HOW EFFECTIVE IS CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT? Since the inception of the Federal-State child support program in 1975, there appears to have been growing public awareness of the problem of nonpayment of child support and increased willingness by taxpayers to spend money trying to improve child support enforcement. As measured either by expenditures or total collections, the Federal-State program has grown about tenfold since 1978. To the extent that private arrangements fail to ensure child support payments, our laws and, increasingly, our practices bring child support cases into the public domain. In view of these quite remarkable changes in law and practice, it seems useful to provide a broad assessment of the performance of the Nation's child support system in general and of the IV-D program in particular. Impact on Taxpayers One useful measure of the Federal-State program is the impact of collections on TANF costs. As outlined above, States retain and split with the Federal Government collections from parents whose children are on TANF. In addition, States can often retain part of collections from parents whose children were on TANF in the past as repayment for taxpayer-provided TANF benefits. As shown in table 8-1 above, TANF collections have in fact been rising every year since 1978, growing from less than $0.5 billion in that year to nearly $2.9 billion in 1996. Equally important, the child support agencies collected a level of payments on behalf of TANF parents that equalled 15.5 percent of all TANF benefits in 1995. This figure, which has been rising every year since 1980, seems especially impressive in view of the fact that even if States could collect all of the child support due, it would not be possible for some States to recover 100 percent of TANF benefits because TANF benefit payments usually exceed child support award levels. Of course, it will be recalled that despite this impressive rise in TANF collections and cost offset, the overall impact of the child support program on taxpayers is negative. As shown in table 8-5, taxpayers lost over $0.7 billion on the program in 1996, although the loss has dropped from its peak of $853 in 1995. The rise of TANF collections and cost offset ratios suggests that with reform, the child support program could become more efficient. Impact on Poverty Another good measure of child support performance is the impact of collections on poverty. In 1991, 1.26 million (24 percent) of the 5.3 million women and men rearing children alone who were supposed to receive child support payments had incomes below the poverty level. If full payment had been made to these custodial parents and if none of these families had received welfare payments, only 140,000 of them would have received enough income from child support payments to put them above the poverty level (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995, pp. 7 & 26). Thus, the potential of child support to greatly reduce poverty appears to be modest. Of course, if the child support program could obtain orders and collect support for a substantial fraction of the additional 5.3 million single parents who don't even have an award, the antipoverty impact of child support could be increased somewhat. Despite the modest impact of child support on poverty, many families on welfare have received enough of a financial boost from child support payments that they were able to leave the rolls. In 1995, 294,000 families with child support collections, representing about 6 percent of the welfare caseload, became ineligible for AFDC. Similarly, about 3 percent of families in the non-AFDC child support program were lifted out of poverty by child support payments. This 3 percent figure is more impressive than it appears at first because a substantial fraction of the non-AFDC caseload had incomes above the poverty level before receiving any child support payments. For most of these nonpoor families, incomes and standards of living were improved by child support payments. Presumably, even poor families that received child support but remained in poverty had their standard of living improved by the child support payments. Impact on National Child Support Payments Perhaps the most important measure of the Federal-State program is its impact on overall national rates of paying child support. Although the original intent of Congress in creating the child support program was primarily to offset welfare payments, both Congress and the American public have come to see the program as a means of improving the Nation's system of ensuring that parents who no longer live with their children continue to provide for their financial support. An examination of whether the IV-D program has had an impact on national child support payments must begin with an assessment of the record of noncustodial parents in paying child support. The U.S. Census Bureau periodically collects national survey information on child support. By interviewing a random sample of single-parent families, the Census Bureau is able to generate a host of numbers that can be used to assess the performance of noncustodial parents in paying child support. Table 8-7 provides detailed information for 1993, the most recent year for which national data are available, on child support payments by fathers to families headed by mothers. Although the 1993 survey like the 1991 survey included custodial fathers, the following discussion is focused solely on custodial mothers. Several points bear emphasis, the most important of which is that many female-headed families do not receive child support. As shown in the top panel of table 8-7, of the 11.5 million female-headed families eligible for support, only 60 percent even had a support award. Most observers would say that a major failure of the Nation's child support system is that entirely too many mothers do not have a child support award. Of the 5.9 million mothers who do have an award and who were supposed to receive payments in 1993, 71 percent actually received at least one payment. However, as shown in tables appended to this chapter, only about half of those due money actually received everything that was due. So in addition to its failure to get orders for a significant percentage of mothers, critics assert that a second failure of the child support system is that a large proportion of the money owed is not paid. Table 8-7, which also summarizes child support information by ethnic group, by years of schooling, and by poverty level, suggests a number of interesting and important features of child support payments. White mothers are more likely to have a support order than black or Hispanic mothers (65 percent versus about 50 percent for blacks and 41 percent for Hispanics). Similarly, mothers with a college degree have a 73 percent chance of having an order as compared with 48 percent for high school dropouts and 60 percent for high school graduates. As for payments, white mothers receive over $3,400 per year on average as compared with around only $2,100 for black mothers and $2,700 for Hispanic mothers. College graduates receive $4,800 per year in support as compared with $1,700 and $2,800 for high school dropouts and graduates respectively. Clearly, mothers who are already financially worse off get less from child support than mothers who are financially better off. This generalization is made especially clear by two further pieces of information depicted in the table. First, never-married mothers, one of the poorest demographic groups in the Nation, are less likely to have an award than divorced mothers (44 percent versus 73 percent); even never-married mothers who actually receive support get considerably less than divorced mothers ($1,700 versus $3,600). Second, as shown by the data at the bottom of the table, poor mothers are less likely to have orders and receive less money than nonpoor mothers. Table 8-8 shows similar data for the award of TABLE 8-7.--CHILD SUPPORT PAYMENTS AWARDED AND RECEIVED BY WOMEN WITH CHILDREN PRESENT, BY SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS, 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Supposed to receive child support in 1993 Percent ---------------------------------------- Total awarded Received support in 1993 Characteristics of women (thousands) child --------------------------- support Total Mean payments \1\ (thousands) Percent child Mean support income ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL WOMEN Current marital status: Married \2\............................. 2,408 70.5 1,547 74.3 $3,088 $17,538 Divorced................................ 3,813 73.3 2,488 75.7 3,632 21,760 Separated............................... 1,725 49.1 654 66.4 3,528 17,723 Widowed \3\............................. 126 42.1 38 55.3 (\5\) (\5\) Never married........................... 3,398 43.6 1,177 59.6 1,738 10,689 Race and Hispanic origin: White................................... 7,798 64.7 4,381 74.7 3,439 19,721 Black................................... 328.1 49.8 1,345 60.8 2,055 12,785 Hispanic origin \4\..................... 1,455 41.1 507 65.5 2,732 14,829 Years of school completed: Less than high school graduate.......... 2,529 48.4 1,025 62.7 1,675 8,320 High school graduate or GED............. 4,273 60.3 2,161 70.7 2,797 15,053 Some college, no degree................. 2,688 62.6 1,504 73.3 3,548 19,363 Associate degree........................ 821 66.1 466 69.3 3,263 23,089 Bachelors degree or more................ 1,150 73.0 747 79.7 4,831 32,849 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Total............................... 