137.0 26.4 96.9 99.2 202.5 1970..................................... 467,928 179,100 57.4 140.7 29.2 101.4 101.5 204.9 1971..................................... 450,856 178,948 53.6 134.5 28.5 99.4 92.3 192.6 1972..................................... 438,559 179,712 51.0 129.8 29.3 99.5 84.3 179.5 1973..................................... 429,740 176,551 49.0 123.1 29.2 96.0 79.3 166.6 1974..................................... 425,205 171,721 47.9 116.5 28.7 90.0 77.3 158.7 1975..................................... 415,202 168,359 46.4 111.8 28.0 85.6 74.0 152.4 1976..................................... 389,329 160,597 44.1 104.9 26.3 80.3 70.2 142.5 1977..................................... 396,854 161,772 44.1 104.7 26.1 79.6 70.5 142.9 1978..................................... 384,572 157,069 42.9 100.9 24.9 75.0 69.4 139.7 1979..................................... 388,209 158,944 43.7 101.7 24.7 75.7 71.0 140.4 1980..................................... 397,764 153,151 45.4 97.8 25.5 72.5 73.2 135.1 1981..................................... 379,472 145,724 44.9 94.5 25.4 69.3 71.5 131.0 1982..................................... 367,951 142,813 45.0 94.3 25.5 69.7 70.8 128.9 1983..................................... 347,288 139,357 43.9 93.9 25.0 69.6 68.8 127.1 1984..................................... 330,334 137,177 42.9 94.1 24.3 69.2 68.4 128.1 1985..................................... 328,752 136,682 43.3 95.4 24.4 69.3 70.4 132.4 1986..................................... 322,060 137,413 42.3 95.8 23.8 69.3 70.1 135.1 1987..................................... 319,560 139,967 42.5 97.6 24.6 72.1 68.9 135.8 1988..................................... 327,986 146,733 44.4 102.7 26.0 75.7 69.6 142.7 1989..................................... 345,102 157,259 47.9 111.5 28.1 81.9 72.9 151.9 1990..................................... 359,456 157,951 50.8 112.8 29.5 82.3 78.0 152.9 1991..................................... 357,548 157,375 52.8 115.5 30.7 84.1 83.5 158.6 1992..................................... 348,106 153,248 51.8 112.4 30.1 81.3 83.8 157.9 1993..................................... 347,572 149,570 51.1 108.6 30.3 79.8 82.1 151.9 1994..................................... 354,059 147,433 51.1 104.5 30.7 76.3 82.1 148.3 1995..................................... 355,489 139,621 50.1 96.1 30.0 69.7 81.2 137.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Births are tabulated by race of child through 1979, and by race of mother for 1980-95. \2\ Births per 1,000 women in specified group. Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-15.--BIRTH RATES FOR UNMARRIED WOMEN AGES 15-17 AND 18-19 BY RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1970-95 [Births per 1,000 unmarried women in specified group] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Black Hispanic \1\ Year ----------------------------------------------------------------- 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 \2\...................................... 7.5 17.6 77.9 136.4 NA NA 1975 \2\...................................... 9.6 16.5 76.8 123.8 NA NA 1980.......................................... 12.0 24.1 68.8 118.2 NA NA 1985.......................................... 14.5 31.2 66.8 117.9 NA NA 1986.......................................... 14.9 33.5 67.0 121.1 NA NA 1987.......................................... 16.2 34.5 69.9 123.0 NA NA 1988.......................................... 17.6 36.8 73.5 130.5 NA NA 1989.......................................... 19.3 40.2 78.9 140.9 NA NA 1990.......................................... 20.4 44.9 78.8 143.7 45.9 98.9 1991.......................................... 21.8 49.6 80.4 148.7 50.5 109.6 1992.......................................... 21.6 51.5 78.0 147.8 51.0 110.5 1993.......................................... 22.1 52.4 76.8 141.6 51.9 114.6 1994.......................................... 24.1 56.4 75.1 141.6 59.0 123.6 1995.......................................... 23.6 55.4 68.6 131.2 56.3 117.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Hispanic ethnicity is independent of race; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \2\ Rates are by race of child; see sources below for additional information. NA--Not available. Note.--For 1966-75, births to unmarried women are estimated for the United States from the data for registration areas in which marital status of mother was reported. Beginning 1980, data for States in which marital status was not reported have been inferred and included with data from the remaining States. Race is determined by race of the child for 1966-89 and by race of the mother for 1990-93. Source: Ventura (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-16.--ESTIMATED PREGNANCIES \1\ PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama........................... 117 NA NA 112 NA NA NA NA NA 93.2 73.4 134.7 Alaska............................ 124 NA NA 144 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona........................... 123 115 195 128 124 150 101.8 99.9 153.5 103.5 102.3 150.6 Arkansas.......................... 117 104 168 111 99 150 98.4 92.7 157.2 90.7 76.7 142.6 California........................ 140 127 272 151 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado.......................... 114 105 192 112 107 187 82.3 NA NA 79.8 NA NA Connecticut....................... 81 NA NA 96 NA NA NA NA NA 78.7 NA NA Delaware.......................... 106 NA NA 101 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \1\.......... 200 NA NA 211 NA NA 255.2 NA NA 209.4 NA NA Florida........................... 131 NA NA 126 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia........................... 131 111 172 132 115 160 110.8 88.2 162.5 106.9 79.6 162.9 Hawaii............................ 106 81 NA 125 97 137 88.2 NA NA 88.4 64.7 NA Idaho............................. 96 96 NA 78 77 NA 68.8 56.6 NA 59.7 59.4 NA Illinois.......................... 101 78 190 103 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana........................... 102 92 193 87 77 170 74.3 65.5 158.0 72.2 62.9 156.7 Iowa.............................. 79 NA NA 67 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas............................ 101 93 199 84 78 150 81.1 74.5 181.1 87.0 77.8 211.9 Kentucky.......................... 111 NA NA 92 NA NA 91.0 84.3 164.1 81.7 75.5 149.9 Louisiana......................... 118 93 163 109 88 142 92.1 68.7 128.8 92.6 65.3 133.7 Maine............................. 87 86 NA 92 91 NA 88.4 87.6 NA 55.2 64.9 NA Maryland.......................... 123 103 174 121 94 184 84.7 61.5 141.8 76.9 51.0 137.1 Massachusetts..................... 86 NA NA 97 NA NA 71.1 NA NA 69.5 NA NA Michigan.......................... 102 NA NA 107 NA NA 85.2 NA NA 79.7 NA NA Minnesota......................... 77 73 240 62 55 222 62.0 55.3 219.4 55.2 47.3 218.1 Mississippi....................... 125 97 162 113 90 138 97.8 71.6 130.5 100.8 71.9 135.1 Missouri.......................... 106 92 205 95 79 195 82.6 64.8 197.5 78.0 60.9 188.0 Montana........................... 93 85 NA 82 74 NA 81.7 NA NA 70.2 61.8 NA Nebraska.......................... 81 NA NA 75 NA NA 74.2 NA NA 83.4 NA NA Nevada............................ 144 134 226 125 118 168 107.5 105.8 158.8 108.0 101.9 171.2 New Hampshire..................... 81 NA NA 89 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey........................ 96 74 210 113 70 296 75.3 52.7 181.6 69.7 41.2 179.7 New Mexico........................ 126 118 NA 116 115 126 100.4 99.8 115.5 101.8 102.2 100.8 New York.......................... 101 78 207 117 89 225 92.9 76.3 166.4 96.6 77.3 175.9 North Carolina.................... 110 92 153 114 97 152 106.4 88.3 157.3 104.5 83.3 155.3 North Dakota...................... 75 68 NA 60 53 NA 56.4 50.4 NA 54.2 47.8 NA Ohio.............................. 101 88 190 96 83 177 74.6 80.5 170.1 74.5 NA NA Oklahoma.......................... 120 107 187 113 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon............................ 119 112 NA 95 94 119 89.2 88.7 178.0 81.0 79.4 181.7 Pennsylvania...................... 90 NA NA 87 NA NA 74.0 NA NA 71.7 53.5 211.5 Rhode Island...................... 83 NA NA 89 NA NA 87.7 80.4 198.9 88.1 78.0 211.8 South Carolina.................... 114 98 140 102 92 117 95.0 76.6 127.0 88.0 68.6 119.6 South Dakota...................... 