11,470 59.9 5,903 71.0 3,147 18,301 =================================================================== WOMEN BELOW POVERTY Current marital status: Married \2\............................. 299 55.5 148 65.5 1,224 5,318 Divorced................................ 1,135 69.7 691 71.1 2,360 6,851 Separated............................... 838 46.2 287 62.7 2,713 6,025 Widowed................................. 63 23.8 10 40.0 (\5\) (\5\) Never married \3\....................... 1,894 44.3 654 59.8 1,526 5,298 Race: White................................... 2,371 57.0 1,109 68.3 2,266 6,177 Black................................... 1,716 46.3 634 60.1 1,580 5,851 Hispanic origin \4\..................... 698 37.7 203 69.0 1,925 6,242 ------------------------------------------------------------------- Total............................... 4,230 52.0 1,790 65.0 2,034 6,087 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Award status as of spring 1994. \2\ Remarried women whose previous marriage ended in divorce. \3\ Widowed women whose previous marriage ended in divorce. \4\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \5\ Sample too small to produce reliable estimate. Note.--Women with own children under 21 years of age present from an absent father as of spring 1994. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997. Forthcoming report: child support for custodial mothers and fathers: 1993. Current Population Reports. (Advance copy of preliminary data furnished to CRS.) TABLE 8-8.--CHILD SUPPORT AWARD STATUS AND INCLUSION OF HEALTH INSURANCE IN AWARD, BY SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF WOMEN, 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Supposed to receive child support payments in 1993 ---------------------------------------- Health insurance included Characteristic Total in child support award (thousands) Total --------------------------- (thousands) Percent of Number total (thousands) awarded ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Current marital status: \1\ Remarried \2\......................................... 1,839 1,278 881 68.9 Divorced.............................................. 3,813 2,488 1,719 69.1 Separated............................................. 1,725 654 334 51.1 Never married......................................... 3,398 1,177 474 40.3 Race and Hispanic origin: White................................................. 7,798 4,381 2,898 66.1 Black................................................. 3,281 1,345 568 42.2 Hispanic \3\.......................................... 1,455 507 223 44.0 Age: 15-17 years........................................... 99 25 11 44.0 18-29 years........................................... 3,445 1,451 723 49.8 30-39 years........................................... 5,022 2,852 1,729 60.6 40 years and over..................................... 2,904 1,576 1,100 69.8 Years of school completed: Less than high school graduate........................ 2,539 1,025 423 41.3 High school graduate or GED........................... 4,273 2,161 1,292 59.8 Some college, no degree............................... 2,688 1,504 979 65.1 Associate degree...................................... 821 466 302 64.8 Bachelors degree or more.............................. 1,150 747 566 75.8 Number of own children present from an absent father: One child............................................. 6,398 2,952 1,882 63.8 Two children.......................................... 3,299 1,982 1,179 59.5 Three children........................................ 1,225 699 388 55.5 Four children or more................................. 549 270 114 42.2 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 11,470 5,903 3,562 60.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Excludes a small number of current widowed women whose previous marriage ended in divorce. \2\ Remarried women whose previous marriage ended in divorce. \3\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Note.--Women 15 years and older with own children under 21 years of age present from absent fathers as of spring 1994. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1997. health insurance. While demonstrating that 60 percent of all mothers have health insurance included in their award, the table also shows that the probability of health insurance coverage is greatly reduced for never-married women, black and Hispanic women, and women with less schooling. Table 8-9, which summarizes several child support measures for selected years between 1978 and 1993, complements and extends the conclusions drawn from the 1993 data. \4\ More specifically, the pattern of poor women being less likely to have an order and receive support is nothing new; the years since 1978 show no change in this pattern. Overall, the percentage of mothers with an award is only slightly higher than in 1978, the percentage that actually receive any payment is only slightly higher, and the aggregate payments have grown less rapidly than the number of demographically eligible mothers. Table 8-9 shows that while a slightly higher percentage of women were awarded child support (60 percent in 1993 versus 59 percent in 1978), a significantly smaller percentage of women received full payment (18 percent in 1993 versus 24 percent in 1978). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- \4\ The Census Bureau changed its interview procedures before obtaining the 1991 data. Specifically, Census asked whether adults had any children under age 21 in their household who had a parent living elsewhere. This question may have excluded some mothers who would have answered the child support questions in previous surveys. In the interviews for the years 1978 through 1989, all never-married mothers were asked the child support questions. Because of this and other differences in procedure, the Census Bureau recommends ``extreme caution'' (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1995, p. 40) in comparing data from the 1992 interview with data from previous interviews. We present the data from all the surveys and recommend that readers draw their own conclusions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- In summary, it appears that the performance of the Nation's child support system is modest and that few if any of the measures of national performance have improved in nearly two decades. By contrast, as shown at the beginning of this chapter (see table 8-1), the Federal-State child support program has shown improved performance on a number of important measures virtually every year since 1978. To promote comparison of performance changes in the IV-D program with overall national trends in child support performance, table 8-10 summarizes several measures from both the IV-D program as revealed in reports from the Federal Office of Child Support Enforcement and the national system of child support as revealed in U.S. Census Bureau Surveys. The data are surprising and, at first, confusing. As shown in the top panel, the Federal-State program is showing impressive improvement on every measure. Total collections, parents located, paternities established, and awards established are all up by over 200 percent since 1978. By contrast, the measures of overall national trends show little improvement. In fact, the likelihood of having an award, being legally entitled to a payment, and the percentage of those with an award who received at least one payment have been stagnant. Moreover, the percentage of mothers who received the full amount due has decreased significantly, from 49 to 35 percent. On the other hand, total collections increased by about 31 percent. This increase, however, is dwarfed by the 271 percent increase in IV-D collections. The increase must also be interpreted in view of the fact that the number of single mothers demographically eligible for child support increased by 62 percent over the same period. TABLE 8-9.--CHILD SUPPORT PAYMENTS FOR ALL WOMEN, WOMEN ABOVE THE POVERTY LEVEL, AND WOMEN BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL, SELECTED YEARS 1978-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Category of women 1978 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 \3\ 1993 \4\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All women: Total (in thousands)........ 7,094 8,387 8,690 8,808 9,415 9,955 9,918 11,470 Percent awarded \1\......... 59.1 59.2 57.7 61.3 59.0 57.7 55.9 59.9 Percent actually received payment.................... 34.6 34.6 34.9 36.8 39.0 37.4 38.1 36.5 Percent received full payment.................... 23.6 22.5 23.2 24.0 26.3 25.6 25.7 17.8 Women above poverty level: Total (in thousands)........ 5,121 5,821 5,792 6,011 6,224 6,749 6,405 7,240 Percent awarded \1\......... 67.3 67.9 65.3 71.0 66.5 64.6 65.2 64.6 Percent actually received payment.................... 41.1 41.4 42.6 44.1 44.8 43.1 45.9 41.8 Women below poverty level: Total (in thousands)........ 1,973 2,566 2,898 2,797 3,191 3,206 3,513 4,230 Percent awarded \1\......... 38.1 39.7 42.5 40.4 44.3 43.3 38.9 52.0 Percent actually received payment.................... 17.8 19.3 19.6 21.3 27.7 25.4 24.1 27.5 Aggregate payment (in billions of dollars): \2\ Child support due........... 15.5 16.0 14.7 14.7 18.6 19.1 18.8 21.4 Child support received...... 10.1 9.8 10.3 9.7 12.8 13.1 12.6 13.2 Aggregate child support deficit.................... 5.4 6.1 4.4 5.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 8.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Award status as of spring 1979, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1992 and 1994. \2\ In fiscal year 1993 dollars based on Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers. \3\ Data for 1991 are not directly compatible with data from other years because of refinements to the survey universe. \4\ Data for 1993 are not directly compatible with data from other years because of changes to survey questions. Note.--Payments for women with own children under age 21. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1995, 1997). TABLE 8-10.--COMPARISON OF MEASURES OF IV-D EFFECTIVENESS WITH CENSUS CHILD SUPPORT DATA, 1978-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Percent Measure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- change, 1978 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 \1\ 1993 \1\ 1978-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Federal-State IV-D Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total collections (1993 dollars, in billions) \2\............. 2.4 2.6 2.9 3.6 5.0 6.1 7.3 8.9 271 Parents located (thousands)................................... 454 696 831 878 1,145 1,624 2,577 3,777 732 Paternities established (thousands)........................... 111 164 208 232 269 339 472 554 399 Awards established (thousands)................................ 315 414 496 669 812 936 \3\ 821 1,026 226 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- National Trends ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total collections (1993 dollars, in billions) \2\............. 10.1 9.8 10.3 9.7 12.8 13.1 12.6 13.2 31 Of demographically eligible: Percent with awards....................................... 59 59 58 61 59 58 56 60 2 Percent supposed to receive payment....................... 48 48 46 50 51 50 49 51 6 Percent who received some payment......................... 35 35 35 37 39 37 38 37 6 Of mothers supposed to receive payment, percent who received full amount.................................................. 49 47 50 48 51 51 52 35 29 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV-D Collections as a Percentage of National Collections ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- IV-D collections as a percent of total collections............ 24 27 28 37 39 47 58 67 179 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The Census Bureau collected data on custodial fathers for the first time for 1991; only the data on custodial mothers is included here. \2\ Constant fiscal year 1993 dollars using the Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers. \3\ The definition of support orders established changed in 1991. Note.--Demographically eligible means women with own children under 21 years of age living with them from an absent father. Sources: Office of Child Support Enforcement, Annual Reports to Congress, 1994 and various years; U.S. Bureau of the Census (1981, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1995, and 1997). Clearly, although the IV-D program has been growing steadily since 1978, and although its performance on many measures of child support has been improving, the improvement appears to have had only modest impact on the national picture. How can these two trends be reconciled? The last panel of table 8-10 suggests an answer. This panel shows collections by the Federal-State program as a percentage of overall national child support payments. In 1978, less than one-fourth of child support payments were collected through the IV-D program. This percentage, however, has increased every year since 1978. By 1993, more than two-thirds (67 percent) of all child support payments were made through the IV-D program. The implication of this trend is that the IV-D program may be recruiting more and more cases from the private sector, bringing them into the public sector, providing them with subsidized services (or substituting Federal spending for State spending), but not greatly improving child support collections. Whatever the explanation, it seems that improved effectiveness of the IV-D program has not led to significant improvement of the Nation's child support performance. The data in table 8-10 suffer from a potentially important flaw. Given that Congress passed major child support legislation in 1996, as part of the 1996 welfare reform legislation, the impacts of these reforms have yet to be studied. The 1993 Census data is too old to capture any of the effects of the innovative reforms enacted in 1996. Two additional statistics must be considered in any general assessment of national child support payments. First, according to Sorensen (1994), noncustodial parents owe over $30 billion in overdue child support. Some perspective on the magnitude of this figure is provided by recalling that the entire Federal outlay on the Aid to Families with Dependent Children Program in 1996 was about $13 billion. But many critics of the child support system contend that this figure on arrearages, which is based on child support orders currently in place, is actually an underestimate of the shortcomings of the Nation's child support system. These critics hold that too few noncustodial parents have orders, that the amount of orders is too low, and that not enough of the amount owed is actually paid. Considerations of this sort have led to several studies of what might be called ``child support collections potential''--the amount that could be collected by a perfectly efficient child support system. The most recent of these studies, conducted by researchers at the Urban Institute (Sorensen, 1995), produced the estimate that $47 billion could be collected in child support each year. The assumptions underlying this estimate are that all custodial parents had an order, that payments averaged $5,400 per year, and that the full amount of every order was actually paid. Of course, no one expects any program to be perfectly efficient. Even so, comparing the $47 billion that could be generated by a perfect system with the actual payments of around $17 billion in 1996 provides a useful index of how far we need to go as a Nation if we are to provide custodial parents and children with the measure of financial security that is the major goal of our child support system. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY 1950 The first Federal child support enforcement legislation was Public Law 81-734, the Social Security Act Amendments of 1950, which added section 402(a)(11) to the Social Security Act (42 USC 602(a)(11)). The legislation required State welfare agencies to notify appropriate law enforcement officials upon providing Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) to a child who was abandoned or deserted by a parent. Also that year, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws and the American Bar Association approved the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act (URESA; subsequent amendments to this act were approved in 1952, 1958, and 1968). 1965 Public Law 89-97, the Social Security Amendments of 1965, allowed a State or local welfare agency to obtain from the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare the address and place of employment of an absent parent who owed child support under a court order for support. 1967 Public Law 90-248, the Social Security Amendments of 1967, allowed States to obtain from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) the address of nonresident parents who owed child support under a court order for support. In addition, each State was required to establish a single organizational unit to establish paternity and collect child support for deserted children receiving AFDC. States were also required to work cooperatively with each other under child support reciprocity agreements and with courts and law enforcement officials. 1975 Public Law 93-647, the Social Security Amendments of 1974, created part D of title IV of the Social Security Act (sections 451, et seq.; 42 USC 651, et seq.). The key child support enforcement provisions, which reflect 3 years of intense congressional attention, are as follows: The Secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now the Department of Health and Human Services or HHS) has primary responsibility for the program and is required to establish a separate organizational unit to operate the program. Operational responsibilities include: (1) establishing a parent locator service; (2) establishing standards for State program organization, staffing, and operation; (3) reviewing and approving State plans for the program; (4) evaluating State program operations by conducting audits of each State's program; (5) certifying cases for referral to the Federal courts to enforce support obligations; (6) certifying cases for referral to the IRS for support collections; (7) providing technical assistance to States and assisting them with reporting procedures; (8) maintaining records of program operations, expenditures, and collections; and (9) submitting an annual report to the Congress. Primary responsibility for operating the Child Support Enforcement Program was placed on the States pursuant to the State plan. The major requirements of a State plan are that: (1) the State designate a single and separate organizational unit to administer the program; (2) the State undertake to establish paternity and secure support for individuals receiving AFDC and others who apply directly for child support enforcement services; (3) child support payments be made to the State for distribution; (4) the State enter into cooperative agreements with appropriate courts and law enforcement officials; (5) the State establish a State parent locator service that uses State and local parent location resources and the Federal Parent Locator Service; (6) the State cooperate with any other State in locating an absent parent, establishing