86 74 NA 70 57 NA 56.9 48.0 NA 59.4 48.5 NA Tennessee......................... 113 102 157 104 95 134 101.8 88.3 165.6 94.0 77.4 162.4 Texas............................. 137 NA NA 131 NA NA 102.8 96.1 153.6 103.7 98.2 148.8 Utah.............................. 95 94 NA 75 73 NA 63.0 62.2 NA 55.6 54.2 NA Vermont........................... 95 94 NA 82 83 NA 72.1 72.7 NA 68.7 68.4 NA Virginia.......................... 107 94 152 106 93 141 86.5 70.4 149.1 79.0 62.9 139.4 Washington........................ 122 NA NA 103 97 165 95.4 NA NA 85.1 NA NA West Virginia..................... 104 NA NA 87 NA NA 67.4 66.4 103.9 66.1 64.6 110.5 Wisconsin \2\..................... 85 NA NA 73 NA NA 66.6 NA NA 60.8 45.3 226.9 Wyoming........................... 127 NA NA 98 NA NA 62.2 NA NA 53.7 NA NA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total......................... 111 NA NA 110 93 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Data for 1992 include residents only. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-17.--BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 YEARS, BY RACE AND STATE, 1990-92, 1994, AND 1995 [Births per 1,000 women in specified group] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1990 1991 1992 1994 State ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1995 Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama............................. 71 55 105 74 56 111 73 55 109 72 55 108 70 Alaska.............................. 65 54 NA 65 53 NA 64 50 NA 55 45 79 50 Arizona............................. 76 72 115 81 77 131 82 80 112 79 77 100 76 Arkansas............................ 80 66 132 80 67 128 76 63 122 76 64 120 73 California.......................... 71 74 101 75 79 100 74 79 95 71 77 89 68 Colorado............................ 55 52 106 58 55 121 58 56 108 54 52 97 51 Connecticut......................... 39 31 103 40 33 98 39 32 95 40 33 94 39 Delaware............................ 55 37 120 61 41 137 60 41 123 60 43 115 57 District of Columbia................ 93 12 121 114 9 150 116 26 131 115 17 139 107 Florida............................. 69 53 135 69 52 135 66 51 127 64 51 113 62 Georgia............................. 76 57 116 76 56 119 75 55 115 72 54 107 71 Hawaii.............................. 61 42 NA 59 41 NA 54 33 NA 53 33 NA 48 Idaho............................... 51 50 NA 54 54 NA 52 51 NA 47 46 NA 49 Illinois............................ 63 44 144 65 46 145 64 45 145 63 46 139 60 Indiana............................. 59 52 122 61 53 128 59 51 126 58 52 115 57 Iowa................................ 41 39 119 43 40 136 41 38 138 40 38 117 39 Kansas.............................. 56 51 132 55 50 127 56 50 137 53 49 116 52 Kentucky............................ 68 64 116 69 65 114 65 61 112 65 60 114 63 Louisiana........................... 74 52 109 76 52 117 77 51 118 75 49 115 70 Maine............................... 43 43 NA 44 43 NA 40 40 NA 36 35 NA 34 Maryland............................ 53 36 96 54 36 97 51 32 96 50 32 89 48 Massachusetts....................... 35 31 90 38 33 98 38 33 97 37 33 90 34 Michigan............................ 59 43 131 59 43 129 57 42 125 52 40 110 49 Minnesota........................... 36 31 152 37 31 161 36 30 163 34 29 132 32 Mississippi......................... 81 56 113 86 59 118 84 57 116 83 57 114 81 Missouri............................ 63 50 144 65 52 146 63 51 144 59 49 123 56 Montana............................. 48 40 NA 47 40 NA 46 38 NA 41 35 NA 42 Nebraska............................ 42 37 135 42 37 130 41 36 126 43 38 119 38 Nevada.............................. 73 69 129 75 70 138 71 66 137 74 71 111 73 New Hampshire....................... 33 33 NA 33 34 NA 31 31 NA 30 30 NA 31 New Jersey.......................... 41 28 100 42 29 102 39 26 103 39 27 100 38 New Mexico.......................... 78 76 95 80 78 103 80 80 76 77 76 66 75 New York............................ 44 37 76 46 39 78 45 39 74 46 40 73 44 North Carolina...................... 68 52 107 71 54 111 70 53 108 66 52 98 64 North Dakota........................ 35 29 NA 36 29 NA 37 31 NA 35 29 NA 33 Ohio................................ 58 48 129 61 50 133 58 47 132 55 46 116 53 Oklahoma............................ 67 60 116 72 63 128 70 63 116 66 59 105 64 Oregon.............................. 55 54 108 55 54 117 53 52 114 51 50 102 51 Pennsylvania........................ 45 35 125 47 36 131 45 35 127 44 34 118 42 Rhode Island........................ 44 39 114 45 39 130 48 40 131 48 41 120 43 South Carolina...................... 71 54 101 73 55 104 70 52 100 66 50 92 65 South Dakota........................ 47 35 NA 48 36 NA 48 35 NA 43 33 NA 40 Tennessee........................... 72 60 121 75 62 128 71 59 124 71 59 120 68 Texas............................... 75 71 114 79 75 116 79 75 113 78 76 100 76 Utah................................ 49 48 NA 48 48 NA 46 45 NA 43 42 NA 42 Vermont............................. 34 34 NA 39 39 NA 36 36 NA 33 33 NA 29 Virginia............................ 53 41 99 54 42 98 52 40 98 51 41 88 49 Washington.......................... 53 52 94 54 53 96 51 49 92 48 47 81 48 West Virginia....................... 57 57 74 58 57 80 56 56 77 54 54 81 53 Wisconsin........................... 43 31 175 44 32 178 42 30 167 39 29 142 38 Wyoming............................. 56 55 NA 54 52 NA 50 48 NA 48 48 NA 47 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-18.--PERCENTAGE OF BABIES BORN TO WOMEN RECEIVING EARLY CARE, OR LATE OR NO CARE, BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS, 1970-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent born to women Percent born to women beginning care in first beginning care in third Year trimester trimester or having no care --------------------------------------------------------- White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 72.4 44.4 68.0 6.2 16.6 7.9 1975 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 75.9 55.8 72.4 5.0 10.5 6.0 1980 \3\.............................................. 79.2 62.4 76.3 4.3 8.9 5.1 1981 \3\.............................................. 79.3 62.1 76.3 4.3 9.2 5.2 1982 \3\.............................................. 79.2 61.1 76.1 4.5 9.7 5.5 1983 \3\.............................................. 79.3 61.2 76.2 4.6 9.8 5.6 1984 \3\.............................................. 79.6 61.9 76.5 4.7 9.7 5.6 1985.................................................. 79.3 61.5 76.2 4.8 10.2 5.7 1986.................................................. 79.1 61.2 75.9 5.0 10.7 6.0 1987.................................................. 79.3 60.8 76.0 5.0 11.2 6.1 1988.................................................. 79.3 60.7 75.9 5.0 11.0 6.1 1989.................................................. 78.9 60.0 75.5 5.2 11.9 6.4 1990.................................................. 79.2 60.6 75.8 4.9 11.3 6.1 1991.................................................. 79.5 61.9 76.2 4.7 10.7 5.8 1992.................................................. 80.8 63.9 77.7 4.2 9.9 5.2 1993.................................................. 81.8 66.0 78.9 3.9 9.0 4.8 1994.................................................. 82.8 68.3 80.2 3.6 8.2 4.4 1995.................................................. 83.6 70.4 81.3 3.5 7.6 4.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Figures are by race of child. \3\ Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in all other States. \4\ Based on data for 39 States and the District of Columbia in 1970, and based on data for 42 States and the District of Columbia in 1975. Source: Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996); National Center for Health Statistics (1975, 1978). TABLE G-19.--ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama................................. 32 NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA 20.7 18.2 25.8 Alaska.................................. 43 NA NA 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona................................. 41 39 41 43 46 27 26.3 27.6 38.4 21.5 22.4 38.5 Arkansas................................ 25 26 23 23 23 21 18.3 16.6 25.2 15.3 13.9 20.6 California.............................. 69 60 150 79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado................................ 49 43 76 51 49 84 27.7 NA NA 21.4 NA NA Connecticut............................. 