paternity, and securing support; and (7) the State maintain a full record of collections and disbursements made under the plan. In addition, the 1975 legislation established procedures for the distribution of child support collections received on behalf of families on AFDC, created an incentive system to encourage States to collect payments from parents of children on AFDC, and subjected moneys due and payable to Federal employees to garnishment for the collection of child support. New eligibility requirements were added to the AFDC Program requiring applicants for, or recipients of, AFDC to make an assignment of support rights to the State, to cooperate with the State in establishing paternity and securing support, and to furnish their Social Security number to the State. The effective date of Public Law 93-647 was July 1, 1975, except for the provision regarding garnishment of Federal employees, which was effective upon enactment. However, several problems were identified prior to the effective date and Congress passed Public Law 94-46 to extend the effective date to August 1, 1975. In addition, Public Law 94-88 was passed in August 1975 to allow States to obtain waivers from certain program requirements under certain conditions until June 30, 1976 and to receive Federal reimbursement at a reduced rate. This law also eased the requirement for AFDC recipients to cooperate with State child support agencies when such cooperation would not be in the best interests of the child and provided for supplemental payments to AFDC recipients whose grants would be reduced due to the implementation of the Child Support Enforcement Program. 1976 Public Law 94-566, effective October 20, 1976, required State employment agencies to provide absent parents' addresses to State child support enforcement agencies. 1977 Public Law 95-30, effective May 23, 1977, made several amendments to title IV-D. Provisions relating to the garnishment of a Federal employee's wages for child support were amended to: (1) include employees of the District of Columbia; (2) specify the conditions and procedures to be followed to serve garnishments on Federal agencies; (3) authorize the issuance of garnishment regulations by the three branches of the Federal Government and by the District; and (4) clarify several terms used in the statute. Public Law 95-30 also amended section 454 of the Social Security Act (42 USC 654) to require the State plan to provide bonding for employees who receive, handle, or disburse cash and to insure that the accounting and collection functions are performed by different individuals. In addition, the incentive payment provision, under section 458(a) of the Social Security Act (42 USC 658(a)), was amended to change the rate to 15 percent of AFDC collections (from 25 percent for the first 12 months and 10 percent thereafter). Public Law 95-142, the Medicare-Medicaid Antifraud and Abuse Amendments of 1977, established a medical support enforcement program under which States could require Medicaid applicants to assign to the State their rights to medical support. State Medicaid agencies were allowed to enter into cooperative agreements with any appropriate agency of any State, including the IV-D agency, for assistance with the enforcement and collection of medical support obligations. Incentives were also made available to localities making child support collections for States and for States securing collections on behalf of other States. 1978 Public Law 95-598, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, repealed section 456(b) of the Social Security Act (42 USC 656(b)), which had barred the discharge in bankruptcy of assigned child support debts. (This section of the act (now 546(h)) was restored by Public Law 97-35 in 1981.) 1980 Public Law 96-178 extended Federal financial participation (FFP) for non-AFDC services to March 31, 1980, retroactive to October 1, 1978. Public Law 96-265, the Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, increased Federal matching funds to 90 percent, effective July 1, 1981, for the costs of developing, implementing, and enhancing approved automated child support management information systems. Federal matching funds were also made available for child support enforcement duties performed by certain court personnel. In another provision, the law authorized IRS to collect child support arrearages on behalf of non-AFDC families. Finally, the law provided State and local IV-D agencies access to wage information held by the Social Security Administration and State employment security agencies for use in establishing and enforcing child support obligations. Public Law 96-272, the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980, contained four amendments to title IV-D of the Social Security Act. First, the law made FFP for non-AFDC services available on a permanent basis. Second, it allowed States to receive incentive payments on all AFDC collections as well as interstate collections. Third, as of October 1, 1979, States were required to claim reimbursement for expenditures within 2 years, with some exceptions. The fourth change postponed until October, 1980 the imposition of the 5 percent penalty on AFDC reimbursement for States not having effective Child Support Enforcement Programs. 1981 Public Law 97-35, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, amended IV-D in five ways. First, IRS was authorized to withhold all or part of certain individuals' Federal income tax refunds for collection of delinquent child support obligations. Second, IV-D agencies were required to collect spousal support for AFDC families. Third, for non-AFDC cases, IV-D agencies were required to collect fees from absent parents who were delinquent in their child support payments. Fourth, child support obligations assigned to the State no longer were dischargeable in bankruptcy proceedings. Fifth, States were required to withhold a portion of unemployment benefits from absent parents delinquent in their support payments. 1982 Public Law 97-248, the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, included the following provisions affecting the IV-D program: FFP was reduced from 75 to 70 percent, effective October 1, 1982; incentives were reduced from 15 to 12 percent, effective October 1, 1983; the provision for reimbursement of costs of certain court personnel that exceed the amount of funds spent by a State on similar court expenses during calendar year 1978 was repealed; the mandatory non-AFDC collection fee imposed by Public Law 97-35 was repealed, retroactive to August 13, 1981, and States were given the option of recovering costs by imposing fees on non-AFDC parents; States were allowed to collect spousal support in certain non-AFDC cases; as of October 1, 1982, members of the uniformed services on active duty were required to make allotments from their pay when support arrearages reached the equivalent of a 2-month delinquency; beginning October 1, 1982, States were allowed to reimburse themselves for AFDC grants paid to families for the first month in which the collection of child support is sufficient to make a family ineligible for AFDC. Public Law 97-253, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1982, provided for the disclosure of information obtained under authority of the Food Stamp Act of 1977 to various programs, including State child support enforcement agencies. Public Law 97-252, the Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act, authorized treatment of military retirement or retainer pay as property to be divided by State courts in connection with divorce, dissolution, annulment, or legal separation proceedings. 1984 Public Law 98-378, the Child Support Enforcement Amendments of 1984, featured provisions that required improvements in State and local Child Support Enforcement Programs in four major areas: Mandatory enforcement practices All States must enact statutes to improve enforcement mechanisms, including: (1) mandatory income withholding procedures; (2) expedited processes for establishing and enforcing support orders; (3) State income tax refund interceptions; (4) liens against real and personal property, security or bonds to assure compliance with support obligations; and (5) reports of support delinquency information to consumer reporting agencies. State law must allow for the bringing of paternity actions any time prior to a child's 18th birthday and all support orders issued or modified after October 1, 1985, must include a provision for wage withholding. Federal financial participation and audit provisions To encourage greater reliance on performance-based incentives, Federal matching funds were reduced by 2 percent in 1988 (to 68 percent) and another 2 percent in 1990 (to 66 percent). Federal matching funds at 90 percent were made available for the development and installation of automated systems, including computer hardware purchases, to facilitate income withholding and other newly required procedures. State incentive payments were reset at 6 percent for both AFDC and non-AFDC collections. These percentages could rise as high as 10 percent for each category for cost-effective States, but a State's non-AFDC incentive payments could not exceed its AFDC incentives. States were required to pass incentives through to local child support enforcement agencies if these agencies had accumulated child support enforcement costs. Annual State audits were replaced with audits conducted at least once every 3 years. The focus of the audits was altered to evaluate a State's effectiveness on the basis of program performance as well as operational compliance. Penalties for noncompliance are from 1 to 5 percent of the Federal share of the State's AFDC funds. The Federal Government may suspend imposition of a penalty based on a State's filing of, and complying with, an acceptable corrective action plan. Improved interstate enforcement States were required to apply a host of enforcement techniques to interstate cases as well as intrastate cases. Both States involved in an interstate case may take credit for the collection when reporting total collections for the purpose of calculating incentives. Special demonstration grants were authorized beginning in 1985 to fund innovative methods of interstate enforcement and collection. Federal audits were focused on States' effectiveness in establishing and enforcing obligations across State lines. Equal services for welfare and non-AFDC families Several specific requirements were directed at improving State services to non-AFDC families. All of the mandatory practices must be made available for both classes of cases; the interception of Federal income tax refunds was extended to non- AFDC cases; incentive payments for non-AFDC cases became available for the first time; States were required to continue child support services to families terminated from the welfare rolls without charging an application fee; and States were required to publicize the availability of support enforcement services for non-AFDC parents. Other provisions States were required to: (1) collect support in certain foster care cases; (2) collect spousal support in addition to child support where both are due in a case; (3) notify AFDC recipients, at least yearly, of the collections made in their behalf; (4) establish State commissions to study the operation of the State's child support system and report findings to the State's Governor; (5) formulate guidelines for determining appropriate child support obligation amounts and distribute the guidelines to judges and other individuals who possess authority to establish obligation amounts; (6) offset the costs of the program by charging various fees to non-AFDC families and to delinquent nonresident parents; (7) allow families whose AFDC eligibility is terminated as a result of the payment of child support to remain eligible to receive Medicaid for 4 months (sunsets on October 1, 1988); and (8) establish medical support orders in addition to monetary awards. The Federal Parent Locator Service was made more accessible and effective in locating absent parents. Sunset provisions were included in the extension of Medicaid eligibility and Federal tax offsets for non-AFDC families. Public Law 98-369, the Tax Reform Act of 1984, included two tax provisions pertaining to alimony and child support. Under prior law, alimony was deductible by the payor and includable in the income of the payee. The 1984 law revised the rules relating to the definition of alimony. Generally, only cash payments that terminate on the death of the payee spouse qualify as alimony. Alimony payments, if in excess of $10,000 per year, generally must be payable for at least 6 years and must not decline by more than $10,000. The prior law requirement that the payment be based on a legal support obligation was repealed and payors were required to furnish to the IRS the Social Security number of the payee spouse. A $50 penalty for failure to do so was imposed. The provision was effective for divorce or separation agreements or orders executed after 1984. The 1984 law also provided that the $1,000 dependency exemption for a child of divorced or separated parents be allocated to the custodial parent unless the custodial parent signs a written declaration that she will not claim the exemption for the year. For purposes of computing the medical expense deduction for years after 1984, each parent may claim the medical expenses that he or she pays for the child. 1986 Public Law 99-509, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1986, included one child support enforcement amendment prohibiting the retroactive modification of child support awards. Under this new requirement, State laws must provide for either parent to apply for modification of an existing order with notice provided to the other parent. No modification is permitted before the date of this notification. 1987 Public Law 100-203, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, required States to provide child support enforcement services to all families with an absent parent who receives Medicaid and have assigned their support rights to the State, regardless of whether they are receiving AFDC. 1988 Public Law 100-485, the Family Support Act of 1988, emphasized the duties of parents to work and support their children and, in particular, emphasized child support enforcement as the first line of defense against welfare dependence. The key child support provisions include: Guidelines for child support awards Judges and other officials are required to use State guidelines for child support unless they rebut the guidelines by a written finding that applying them would be unjust or inappropriate in a particular case. States must review guidelines for awards every four years. Beginning 5 years after enactment, States generally must review and adjust individual case awards every 3 years for AFDC cases. The same applies to other IV-D cases, except review and adjustment must be at the request of a parent. Establishment of paternity States are required to meet Federal standards for the establishment of paternity. The primary standard relates to the percentage obtained by dividing the number of children in the State who are born out of wedlock, are receiving cash benefits or IV-D child support services, and for whom paternity has been established by the number of children who are born out of wedlock and are receiving cash benefits or IV-D child support services. To meet Federal requirements, this percentage in a State must: (1) be at least 50 percent; (2) be at least equal to the average for all States; or (3) have increased by 3 percentage points from fiscal years 1988 to 1991 and by 3 percentage points each year thereafter. States are mandated to require all parties in a contested paternity case to take a genetic test upon request of any party. The Federal matching rate for laboratory testing to establish paternity is set at 90 percent. Disregard of child support The child support enforcement disregard authorized under the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 is clarified so that it applies to a payment made by the noncustodial parent in the month it was due even though it was received in a subsequent month. Requirement for prompt State response The Secretary of HHS was required to set time limits within which States must accept and respond to requests for assistance in establishing and enforcing support orders as well as time limits within which child support payments collected by the State IV-D agency must be distributed to the families to whom they are owed. Requirement for automated tracking and monitoring system Every State that does not have a statewide automated tracking and monitoring system in effect must submit an advance planning document that meets Federal requirements by October 1, 1991. The Secretary must approve each document within 9 months after submission. By October 1, 1995, every State must have an approved system in effect. States were awarded 90 percent Federal matching rates for this activity until September 30, 1995. Interstate enforcement A Commission on Interstate Child Support was created to hold national conferences on interstate child support enforcement reform and to report to Congress no later than October 1, 1990 on recommendations for improvements in the system and revisions in the Uniform Reciprocal Enforcement of Support Act. Computing incentive payments Amounts spent by States for interstate demonstration projects are excluded from calculating the amount of the States' incentive payments. Use of INTERNET system The Secretaries of Labor and HHS are required to enter into an agreement to give the Federal Parent Locator Service prompt access to wage and unemployment compensation claims information useful in locating absent parents. Wage withholding With respect to IV-D cases, each State must provide for immediate wage withholding in the case of orders that are issued or modified on or after the first day of the 25th month beginning after the date of enactment unless: (1) one of the parties demonstrates, and the court finds, that there is good cause not to require such withholding; or (2) there is a written agreement between both parties providing for an alternative arrangement. Prior law requirements for mandatory wage withholding in cases where payments are in arrears apply to orders that are not subject to immediate wage withholding. States are required to provide for immediate wage withholding for all support orders initially issued on or after January 1, 1994, regardless of whether a parent has applied for IV-D services. Work and training demonstration programs for noncustodial parents The Secretary of HHS is required to grant waivers to up to five States to allow them to provide services to noncustodial parents under the JOBS Program. No new power is granted to the States to require participation by noncustodial parents. Data collection and reporting The Secretary of HHS is required to collect and maintain State-by-State statistics on paternity establishment, location of absent parent for the purpose of establishing a support obligation, enforcement of a child support obligation, and location of absent parents for the purpose of enforcing or modifying an established obligation. Use of Social Security number Each State must, in the administration of any law involving the issuance of a birth certificate, require each parent to furnish his or her Social Security number (SSN), unless the State finds good cause for not requiring the parent to furnish it. The SSN shall appear in the birth record but not on the birth certificate, and the use of the SSN obtained through the birth record is restricted to child support enforcement purposes, except under certain circumstances. Notification of support collected Each State is required to inform families receiving AFDC of the amount of support collected on their behalf on a monthly basis, rather than annually as provided under prior law. States may provide quarterly notification if the Secretary of HHS determines that monthly reporting imposes an unreasonable administrative burden. This provision is effective 4 years after the date of enactment. The Medicaid transition benefit in child support cases is extended from October 1, 1988 to October 1, 1989. 