40 NA NA 52 NA NA NA NA NA 39.3 NA NA Delaware................................ 40 NA NA 37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \2\................ 114 NA NA 113 NA NA 162.1 NA NA 92.3 NA NA Florida................................. 55 NA NA 51 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia................................. 41 42 36 44 42 46 35.3 29.6 46.3 32.3 24.7 47.7 Hawaii.................................. 41 40 NA 61 59 62 27.0 NA NA 32.9 31.9 NA Idaho................................... 23 23 NA 21 21 NA 8.2 8.2 NA 8.0 8.0 NA Illinois................................ 31 25 40 38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana................................. 30 27 53 24 21 47 15.7 13.6 35.6 13.5 11.6 30.8 Iowa.................................... 25 NA NA 25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas.................................. 30 29 44 23 23 28 25.0 23.7 49.2 31.3 20.1 74.5 Kentucky................................ 22 NA NA 16 NA NA 23.4 20.8 48.3 17.0 14.8 37.8 Louisiana............................... 24 22 28 22 21 24 17.8 16.7 19.6 16.1 14.0 20.2 Maine................................... 27 27 NA 36 36 NA 25.4 24.9 NA 15.3 15.0 NA Maryland................................ 64 59 76 59 51 77 31.4 25.4 46.3 28.2 19.0 41.6 Massachusetts........................... 47 NA NA 45 NA NA 36.0 NA NA 31.5 NA NA Michigan................................ 44 NA NA 50 NA NA 26.1 NA NA 23.1 NA NA Minnesota............................... 31 31 81 24 23 47 25.7 24.7 67.7 19.2 17.8 55.6 Mississippi............................. 22 27 16 19 22 15 16.8 16.1 17.8 16.6 14.7 19.0 Missouri................................ 34 29 61 29 25 55 19.7 14.5 53.6 14.8 10.4 42.1 Montana................................. 32 32 NA 28 29 NA 33.3 NA NA 24.0 23.8 NA Nebraska................................ 24 NA NA 27 NA NA 31.9 NA NA 22.2 NA NA Nevada.................................. 67 67 66 57 58 45 34.2 36.9 27.5 34.7 36.3 34.0 New Hampshire........................... 37 NA NA 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey.............................. 49 41 85 63 38 170 34.6 24.6 82.0 30.5 15.2 78.5 New Mexico.............................. 36 35 NA 30 33 12 22.3 24.0 20.9 21.5 22.7 25.2 New York................................ 54 42 107 64 49 120 49.3 38.7 90.8 51.3 38.3 102.1 North Carolina.......................... 38 35 43 41 38 48 38.8 34.3 60.7 35.1 29.9 47.6 North Dakota............................ 23 22 NA 17 18 NA 21.0 21.2 NA 16.0 17.2 NA Ohio.................................... 35 30 64 33 28 59 16.6 12.9 40.6 16.7 NA NA Oklahoma................................ 27 27 32 29 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon.................................. 52 49 NA 41 41 37 34.6 34.7 70.0 27.8 27.2 68.1 Pennsylvania............................ 38 NA NA 35 NA NA 29.7 NA NA 28.5 18.9 84.2 Rhode Island............................ 40 NA NA 40 NA NA 43.8 41.7 84.6 40.6 37.9 80.7 South Carolina.......................... 33 36 27 26 30 20 23.6 22.3 25.9 17.7 16.3 19.9 South Dakota............................ 21 20 NA 18 18 NA 10.1 11.0 NA 11.1 11.5 NA Tennessee............................... 33 33 33 29 29 31 29.5 25.0 44.4 22.7 18.9 38.3 Texas................................... 44 NA NA 39 NA NA 27.4 25.5 39.6 24.8 23.2 35.4 Utah.................................... 15 14 NA 15 14 NA 14.5 14.4 NA 9.4 8.8 NA Vermont................................. 43 43 NA 36 36 NA 38.0 36.4 NA 33.0 32.8 NA Virginia................................ 45 44 48 45 43 49 33.6 29.3 50.6 27.3 23.4 41.8 Washington.............................. 60 NA NA 46 44 62 42.2 NA NA 34.2 NA NA West Virginia........................... 20 NA NA 19 NA NA 10.0 9.4 29.5 10.2 9.1 39.0 Wisconsin \2\........................... 34 NA NA 25 NA NA 24.0 NA NA 18.7 15.5 59.8 Wyoming................................. 29 NA NA 30 NA NA 5.9 NA NA 4.1 NA NA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total............................... 43 38 NA 44 38 71 NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Data for 1992 include residents only. NA--Not available. Note.--Legal induced abortion data are by State of occurrence because abortion data by State of residence are not available for all States. Caution should therefore be exercised when comparing rates from State to State and over time. Rates are not available for 10 States in 1990 and 8 States in 1992 because age-specific abortion data were not available. Rates by race are not available for States that did not report abortion information by race. Rates were not computed if age or race information for more than 15 percent of the abortions was not reported, or if there were fewer than 20 abortions or fewer than 1,000 women in the group. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995); Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996). TABLE G-20.--INFANT, NEONATAL, AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY RATES, BY RACE,\1\ SELECTED YEARS, 1940-95 [Mortality rates per 1,000 live births] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All other Year All races White ------------------------- Total Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Infant mortality rate: \2\ 1940.................................................... 47.0 43.2 73.8 72.9 1950.................................................... 29.2 26.8 44.5 43.9 1960.................................................... 26.0 22.9 43.2 44.3 1970.................................................... 20.0 17.8 30.9 32.6 1980.................................................... 12.6 10.9 20.2 22.2 1985.................................................... 10.6 9.2 16.8 19.0 1986.................................................... 10.4 8.8 16.7 18.9 1987.................................................... 10.1 8.5 16.5 18.8 1988.................................................... 10.0 8.4 16.1 18.5 1989.................................................... 9.8 8.1 16.3 18.6 1990.................................................... 9.2 7.6 15.5 18.0 1991.................................................... 8.9 7.3 15.1 17.6 1992.................................................... 8.5 6.9 14.4 16.8 1993.................................................... 8.4 6.8 14.1 16.5 1994.................................................... 8.0 6.6 13.5 15.8 1995 \3\................................................ 7.5 6.3 ........... 14.9 Neonatal mortality rate: \4\ 1940.................................................... 28.8 27.2 39.7 39.9 1950.................................................... 20.5 19.4 27.5 27.8 1960.................................................... 18.7 17.2 26.9 27.8 1970.................................................... 15.1 13.8 21.4 22.8 1980.................................................... 8.5 7.4 13.2 14.6 1985.................................................... 7.0 6.0 11.0 12.6 1986.................................................... 6.7 5.7 10.8 12.3 1987.................................................... 6.5 5.4 10.7 12.3 1988.................................................... 6.3 5.3 10.3 12.1 1989.................................................... 6.2 5.1 10.3 11.9 1990.................................................... 5.8 4.8 9.9 11.6 1991.................................................... 5.6 4.5 9.5 11.2 1992.................................................... 5.4 4.3 9.2 10.8 1993.................................................... 5.3 4.3 9.0 10.7 1994.................................................... 5.1 4.2 8.6 10.2 1995.................................................... 4.8 4.0 ........... 9.6 Postneonatal mortality rate: \5\ 1940.................................................... 18.3 16.0 34.1 33.0 1950.................................................... 8.7 7.4 16.9 16.1 1960.................................................... 7.3 5.7 16.4 16.5 1970.................................................... 4.9 4.0 9.5 9.9 1980.................................................... 4.1 3.5 7.0 7.6 1985.................................................... 3.7 3.2 5.8 6.4 1986.................................................... 3.6 3.1 5.9 6.6 1987.................................................... 