1989 Public Law 101-239, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, made permanent the requirement that Medicaid benefits continue for 4 months after a family loses AFDC eligibility as a result of collection of child support payments. 1990 Public Law 101-508, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, permanently extended the Federal provision that allows States to ask the IRS to collect child support arrearages of at least $500 out of income tax refunds otherwise due to noncustodial parents. The minor child restriction is eliminated for adults with a current support order who are disabled, as defined under OASDI or SSI. The IRS offset can be used for spousal support when spousal and child support are included in the same support order. The life of the Interstate Child Support Commission was extended from July 1, 1991 to July 1, 1992, and the Commission was required to submit its report no later than May 1, 1992. The Commission was allowed to hire its own staff. 1992 Public Law 102-521, the Child Support Recovery Act of 1992, imposed a Federal criminal penalty for the willful failure to pay a past due child support obligation with respect to a child who resides in another State that has remained unpaid for longer than a year or is greater than $5,000. For the first conviction the penalty is a fine of up to $5,000, imprisonment for not more than 6 months, or both; for a second conviction, the penalty is a fine of not more than $250,000, imprisonment for up to 2 years, or both. Public Law 102-537, the Ted Weiss Child Support Enforcement Act of 1992, amended the Fair Credit Reporting Act to require consumer credit reporting agencies to include in any consumer report information on child support delinquencies provided by or verified by State or local child support agencies, which antedates the report by 7 years. 1993 Public Law 103-66, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, increased the percentage of children, from 50 to 75, for whom the State must establish paternity and required States to adopt laws requiring civil procedures to voluntarily acknowledge paternity (including hospital-based programs). The act also required States to adopt laws to ensure the compliance of health insurers and employers in carrying out court or administrative orders for medical child support and included a provision that forbids health insurers to deny coverage to children who are not living with the covered individual or who were born outside marriage. 1994 Public Law 103-383, the Full Faith and Credit for Child Support Orders Act, requires each State to enforce, according to its terms, a child support order by a court (or administrative authority) of another State, with conditions and specifications for resolving issues of jurisdiction. Public Law 103-394, the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1994, stipulates that a filing of bankruptcy does not stay a paternity, child support, or alimony proceeding. In addition, child support and alimony payments are made priority claims and custodial parents are able to appear in bankruptcy court to protect their interests without paying a fee or meeting any local rules for attorney appearances. Public Law 103-403, the Small Business Administration Amendments of 1994, makes parents who fail to pay child support ineligible for small business loans. Public Law 103-432, the Social Security Act Amendments of 1994, includes a provision that requires States to implement procedures that require the State to periodically report to consumer reporting agencies the name of debtor parents owing at least 2 months of overdue child support, and the amount of child support overdue. 1995 Public Law 104-35 extends for 2 years the deadline by which States are required to have in effect an automated data processing and information retrieval system for use in the administration of their Child Support Enforcement Program (from October 1, 1995, to October 1, 1997). The 90 percent Federal funding was not extended. 1996 Title III of the 1996 welfare reform bill (Public Law 104- 193) was devoted to major reforms of the Child Support Enforcement Program. A section-by-section summary of these reforms follows: Sec. 301. State obligation to provide child support enforcement services Imposes a State obligation to provide child support enforcement services for each child receiving assistance under IV-A (TANF), IV-E (foster care and adoption), and title XIX (Medicaid). Services must also be provided for others who apply, including families ceasing to receive assistance (no application is permitted for this group). Sec. 302. Distribution of collected support Changes distribution priorities to provide that families leaving welfare receive priority in payment of arrears. Changes are effective October 1, 1997 for postassistance arrears and October 1, 2000 for preassistance arrears. Exception is made for collections from the Tax Refund Intercept Program. Provides a hold harmless provision so that States are protected if the amount they lose because of changes in distribution exceeds what they gain from the elimination of the $50 pass-through (eliminated October 1, 1996). Sec. 303. Privacy safeguards Protects privacy rights with respect to confidential information. Sec. 304. Rights to notification of hearings Requires States to have procedures for providing notices of proceedings and copies of orders to recipients of program services or parties to cases being served under title IV-D. Sec. 311. State case registry Specifies requirements for the central State registry, including maintaining and updating a payment record and extracting data for matching with other databases. Allows automated linkages of local registries. Sec. 312. Collection and disbursement of support payments Specifies requirements for the centralized collection and disbursement of support payments, including the monitoring of payments, generating wage withholding notices, and automatic use of administrative enforcement remedies. Under some circumstances, permits linkages of local disbursement units to form centralized State disbursement unit for collection and disbursement of child support payments. Requires distribution within 2 business days of receipt of collection; requires transmission of withholding orders to employers within 2 business days of notice of income source subject to withholding. Sec. 313. State directory of new hires Requires employers and labor organizations to report name, address, Social Security number (SSN), and employer identification number of new hires to State directory of new hires within 20 days of hire (in the case of an employer transmitting reports magnetically or electronically, reports may be made by two monthly transmissions); requires the report to be the W-4 or equivalent at option of the employer with penalties assessed for failure to report. State directory must perform database matching using SSNs and report findings to any State; directory must also report information to the National directory within 3 business days, and issue withholding notices within 2 business days of match, among other requirements. Sec. 314. Amendments concerning income withholding Strengthens and expands income withholding from wages to pay child support by reducing the time for employers to remit withheld wages to 7 business days and adding a State law requirement that allows issuance of electronic withholding orders by State agency and without notice to obligor. Sec. 315. Locator information from interstate networks Includes requirements for access by State child support agency to locator information from State motor vehicle and law enforcement systems. Sec. 316. Expansion of the Federal Parent Locator Service Expands the authority of FPLS to obtain information and locate individuals. Permits access to FPLS for the enforcement of child custody and visitation orders but specifies that requests must come through courts or child support agencies. Requires establishment of a Federal case registry of child support orders, and details guidelines for the National directory of new hires. Allows disclosure of certain information, including Federal tax offset amounts, to child support enforcement agents. Sec. 317. Collection and use of Social Security numbers for use in child support enforcement Requires use of Social Security numbers on applications for professional licenses, commercial driver's licenses, occupational license or marriage licenses, and in records for divorce decrees, support orders, paternity determinations or acknowledgments and death certificates. Sec. 321. Adoption of uniform State laws Mandates adoption by all States of the Uniform Interstate Family Support Act. Sec. 322. Improvements to full faith and credit for child support orders Clarifies priorities for recognition of orders. Sec. 323. Administrative enforcement in interstate cases Requires States to respond within 5 business days to a request from another State to enforce a support order; electronic means are allowed for transmitting requests. Sec. 324. Use of forms in interstate enforcement Calls for the promulgation of forms, developed by the Secretary of HHS, to be used in interstate income withholding cases, the imposition of liens, and administrative subpoenas across State lines. Sec. 325. State laws providing expedited procedures Grants authority to State IV-D programs to order genetic testing for paternity establishment, issue a subpoena for financial or other information, and require all entities to respond to requests for information ``without the necessity of obtaining an order from any other judicial or administrative tribunal, but subject to due process safeguards as appropriate.'' Grants States access to public records such as vital statistics of marriage, birth and divorce, State and local tax records, real and titled personal property, license records, employment security records, public assistance programs, motor vehicle records, and corrections records. Also grants access to certain private records such as public utility and cable television records and financial institution data, among other administrative measures. Sec. 331. State laws concerning paternity establishment Streamlines the legal processes for establishment of paternity, allows establishment of paternity anytime before a child turns 18, and provides for mandatory genetic testing in contested cases, among other provisions. Sec. 332. Outreach for voluntary paternity establishment Mandates that State programs publicize the availability and encourage the use of procedures for voluntary establishment of paternity and child support. Sec. 333. Cooperation by applicants for and recipients of part A assistance Requires States to determine whether recipients of aid under the TANF program or Medicaid are cooperating with the State in conducting child support activities against the noncustodial parent. Sec. 341. Performance-based incentives and penalties Requires the Secretary of HHS to develop a new cost-neutral incentive system by March 1, 1997 which provides additional payments to any State based on such State's performance. Increases the mandatory IV-D paternity establishment percentage in graduated phases from 75 to 90 percent. Sec. 342. Federal and State reviews and audits Changes the audit process to be based on performance measures and requires the Secretary to ensure that State data meets high standards of accuracy and completeness. Sec. 343. Required reporting procedures Requires States to collect and report program data in a uniform manner as a State plan requirement. Sec. 344. Automated data processing requirements Creates additional requirements for the State automated data processing systems, and sets a deadline of October 1, 2000 for implementation. Contains a new implementation timetable that extends to October 1, 1997 the deadline by which a State must have an automated case tracking and monitoring system meeting all Federal IV-D requirements up through the enactment of the Family Support Act of 1988. Caps aggregate spending on the new automated system at $400,000 and requires the Secretary to devise a formula for distributing these funds among the States. The Federal Government will pay 80 percent of State costs of meeting the new requirements. Sec. 345. Technical assistance Sets aside 1 percent of the Federal share of reimbursed public assistance for information, training, and related technical assistance concerning State automated systems and research, demonstration, and special projects of regional or national significance. An additional 2 percent is set aside for the operation of the Federal Parent Locator Service. Sec. 346. Reports and data collection by the Secretary Clarifies data collection requirements and eliminates requirements for unnecessary or duplicate information. Several new data reports are to be included in the annual report to Congress, including information about State compliance. Sec. 351. Simplified process for review and adjustment of child support orders Requires processes for periodic modification of all child support orders, with review occurring every 3 years, upon request. Sec. 352. Furnishing consumer reports for certain purposes relating to child support Expands access and use of consumer reports by child support agencies for establishing and modifying child support. Sec. 353. Nonliability for depository institutions providing financial records to State child support enforcement agencies in child support cases Specifies that depository institutions are not liable for disclosing financial information to the Child Support Enforcement Agency; the Child Support Enforcement Agency is prohibited from disclosing information obtained except for child support purposes. Sec. 361. Internal Revenue Service collection of arrearages Makes technical corrections to the Social Security Act section on IRS collection of arrearages. Sec. 362. Authority to collect support from Federal employees Eliminates separate withholding rules for all Federal employees. Establishes procedures by which Federal agencies must aggressively pursue child support collections from Federal employees. Sec. 363. Enforcement of child support obligations of members of the Armed Forces Establishes procedures by which all branches of the armed forces must aggressively pursue child support collections from Federal employees. Sec. 364. Voiding of fraudulent transfers Requires States to have laws that prevent obligor from transferring income or property to avoid paying child support. Sec. 365. Work requirement for persons owing past-due child support Requires State child support officials to have the authority to seek a judicial or administrative order that requires any individual owing past-due support to pay such support in accordance with a plan approved by the court or participate in work activities. Sec. 366. Definition of support order Provides a definition of a support order. Sec. 367. Reporting arrearages to credit bureaus Requires all child support delinquencies and their amounts to be reported to credit bureaus. Sec. 368. Liens Requires liens on real and personal property and the extension of full faith and credit to liens arising in another State in cases of past-due child support. Sec. 369. State law authorizing suspension of licenses Requires States to have laws providing for the suspension of driver's, professional, occupational, and recreational licenses. Sec. 370. Denial of passports for nonpayment of child support Establishes a process by which the Department of Health and Human Services can submit the names of delinquent obligors who are at least $5,000 in arrears to the State Department for the denial of their passports. Sec. 371. International support enforcement Authorizes Federal officials to declare any foreign country to be a foreign reciprocating country for purposes of establishment and collection of child support obligations. Sec. 372. Financial institution data matches Requires States to enter agreements with financial institutions doing business in the State to develop a data match system by which records on individuals having accounts with the financial institution are matched against the list of child support obligors who have overdue payments. Sec. 373. Enforcement of orders against paternal grandparents in cases of minor parents Adds a State option that a child support order of a child of minor parents, if the mother is receiving cash assistance, may be enforceable against parents of the noncustodial parent of the child. Sec. 374. Nondischargeability in bankruptcy of certain debts for the support of a child Clarifies that child support assigned to a State in assistance cases is not dischargeable in bankruptcy. Sec. 375. Child support enforcement for Indian tribes Allows States to enter cooperative agreements with Indian tribes; allows the Secretary to make direct Federal funding to Indian tribes meeting certain criteria. Sec. 381. Correction to ERISA definition of medical child support order Requires the application of ERISA to support orders that are judgments, decrees or orders issued by any court of competent jurisdiction or through a State administrative process. Sec. 382. Enforcement of orders for health care coverage Adds a new State law requirement providing that the State IV-D agency have procedures for notifying a new employer of an absent parent, when the absent parent was providing health care coverage of the child in the previous job, of the medical support obligation. Sec. 391. Grants to States for access and visitation programs Provides $10 million per year to the Secretary to award grants to States for the purpose of establishing programs to facilitate noncustodial parents' access to and visitation of their children. STATISTICAL TABLES TABLE 8-11.--STATE PROFILE OF COLLECTIONS AND EXPENDITURES, FISCAL YEAR 1996 \1\ [In millions of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Child support collections per dollar of administrative Total AFDC Non-AFDC Total expenditures Incentive State collections collections collections expenditures ------------------------------ payments AFDC Non-AFDC (estimate) Total total total -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama.................................................. $157.9 $23.5 $134.4 $46.3 3.41 0.51 2.90 $3.2 Alaska................................................... 