3.6 3.1 5.8 6.4 1988.................................................... 3.6 3.1 5.7 6.5 1989.................................................... 3.6 2.9 6.0 6.7 1990.................................................... 3.4 2.8 5.7 6.4 1991.................................................... 3.4 2.8 5.6 6.3 1992.................................................... 3.1 2.6 5.2 6.0 1993.................................................... 3.1 2.5 5.1 5.8 1994.................................................... 2.9 2.4 4.9 5.6 1995 \3\................................................ 2.7 2.2 ........... 5.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ As of 1989, race for live births (the denominator of infant mortality rates) is tabulated according to race of mother. For all prior years, race is tabulated according to race of child. \2\ Deaths before the age of one. \3\ Based on preliminary data. \4\ Deaths under 28 days. \5\ Deaths from 28 days to 11 months. Source: Gardner & Hudson (1996). TABLE G-21.--ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) CASES, ACCORDING TO AGE AT DIAGNOSIS, SEX, DETAILED RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN, SELECTED YEARS 1985-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All years Number, by year of report \1\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12 month Age at diagnosis, sex, race, and -------------- All years Jan. to ending Hispanic origin Percent \1\ 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 June June 30, distribution 1996 1996 \2\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races............................ (\5\) 530,397 8,167 41,612 43,601 45,806 102,412 77,388 71,293 34,278 26.7 Male: All males, 13 years and over....... 100.0 448,470 7,517 36,350 37,589 39,097 85,575 63,069 57,439 27,257 54.7 White, non-Hispanic.............. 52.7 236,391 4,763 20,925 20,606 20,840 43,479 29,630 26,377 12,180 32.5 Black, non-Hispanic.............. 31.5 141,391 1,707 10,267 11,121 12,150 28,376 22,515 21,093 10,233 186.3 Hispanic......................... 14.6 65,473 988 4,760 5,446 5,626 12,655 10,129 9,203 4,490 94.5 American Indian \3\.............. 0.3 1,202 7 80 86 104 306 200 198 74 24.5 Asian or Pacific Islander \4\.... 0.8 3,370 49 263 258 294 657 522 483 235 14.7 13-19 years........................ 0.4 1,575 28 108 103 91 365 230 234 104 1.5 20-29 years........................ 17.2 77,188 1,507 6,962 6,564 6,492 14,677 9,703 8,445 3,664 42.4 30-39 years........................ 46 206,196 3,589 16,739 17,356 17,900 39,036 29,045 25,987 12,333 114.3 40-49 years........................ 25.9 116,276 1,636 8,878 9,559 10,307 22,942 17,294 16,417 8,108 88.7 50-59 years........................ 7.8 34,845 597 2,653 2,899 3,072 6,451 5,089 4,770 2,241 38.9 60 years and over.................. 2.8 12,390 160 1,010 1,108 1,235 2,104 1,708 1,586 807 8.6 Female: All females, 13 years and over..... 100 74.984 522 4,537 5,345 5,961 15,969 13,344 13,109 6,681 12.3 White, non-Hispanic.............. 24.9 18,650 141 1,223 1,340 1,478 4,058 3,105 3,075 1,497 3.8 Black, non-Hispanic.............. 57.7 43,253 280 2,543 3,105 3,402 9,109 7,865 7,671 4,071 61.9 Hispanic......................... 16.5 12,374 98 733 854 1,010 2,627 2,279 2,236 1,055 23.0 American Indian \3\.............. 0.3 215 2 9 11 18 58 40 39 17 5.7 Asian or Pacific Islander \4\.... 0.5 395 1 19 24 40 99 49 74 30 1.9 13-19 years........................ 1.2 888 4 65 54 56 198 176 154 97 1.4 20-29 years........................ 23 17,226 176 1,120 1,228 1,388 3,728 2,948 2,681 1,352 15.1 30-39 years........................ 46.2 34,613 233 2,077 2,521 2,732 7,539 6,010 6,013 2,985 27.3 40-49 years........................ 20.6 15,435 45 783 986 1,235 3,218 3,090 3,107 1,652 17.3 50-59 years........................ 5.8 4,312 26 273 338 340 854 775 815 424 6.7 60 years and over.................. 3.3 2,510 38 219 218 210 432 345 339 171 1.3 Children: All children, under 13 years....... 100 6,943 128 725 667 748 868 975 745 340 1.4 White, non-Hispanic.............. 18.9 1,313 26 160 143 129 150 142 118 43 0.3 Black, non-Hispanic.............. 60.4 4,196 84 387 406 483 533 636 482 223 6.0 Hispanic......................... 19.5 1,356 18 169 111 129 175 182 134 72 1.7 American Indian \3\.............. 0.3 22 099 5 2 3 3 2 2 099 0.2 Asian or Pacific Islander \4\.... 0.6 40 099 4 4 1 4 11 5 1 0.1 Under 1 year....................... 41 2,844 63 316 267 328 348 352 269 120 6.0 1-12 years......................... 59 4,099 65 409 400 420 520 623 476 220 1.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes cases prior to 1985. \2\ Computed using resident population estimates for 1995 based on extrapolation from 1990 census counts from the U.S. Bureau of the Census; data presented is cases per 100,000 population. \3\ Includes Aleut and Eskimo. \4\ Includes Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Hawaiian and part Hawaiian, and other Asian or Pacific Islander. \5\ Category not applicable. Note.--The AIDS case definition as changed in September 1987 to allow for the presumptive diagnosis of AIDS-associated diseases and conditions and to expand the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated diseases reportable as AIDS. Excludes residents of U.S. territories. Data are updated periodically because of reporting delays. Data for all years have been updated through June 30, 1995. Data are based on reporting by State health departments. Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1996). TABLE G-22.--TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND DRUG USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS BY SUBSTANCE AND FREQUENCY OF USE, SELECTED YEARS 1975-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class of Substance and frequency of use --------------------------------------------------------------- 1975 1980 1985 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percentage reporting having ever used drugs --------------------------------------------------------------- Cigarettes...................................... 73.6 71.0 68.8 65.7 61.8 61.9 62.0 64.2 Alcohol \1\..................................... 90.4 93.2 92.2 90.7 87.5 80.0 80.4 80.7 Any illicit drug................................ 55.2 65.4 60.6 50.9 40.7 42.9 45.6 48.4 Marijuana only.............................. 19.0 26.7 20.9 19.5 15.6 16.2 18.0 20.3 Any illicit drug other than marijuana \2\... 36.2 38.7 39.7 31.4 25.1 26.7 27.6 28.1 Selected illicit drugs: Cocaine..................................... 9.0 15.7 17.3 10.3 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 Heroin...................................... 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 LSD......................................... 11.3 9.3 7.5 8.3 8.6 10.3 10.5 11.7 Marijuana/hashish........................... 47.3 60.3 54.2 43.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 PCP......................................... NA 9.6 4.9 3.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 --------------------------------------------------------------- Percentage reporting use of drugs in the previous 30 days --------------------------------------------------------------- Cigarettes...................................... 36.7 30.5 30.1 28.6 27.8 29.9 31.2 33.5 Alcohol \1\..................................... 68.2 72.0 65.9 60.0 51.3 48.6 50.1 51.3 Any illicit drug................................ 30.7 37.2 29.7 19.7 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 Marijuana only.............................. 15.3 18.8 14.8 10.6 8.1 10.4 13.1 13.8 Any illicit drug other than marijuana \2\... 15.4 18.4 14.9 9.1 6.3 7.9 8.8 10.0 Selected illicit drugs: Cocaine..................................... 1.9 5.2 6.7 2.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 Heroin...................................... 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 LSD......................................... 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.6 4.0 Marijuana/hashish........................... 27.1 33.7 25.7 16.7 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 PCP......................................... NA 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in three of six forms to indicate that a ``drink'' meant ``more than a few sips.'' Data for 1993 and years after are based on all six forms which include this change. \2\ Other illicit drugs include hallucinogens, cocaine, and heroin, or any other opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers not prescribed by a doctor. NA-- Not available. Note.--A revised questionnaire was used in 1982 and later years to reduce the inappropriate reporting of nonprescription stimulants. This slightly reduced the positive responses for some types of drug use. Source: Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman (1996). TABLE G-23.--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sex, race and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races: Under 1 year................ 3,299.2 2,696.4 2,142.4 1,288.3 971.9 916.6 865.7 854.4 1-4 years................... 139.4 109.1 84.5 63.9 46.8 47.4 43.6 44.8 5-14 years.................. 60.1 46.6 41.3 30.6 24.0 23.6 22.5 23.4 15-24 years................. 128.1 106.3 127.7 115.4 99.2 100.1 95.6 98.5 White males: Under 1 year................ 3,400.5 2,694.1 2,113.2 1,230.3 896.1 860.3 780.9 773.0 1-4 years................... 135.5 104.9 83.6 66.1 45.9 45.5 42.6 42.9 5-14 years.................. 67.2 52.7 48.0 35.0 26.4 26.5 24.7 25.2 15-24 years................. 152.4 143.7 170.8 167.0 131.3 128.2 121.5 123.0 Black males: Under 1 year................ ........ 5,306.8 4,298.9 2,586.7 2,112.4 1,957.4 1,957.9 1,922.2 1-4 years................... ........ 208.5 150.5 110.5 85.8 88.4 77.6 86.1 5-14 years.................. 95.1 75.1 67.1 47.4 41.7 42.4 41.2 40.5 15-24 years................. 289.7 212.0 320.6 209.1 252.2 278.1 269.4 289.4 White females: Under 1 year................ 2,566.8 2,007.7 1,614.6 962.5 690.0 659.2 618.7 617.5 1-4 years................... 112.2 85.2 66.1 49.3 36.1 37.6 33.3 33.6 5-14 years.................. 45.1 34.7 29.9 22.9 17.9 17.2 16.2 17.3 15-24 years................. 71.5 54.9 61.6 55.5 45.9 46.6 43.9 44.4 Black females: Under 1 year................ ........ 4,162.2 3,368.8 2,123.7 1,735.5 1,580.8 1,609.7 1,543.2 1-4 years................... ........ 173.3 129.4 84.4 67.6 70.8 68.7 71.9 5-14 years.................. 72.2 53.8 43.8 30.5 27.5 25.8 26.0 29.5 15-24 years................. 213.1 107.5 111.9 70.5 68.7 72.6 67.8 73.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Death rates under 1 year (based on population estimates) differ from infant mortality rates (based on live births). Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-24. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race and age ------------------------------------------------------------ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age: Under 1 year..................................... 8.4 8.1 9.8 7.0 4.9 4.3 4.8 4.9 1-4 years........................................ 11.5 10.0 11.5 9.2 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.6 5-14 years....................................... 8.8 7.9 10.2 7.9 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.3 15-24 years...................................... 34.4 38.0 47.2 44.8 34.1 32.0 28.5 29.1 Race and sex (15-24 years): White male....................................... 58.3 62.7 75.2 73.8 52.5 48.3 42.3 43.8 Black male....................................... 41.6 46.4 58.1 34.9 36.1 35.0 32.4 34.3 White female..................................... 12.6 15.6 22.7 23.0 19.5 19.6 17.7 17.1 Black female..................................... 11.5 9.9 13.4 8.0 9.9 10.0 9.5 10.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-25. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 FOR HOMICIDE AND LEGAL INTERVENTION ACCORDING TO SEX, RACE AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race, and age ------------------------------------------------------------ 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1993 1994 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age: 5-14 years....................................... 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.5 15-24 years...................................... 6.3 5.9 11.7 15.6 19.9 22.2 23.4 22.6 Race and sex (15-24 years): White male....................................... 3.7 4.4 7.9 15.5 15.4 17.5 17.1 17.4 Black male....................................... 58.9 46.4 102.5 84.3 138.3 154.4 167.0 157.6 White female..................................... 1.3 1.5 2.7 4.7 4.0 4.1 4.2 3.9 Black female..................................... 16.5 11.9 17.7 18.4 18.9 18.4 22.0 18.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997, p. 98. TABLE G-26.--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY SUICIDE BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950- 94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race and age -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age: 5-14 years................. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.9 15-24 years................ 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.3 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.5 13.8 Race and sex (15-24 years): White male................. 6.6 8.6 13.9 21.4 23.2 23.0 22.7 23.1 24.1 Black male................. 4.9 4.1 10.5 12.3 15.1 16.4 18.0 20.1 20.6 White female............... 2.7 2.3 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.3 3.8 Black female............... 1.8 1.3 3.8 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.2 2.7 2.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service and U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997, p. 98. TABLE G-27.--MEAN SAT SCORES FOR COLLEGE-BOUND SENIORS, 1967-96 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Verbal Math Year ----------------------------------------------------- Males Females Total Males Females Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 \1\.................................................. 463 468 466 514 467 492 1968 \1\.................................................. 464 466 466 512 470 492 1969 \1\.................................................. 459 466 463 513 470 493 1970 \1\.................................................. 459 461 460 509 465 488 1971 \1\.................................................. 454 457 455 507 466 488 1972...................................................... 454 452 453 505 461 484 1973...................................................... 446 443 445 502 460 481 1974...................................................... 447 442 444 501 459 480 1975...................................................... 437 431 434 495 449 472 1976...................................................... 433 430 431 497 446 472 1977...................................................... 431 427 429 497 445 470 1978...................................................... 433 425 429 494 444 468 1979...................................................... 431 423 427 493 443 467 1980...................................................... 428 420 424 491 443 466 1981...................................................... 430 418 424 492 443 466 1982...................................................... 431 421 426 493 443 467 1983...................................................... 430 420 425 493 445 468 1984...................................................... 433 420 426 495 449 471 1985...................................................... 437 425 431 499 452 475 1986...................................................... 437 426 431 501 451 475 1987...................................................... 435 425 430 500 453 476 1988...................................................... 435 422 428 498 455 476 1989...................................................... 434 421 427 500 454 476 1990...................................................... 429 419 424 499 455 476 1991...................................................... 426 418 422 497 453 474 1992...................................................... 428 419 423 499 456 476 1993...................................................... 428 420 424 502 457 478 1994...................................................... 425 421 423 501 460 479 1995 \2\.................................................. 505 502 504 525 490 506 1996...................................................... 507 503 505 527 492 508 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The averages for 1967-71 are estimates. College-bound seniors' reports were not prepared in those years. \2\ In 1995 the College Board changed its method of weighting scores. Source: College Board (1995). TABLE G-28.--EVENT DROPOUT RATES FROM GRADES 10-12 BY SEX AND RACE, 1973-96 \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Black Hispanic \2\ Year ----------------------------------------------------------- Male Female Male Female Male Female ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1973................................................ 6.1 5.3 12.0 8.4 7.9 12.0 1974................................................ 7.0 5.1 10.8 12.2 12.5 7.2 1975................................................ 5.0 5.8 8.3 9.0 10.1 11.6 1976................................................ 6.3 5.0 8.5 6.2 7.3 6.8 1977................................................ 6.9 5.6 8.3 9.0 10.3 5.2 1978................................................ 6.9 5.3 11.0 9.7 15.6 8.5 1979................................................ 6.6 5.8 7.5 11.5 10.2 9.1 1980................................................ 6.4 4.9 8.0 8.5 16.9 6.9 1981................................................ 5.6 4.9 9.4 10.2 10.6 10.9 1982................................................ 5.3 4.9 9.0 6.5 9.5 9.0 1983................................................ 5.4 4.2 7.0 6.8 13.7 6.2 1984................................................ 5.3 4.6 6.2 5.3 12.2 10.1 1985................................................ 4.9 4.7 8.3 7.2 9.3 9.8 1986 \3\............................................ 4.2 4.1 5.0 4.6 11.7 12.4 1987 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.4 6.2 6.4 5.0 6.2 1988 \3\............................................ 5.1 4.3 6.7 6.0 12.3 8.4 1989 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.8 6.9 8.6 7.6 7.7 1990 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.5 4.1 6.0 8.7 7.2 1991 \3\............................................ 3.6 3.8 5.5 7.0 10.4 4.8 1992 \3\............................................ 3.8 4.4 3.3 6.7 5.8 8.6 1993 \3\............................................ 4.1 4.1 5.7 5.0 4.8 7.7 1994 \4\............................................ 4.6 4.9 6.5 5.7 8.4 10.1 1995................................................ 5.4 4.8 7.9 4.4 10.9 12.5 1996................................................ 4.8 4.1 4.6 7.8 9.2 7.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Event dropout rates measure the percentage of students who leave high school in a single year, without having completed a high school diploma. \2\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \3\ Numbers for these years reflect new editing procedures by the Bureau of the Census for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. \4\ The computer assisted survey instrument improved response rates. It was first used for the full sample in 1994. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996c). TABLE G-29.--HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION RATES FOR 18-24 YEAR OLDS, BY RACE/ ETHNICITY, 1972-95 [In percent] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Race/ethnicity \1\ -------------------------------- Year Total White non- Black non- Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1972........................ 82.8 86.0 72.1 56.2 1973........................ 83.7 87.0 71.6 58.7 1974........................ 83.6 86.7 73.0 60.1 1975........................ 83.8 87.2 70.2 62.2 1976........................ 83.5 86.4 73.5 60.3 1977........................ 83.6 86.7 73.9 58.6 1978........................ 83.6 86.9 73.4 58.8 1979........................ 83.1 86.6 72.6 58.5 1980........................ 83.9 87.5 75.2 57.1 1981........................ 83.8 87.1 76.7 59.1 1982........................ 83.8 87.0 76.4 60.9 1983........................ 83.9 87.4 76.8 59.4 1984........................ 84.7 87.5 80.3 63.7 1985........................ 85.4 88.2 81.0 66.6 1986........................ 85.5 88.8 81.8 63.5 1987 \2\.................... 84.7 87.7 81.9 65.1 1988 \2\.................... 84.5 88.7 80.9 58.2 1989 \2\.................... 84.7 89.0 81.9 59.4 1990 \2\.................... 85.6 89.6 83.2 59.1 1991 \2\.................... 84.9 89.4 82.5 56.5 1992 \2\ \3\................ 86.4 90.7 82.0 62.1 1993 \2\ \3\................ 86.2 90.1 81.9 64.4 1994 \2\ \3\ \4\............ 85.8 90.7 83.3 61.8 1995........................ 85.3 89.8 84.5 62.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Not shown separately are non-Hispanics who are neither black nor white, but who are included in the total. \2\ Revisions in edits were instituted by the Bureau of the Census this year for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. \3\ Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment item in the Current Population Survey (CPS). \4\ Numbers in this year may reflect changes in CPS due to newly instituted computer assisted interviewing and/or due to the change in the population controls used this year to adjust for the 1990 Census- based estimates. Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1996) and U.S. Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. TABLE G-30.--TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1979, 1989, AND 1995 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Poor \1\ Nonpoor \1\ Total Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1979 1989 1995 1979 1989 1995 1979 1989 1995 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of families (in thousands)............................ 2,458 3,434 3,874 3,729 4,431 5,370 6,187 7,865 9,244 Family characteristics: Percent never-married.................................... 26.0 37.3 43.1 10.2 17.6 22.0 16.5 26.2 30.8 Percent with head age 15-19.............................. 3.9 2.9 2.2 0.4 0.3 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.6 Percent with head age 20-29.............................. 36.4 37.3 34.2 21.7 17.3 16.0 27.6 26.0 23.7 Percent with head 30 and over............................ 59.6 59.8 63.6 77.8 82.3 82.9 70.6 72.5 74.8 Percent white non-Hispanic \2\........................... 43.1 42.6 40.3 69.4 64.1 64.2 59.0 54.7 54.2 Percent black non-Hispanic............................... 44.9 42.0 39.8 24.7 27.6 25.0 32.7 33.9 31.2 Percent Hispanic......................................... 12.0 15.4 20.0 5.9 8.4 10.7 8.3 11.4 14.6 Average family size...................................... 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.2 Percent with income from: Earnings \3\............................................. 49.7 49.0 55.3 94.8 96.2 95.9 76.9 75.6 78.9 OASDI, railroad retirement............................... 12.6 10.8 11.0 21.5 16.3 14.7 18.0 13.9 13.2 Pensions................................................. 1.1 1.7 0.9 4.4 5.8 4.7 3.0 4.0 3.1 UC and other compensation................................ 6.3 4.7 5.8 14.9 11.3 9.4 11.5 8.4 7.9 AFDC, SSI, general assistance............................ 65.0 60.9 59.1 18.2 11.0 14.4 36.8 32.8 33.2 Child support, alimony................................... 18.6 26.9 31.9 44.0 45.5 48.2 33.9 37.4 41.4 Interest, dividends \3\.................................. 13.4 11.2 13.1 53.6 53.5 52.5 37.6 35.0 36.0 Food stamps.............................................. 67.2 66.5 68.0 16.6 10.4 14.9 36.7 34.9 37.1 Housing assistance....................................... 21.6 29.9 32.4 6.0 6.0 7.5 12.2 16.4 17.9 Percent of total income from: Earnings \3\............................................. 24.8 27.8 32.0 74.2 79.1 78.8 64.9 69.7 70.4 OASDI, railroad retirement............................... 5.7 5.9 5.8 6.8 4.6 4.1 6.6 4.8 4.4 Pensions................................................. 0.4 0.6 0.3 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.5 UC and other compensation................................ 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.1 1.1 AFDC, SSI, general assistance............................ 38.1 32.9 27.5 3.8 1.5 2.5 10.2 7.3 7.1 Child support, alimony................................... 4.8 5.8 6.8 8.1 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.5 Interest, dividends \3\.................................. 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.9 3.4 3.0 2.4 2.9 2.5 Food stamps \4\.......................................... 16.5 16.5 17.0 0.9 0.4 0.7 3.8 3.4 3.7 Housing assistance \4\................................... 8.0 9.2 8.8 0.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 1.9 1.8 Mean income per family member \5\ (1994 dollars)............. $2,758 $2,646 $2,842 $9,133 $10,393 $10,781 $6,387 $6,826 $7,114 Percent with 50 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\.............................................. 58.8 55.2 51.6 4.5 1.6 3.1 26.1 25.0 23.4 Percent with 90 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\.............................................. 39.0 37.4 30.5 1.3 0.4 0.7 16.3 16.6 13.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Based on official Census Bureau poverty levels. \2\ Includes ``other races.'' \3\ Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. \4\ The cash values of food stamps and housing assistance were estimated using their market values. Their cash values are excluded from total income for purposes of determining poverty status. Cash values of food stamps and housing assistance are included in total income for calculating the percentage share of total income. \5\ Includes cash values of food stamps and housing assistance and includes negative incomes (i.e., losses). Mean income converted to 1992 dollars using the CPI-X price index. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on data from annual March Current Population Surveys. TABLE G-31.--PERCENT OF MALE-PRESENT FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN WITH INCOME FROM VARIOUS SOURCES, BY THE RATIO OF TOTAL INCOME TO THE POVERTY THRESHOLD,\1\ 1995 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ratio of total income to poverty threshold ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.00 Poor Nonpoor Total Under 0.50-0.74 0.75-0.99 1.00-1.24 1.25-1.49 1.50-1.99 2.00-2.99 and 0.50 over -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of families (in thousands)......... 630 821 906 1,085 1,304 2,813 5,830 14,644 2,357 25,676 28,033 Earnings \2\.............................. 68.5 82.4 91.8 94.9 96.9 98.4 99.5 99.8 82.3 99.2 97.8 OASDI, railroad retirement................ 5.3 12.4 10.0 11.6 10.3 9.0 7.6 4.8 9.6 6.5 6.7 Pensions.................................. 1.4 2.0 0.5 1.5 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.7 1.3 4.2 4.0 Unemployment compensation, workers' compensation, veterans payments.......... 9.6 13.9 13.9 16.5 17.6 15.1 13.3 11.0 12.8 12.6 12.6 AFDC, SSI, general assistance............. 27.0 31.2 16.9 16.7 11.5 8.2 4.6 1.2 24.6 3.9 5.7 Child support, alimony.................... 7.5 12.5 13.7 17.0 16.5 16.0 16.2 15.6 11.6 15.9 15.5 Interest, dividends \2\................... 16.2 18.1 24.2 30.7 38.2 48.5 63.0 86.3 19.9 72.1 67.7 Food stamps............................... 42.5 52.9 34.0 28.4 17.0 8.3 3.0 0.5 42.8 3.9 7.2 Housing assistance........................ 11.2 11.3 6.8 7.9 4.0 3.0 1.5 0.2 9.6 1.3 2.0 Family characteristics: Percent with head age 15-19........... 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.2 0.2 0.3 Percent with head age 20-29........... 21.4 24.5 27.9 24.6 21.8 19.9 15.7 7.2 25.0 12.0 13.1 Percent with head age 30 and over..... 76.7 74.3 71.4 74.4 77.5 80.0 84.2 92.7 73.8 87.8 86.7 Percent white non-Hispanic............ 55.5 57.4 57.9 60.4 61.8 72.5 81.0 88.3 57.1 82.4 80.2 Percent black non-Hispanic............ 12.6 12.2 10.5 14.8 11.6 10.0 9.3 6.7 11.6 8.3 8.5 Percent Hispanic...................... 31.9 30.5 31.7 24.8 26.6 17.5 9.8 5.0 31.3 9.4 11.2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Based on official Census Bureau poverty levels. \2\ Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. \3\ Includes ``other races.'' Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on data from annual March Current Population Surveys. TABLE G-32.--NUMBERS, PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND RATES OF CHILDREN BELOW POVERTY, \1\ BY RACE, 1974-95 [Numbers in thousands] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number Rate Year --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Black White Hispanic \2\ Total Black White Hispanic \2\ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1974...................................................... 10,156 3,755 6,223 NA 15.4 39.8 11.2 NA 1975...................................................... 11,104 3,925 6,927 NA 17.1 41.7 12.7 NA 1976...................................................... 10,273 3,787 6,189 1,443 16.0 40.6 11.6 30.2 1977...................................................... 10,288 3,888 6,097 1,422 16.2 41.8 11.6 28.3 1978...................................................... 9,931 3,830 5,831 1,384 15.9 41.5 11.3 27.6 1979...................................................... 10,377 3,833 6,193 1,535 16.4 41.2 11.8 28.0 1980...................................................... 11,543 3,961 7,181 1,749 18.3 42.3 13.9 33.2 1981...................................................... 12,505 4,237 7,785 1,925 20.0 45.2 15.2 35.8 1982...................................................... 13,647 4,472 8,678 2,181 21.9 47.6 17.0 39.4 1983...................................................... 13,911 4,398 8,862 2,312 22.3 46.7 17.5 38.1 1984...................................................... 13,420 4,413 8,472 2,376 21.5 46.5 16.7 39.2 1985...................................................... 13,010 4,157 8,253 2,606 20.7 43.6 16.2 40.3 1986...................................................... 12,876 4,148 8,209 2,507 20.5 43.1 16.1 37.7 1987 \3\.................................................. 12,843 4,385 7,788 2,670 20.3 45.1 15.3 39.3 1988...................................................... 12,455 4,296 7,435 2,631 19.5 43.5 14.5 37.6 1989...................................................... 12,590 4,375 7,599 2,603 19.6 43.7 14.8 36.2 1990...................................................... 13,431 4,550 8,232 2,865 20.6 44.8 15.9 38.4 1991...................................................... 14,341 4,755 8,848 3,094 21.8 45.9 16.8 40.4 1992 \4\.................................................. 15,294 5,106 9,399 3,637 22.3 46.6 17.4 40.0 1993...................................................... 15,727 5,125 9,752 3,873 22.7 46.1 17.8 40.9 1994...................................................... 15,289 4,906 9,346 4,075 21.8 43.8 16.9 41.5 1995...................................................... 14,665 4,761 8,981 4,080 20.8 41.9 16.2 40.0 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes all persons under 18 below the poverty level, including unrelated children. \2\ Hispanic origin may be of any race; this category is not exclusive. \3\ The 1987 numbers have been revised. \4\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, series P-60. TABLE G-33.--COMPOSITION OF CHILD POVERTY POPULATION BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966-95 [Numbers in thousands] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Female head Male present Year Total poor -------------------------------------------------- Percent of -------------------------------------------------- Percent of Nonwhite White Hispanic \1\ Total total Nonwhite White Hispanic \1\ Total total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1966.................................................... 12,146 2,150 2,112 NA 4,262 35.1 2,792 5,092 NA 7,884 64.9 1967.................................................... 11,427 2,316 1,930 NA 4,246 37.2 2,382 4,799 NA 7,181 62.8 1968.................................................... 10,739 2,334 2,075 NA 4,409 41.1 2,032 4,298 NA 6,330 58.9 1969.................................................... 9,500 2,179 2,068 NA 4,247 44.7 1,655 3,598 NA 5,253 55.3 1970.................................................... 10,235 2,442 2,247 NA 4,689 45.8 1,651 3,891 NA 5,546 54.2 1971.................................................... 10,344 2,398 2,452 NA 4,850 46.9 1,605 3,889 NA 5,494 53.1 1972.................................................... 10,082 2,821 2,273 NA 5,094 50.5 1,477 3,511 NA 4,988 49.5 1973.................................................... 9,453 2,710 2,461 606 5,171 54.7 1,281 3,001 758 4,282 45.3 1974.................................................... 9,966 2,678 2,683 621 5,361 53.8 1,209 3,396 793 4,605 46.2 1975.................................................... 10,881 2,784 2,813 694 5,597 51.4 1,350 3,394 925 5,284 48.6 1976.................................................... 10,080 2,870 2,713 636 5,583 55.4 1,176 3,321 789 4,497 44.6 1977.................................................... 10,029 2,965 2,693 686 5,658 56.4 1,121 3,250 716 4,371 43.6 1978.................................................... 9,722 3,060 2,627 663 5,687 58.5 988 3,047 692 4,035 41.5 1979.................................................... 9,993 3,006 2,629 668 5,635 56.4 1,079 3,279 837 4,358 43.6 1980.................................................... 11,114 3,053 2,813 809 5,866 52.8 1,244 4,004 909 5,248 47.2 1981.................................................... 12,069 3,185 3,120 909 6,305 52.2 1,455 4,309 966 5,764 47.8 1982.................................................... 13,139 3,447 3,249 990 6,696 51.0 1,411 5,032 1,127 6,443 49.0 1983.................................................... 13,427 3,359 3,388 1,018 6,747 50.2 1,534 5,146 1,233 6,680 49.8 1984.................................................... 12,929 3,395 3,377 1,093 6,772 52.4 1,448 4,709 1,223 6,157 47.6 1985.................................................... 12,483 3,344 3,372 1,247 6,716 53.8 1,300 4,467 1,266 5,767 46.2 1986.................................................... 12,257 3,421 3,522 1,194 6,943 56.6 1,121 4,192 1,219 5,313 43.3 1987.................................................... 12,435 3,600 3,474 1,241 7,074 56.9 1,285 4,076 1,390 5,361 43.1 1987 \2\................................................ 12,275 3,586 3,433 1,250 7,019 57.2 1,291 3,966 1,356 5,257 42.8 1988.................................................... 11,935 3,530 3,424 1,294 6,954 58.3 1,310 3,671 1,282 4,981 41.7 1989.................................................... 12,001 3,553 3,255 1,158 6,808 56.7 1,285 3,908 1,338 5,193 43.3 1990.................................................... 12,715 3,766 3,597 1,314 7,363 57.9 1,253 4,098 1,437 5,352 42.1 1991.................................................... 13,658 4,125 3,941 1,398 8,065 59.1 1,217 4,376 1,579 5,593 40.9 1992 \3\................................................ 14,521 4,408 3,960 1,504 8,368 57.6 1,361 4,792 1,936 6,153 42.4 1993.................................................... 14,961 4,401 4,102 1,673 8,503 56.8 1,437 5,021 1,993 6,458 43.2 1994.................................................... 14,610 4,328 4,099 1,804 8,427 57.7 1,456 4,727 2,152 6,183 42.3 1995.................................................... 13,999 4,313 4,051 1,872 8,364 59.7 1,212 4,423 2,066 5,635 40.3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \2\ Revised. \3\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Note.--Includes only related children in families. 1987 revised through 1991 estimates are not comparable to prior years due to processing changes in the CPS. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60. TABLE G-34.--POVERTY RATE OF CHILDREN BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female head Male present Year Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Black White Hispanic \1\ Total Black White Hispanic \1\ Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966........................ 17.4 76.6 46.9 NA 58.2 39.9 9.2 NA 12.6 1967........................ 16.3 72.4 42.1 NA 54.3 35.3 8.7 NA 11.5 1968........................ 15.3 70.5 44.4 NA 55.2 29.8 7.8 NA 10.2 1969........................ 13.8 68.2 45.2 NA 54.4 25.0 6.7 NA 8.6 1970........................ 14.9 67.7 43.1 NA 53.0 26.0 7.3 NA 9.2 1971........................ 15.1 66.6 44.6 NA 53.1 25.5 7.4 NA 9.3 1972........................ 14.9 69.5 41.1 NA 53.1 24.1 6.8 NA 8.6 1973........................ 14.2 67.2 42.1 68.7 52.1 21.7 6.0 18.8 7.6 1974........................ 15.1 65.0 42.9 64.3 51.5 20.0 6.9 20.0 8.7 1975........................ 16.8 66.0 44.2 68.4 52.7 22.1 8.2 23.8 9.8 1976........................ 15.8 65.6 42.7 67.3 52.0 19.4 7.1 20.8 8.5 1977........................ 16.0 65.7 40.3 68.6 50.3 19.9 7.1 17.9 8.5 1978........................ 15.7 66.4 39.9 68.9 50.6 17.6 6.8 17.2 7.9 1979........................ 16.0 63.1 38.6 62.2 48.6 18.7 7.3 19.2 8.5 1980........................ 17.9 64.8 41.6 65.0 50.8 20.3 9.0 22.9 10.4 1981........................ 19.5 67.7 42.8 67.3 52.3 23.4 10.0 24.5 11.6 1982........................ 21.3 70.7 46.5 71.8 56.0 24.1 11.6 27.8 13.0 1983........................ 21.8 68.3 47.1 70.6 55.4 23.7 12.0 27.2 13.5 1984........................ 21.0 66.2 45.9 71.0 54.0 24.3 11.0 27.5 12.5 1985........................ 20.1 66.9 45.2 72.4 53.6 18.8 10.4 27.4 11.7 1986........................ 19.8 67.1 46.3 66.7 54.4 17.0 9.8 25.8 10.8 1987........................ 20.0 68.3 45.8 70.1 54.7 19.8 9.5 28.3 10.9 1987 \2\.................... 19.7 66.9 45.0 69.8 53.7 19.1 9.3 27.7 10.6 1988........................ 19.0 64.7 44.9 69.6 52.9 18.7 8.5 25.4 10.0 1989........................ 19.0 63.1 42.5 64.3 51.1 20.3 9.1 25.5 10.4 1990........................ 19.9 64.7 45.9 68.4 53.4 19.3 9.5 26.7 10.7 1991........................ 21.1 68.2 47.1 68.6 55.5 17.3 10.1 29.1 11.1 1992 \3\.................... 21.6 67.1 45.9 65.9 54.6 19.4 10.3 29.6 11.8 1993........................ 22.0 65.9 45.6 66.1 53.7 19.5 11.3 29.9 12.4 1994........................ 21.2 63.2 45.7 68.3 52.9 17.7 10.4 30.8 11.7 1995........................ 20.2 61.6 42.5 65.7 50.3 14.4 9.8 28.8 10.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \2\ Revised. \3\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Note.--Data are number per 100. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60. TABLE G-35.--NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 AND FROM 6 TO 17 YEARS AND THEIR POVERTY RATES, 1966-95 [Numbers in thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Total Total Total number of Poverty number of Poverty number of number poor rate of poor rate of Year children under 6 children children children 6- children under 18 (thousands) under 6 under 6 17 years 6-17 (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) years ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966................................... 70,218 23,779 4,304 18.1 8,085 17.4 1967................................... 70,408 23,171 4,055 17.5 7,601 16.1 1968................................... 70,385 22,249 3,659 16.6 7,295 15.2 1969................................... 69,090 21,681 3,361 15.5 6,330 13.4 1970................................... 69,159 21,556 3,601 16.7 6,839 14.4 1971................................... 68,816 20,898 3,579 17.1 6,972 14.5 1972................................... 67,930 20,510 3,388 16.5 6,896 14.5 1973................................... 66,959 20,043 3,204 16.0 6,438 13.7 1974................................... 66,134 19,887 3,361 16.9 6,795 14.7 1975................................... 65,079 19,353 3,522 18.2 7,582 16.6 1976................................... 64,028 18,971 3,358 17.7 6,915 15.3 1977................................... 63,137 18,518 3,426 18.5 6,862 15.4 1978................................... 62,311 18,789 3,344 17.8 6,587 15.1 1979................................... 63,375 19,012 3,479 18.3 6,898 15.5 1980................................... 62,914 19,974 4,054 20.3 7,489 17.4 1981................................... 62,449 20,396 4,487 22.0 8,018 19.1 1982................................... 62,345 20,789 4,899 23.6 8,748 21.1 1983................................... 62,334 21,039 5,302 25.0 8,609 20.8 1984................................... 62,447 21,196 5,066 23.9 8,354 20.3 1985................................... 62,876 21,526 4,951 23.0 8,059 19.5 1986................................... 62,948 21,656 4,796 22.1 8,080 19.6 1987................................... 63,290 21,860 4,984 22.8 7,979 19.3 1988 (revised)......................... 63,747 22,232 4,957 22.3 7,499 18.1 1989................................... 64,144 22,505 5,071 22.5 7,518 18.1 1990................................... 65,049 22,937 5,412 23.6 8,019 19.0 1991................................... 65,918 23,206 5,702 24.6 8,639 20.2 1992 \1\............................... 68,440 24,070 6,360 26.4 8,934 20.1 1993................................... 69,292 24,219 6,352 26.5 9,375 20.8 1994................................... 70,020 24,265 6,093 25.1 9,196 20.1 1995................................... 70,566 24,184 5,821 24.1 8,844 19.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 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