57.7 18.5 39.2 17.4 3.31 1.06 2.25 2.9 Arizona.................................................. 113.0 23.8 89.3 46.9 2.41 0.51 1.90 3.8 Arkansas................................................. 79.4 19.7 59.7 28.7 2.77 0.69 2.08 2.9 California............................................... 1,034.4 496.2 538.2 438.0 2.36 1.13 1.23 61.1 Colorado................................................. 108.3 35.6 72.7 38.4 2.82 0.93 1.89 5.2 Connecticut.............................................. 125.2 54.3 70.9 43.0 2.91 1.26 1.65 8.1 Delaware................................................. 35.4 8.3 27.1 14.2 2.50 0.59 1.91 1.3 District of Columbia..................................... 27.8 6.0 21.8 11.7 2.38 0.52 1.86 1.0 Florida.................................................. 411.8 80.7 331.1 131.4 3.13 0.61 2.52 15.6 Georgia.................................................. 268.6 102.4 166.2 68.5 3.92 1.49 2.43 16.6 Guam..................................................... 6.7 2.0 4.7 2.6 2.57 0.76 1.80 0.0 Hawaii................................................... 52.2 12.2 39.9 23.9 2.18 0.51 1.67 1.7 Idaho.................................................... 44.0 11.1 32.9 18.9 2.32 0.59 1.74 2.1 Illinois................................................. 249.8 72.4 177.4 103.8 2.41 0.70 1.71 10.7 Indiana.................................................. 196.9 45.0 151.9 30.17 6.54 1.50 5.05 13.0 Iowa..................................................... 151.9 40.1 111.8 29.0 5.23 1.38 3.85 6.5 Kansas................................................... 107.6 28.8 78.8 18.5 5.82 1.56 4.26 4.2 Kentucky................................................. 144.9 39.4 105.5 42.2 3.43 0.93 2.50 6.1 Louisiana................................................ 143.6 31.2 112.4 34.5 4.16 0.91 3.26 3.9 Maine.................................................... 62.6 29.5 33.0 15.4 4.05 1.91 2.14 5.3 Maryland................................................. 287.9 46.7 241.2 66.0 4.36 0.71 3.65 7.1 Massachusetts............................................ 247.9 71.4 176.5 61.3 4.05 1.17 2.88 10.9 Michigan................................................. 948.6 171.0 777.6 143.1 6.63 1.19 5.43 19.3 Minnesota................................................ 318.8 64.9 253.9 73.2 4.36 0.89 3.47 8.1 Mississippi.............................................. 84.6 24.4 60.1 29.5 2.87 0.83 2.04 3.4 Missouri................................................. 279.2 66.6 212.6 74.4 3.75 0.90 2.86 8.7 Montana.................................................. 29.4 8.2 21.2 12.1 2.42 0.67 1.75 1.1 Nebraska................................................. 95.4 12.4 82.9 30.2 3.16 0.41 2.75 1.6 Nevada................................................... 56.6 8.4 48.2 22.3 2.53 0.38 2.16 2.1 New Hampshire............................................ 48.2 10.5 37.7 14.1 3.42 0.75 2.68 1.2 New Jersey............................................... 500.2 90.6 409.5 110.7 4.52 0.82 3.70 12.4 New Mexico............................................... 30.1 6.3 23.9 21.1 1.43 0.30 1.13 2.0 New York................................................. 701.9 205.9 496.0 174.2 4.03 1.18 2.85 24.9 North Carolina........................................... 261.7 75.0 186.7 89.1 2.94 0.84 2.09 11.1 North Dakota............................................. 28.5 6.1 22.4 6.6 4.34 0.93 3.41 1.0 Ohio..................................................... 981.3 124.8 856.5 161.6 6.07 0.77 5.30 18.3 Oklahoma................................................. 73.5 24.3 49.1 24.0 3.06 1.01 2.04 3.6 Oregon................................................... 178.4 31.2 147.3 31.9 5.60 0.98 4.62 6.4 Pennsylvania............................................. 958.3 138.7 819.6 123.8 7.74 1.12 6.62 18.7 Puerto Rico.............................................. 126.7 2.8 123.9 28.6 4.44 0.10 4.34 0.6 Rhode Island............................................. 35.5 18.4 17.2 8.3 4.31 2.22 2.08 3.0 South Carolina........................................... 118.1 29.6 88.5 35.1 3.37 0.84 2.52 3.8 South Dakota............................................. 28.0 6.6 21.4 4.8 5.87 1.39 4.49 1.3 Tennessee................................................ 159.8 34.7 125.1 39.3 4.06 0.88 3.18 5.3 Texas.................................................... 538.3 102.8 435.5 145.0 3.71 0.71 3.00 14.2 Utah..................................................... 77.6 21.6 56.0 29.2 2.66 0.74 1.92 3.2 Vermont.................................................. 25.4 8.9 16.5 6.7 3.79 1.33 2.46 1.2 Virgin Islands........................................... 5.4 0.5 5.0 2.4 2.25 0.20 2.05 0.0 Virginia................................................. 257.2 46.4 210.8 61.5 4.18 0.75 3.43 7.1 Washington............................................... 407.0 112.8 294.2 115.3 3.53 0.98 2.55 16.4 West Virginia............................................ 84.2 15.3 68.9 23.4 3.61 0.66 2.95 2.1 Wisconsin................................................ 440.2 81.0 359.3 74.1 5.94 1.09 4.85 12.8 Wyoming.................................................. 25.0 4.9 20.1 8.5 2.96 0.58 2.37 0.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. totals........................................ 12,018.6 2,854.4 9,164.2 3,054.8 3.93 0.93 3.00 408.9 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Totals may not add due of rounding. Note.--Data is preliminary for fiscal year 1996. AFDC = Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-12.--TOTAL CHILD SUPPORT COLLECTIONS BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1979-96 [In thousands of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1979 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama....................................................... $6,854 $66,174 $80,952 $98,141 $113,273 $127,908 $141,212 $157,887 Alaska........................................................ 3,844 26,788 30,721 35,613 39,148 45,851 51,734 57,708 Arizona....................................................... 6,411 27,837 33,277 46,447 66,580 77,419 93,812 113,037 Arkansas...................................................... 3,921 26,010 32,783 42,065 49,147 55,215 63,875 79,432 California.................................................... 199,945 522,646 591,243 653,681 736,855 811,493 857,282 1,034,409 Colorado...................................................... 4,020 39,601 46,997 58,030 67,723 80,288 91,870 108,259 Connecticut................................................... 23,033 66,724 75,778 84,190 93,454 98,448 117,723 125,234 Delaware...................................................... 5,814 20,161 22,692 25,926 26,663 29,663 31,551 35,395 District of Columbia.......................................... 1,086 13,598 16,578 19,733 21,798 24,079 26,040 27,791 Florida....................................................... 10,524 176,603 214,153 252,473 289,976 327,296 374,015 411,799 Georgia....................................................... 5,554 113,095 143,014 174,467 205,566 229,822 244,367 268,599 Guam.......................................................... 160 1,440 3,162 4,697 5,003 7,079 6,037 6,736 Hawaii........................................................ 5,150 27,638 30,096 34,404 37,327 45,107 48,751 52,182 Idaho......................................................... 2,501 22,909 23,442 27,846 32,127 36,942 40,747 44,003 Illinois...................................................... 10,740 136,019 150,134 183,308 183,889 202,191 219,340 249,834 Indiana....................................................... 9,073 96,145 110,117 124,614 141,164 151,626 174,450 196,935 Iowa.......................................................... 13,017 70,982 80,693 96,046 109,278 122,705 136,138 151,907 Kansas........................................................ 3,975 44,958 54,832 66,053 59,601 86,744 97,571 107,579 Kentucky...................................................... 4,881 59,998 73,928 93,902 103,587 121,427 130,640 144,901 Louisiana..................................................... 12,678 60,527 67,988 84,373 103,054 118,008 129,609 143,644 Maine......................................................... 4,574 35,741 36,554 38,005 44,963 51,184 57,361 62,585 Maryland...................................................... 20,856 151,352 163,626 194,009 219,085 244,645 265,344 287,923 Massachusetts................................................. 36,338 176,915 169,545 185,086 195,374 203,986 223,560 247,948 Michigan...................................................... 248,414 644,734 697,634 782,804 874,483 898,372 859,629 948,558 Minnesota..................................................... 21,370 139,345 160,363 189,495 214,480 246,252 283,538 318,773 Mississippi................................................... 1,662 30,532 40,277 48,289 53,505 62,379 68,205 84,551 Missouri...................................................... 5,829 129,851 141,372 166,339 189,161 214,362 238,700 279,225 Montana....................................................... 1,213 8,822 12,968 17,436 20,150 21,363 25,532 29,356 Nebraska...................................................... 2,468 52,378 57,055 66,177 71,708 81,082 90,055 95,373 Nevada........................................................ 3,487 16,210 23,346 32,080 37,641 43,722 50,066 56,620 New Hampshire................................................. 2,089 20,604 22,659 27,360 31,497 36,538 42,570 48,242 New Jersey.................................................... 94,005 281,923 326,879 372,506 407,849 439,748 480,327 500,157 New Mexico.................................................... 1,680 14,416 16,792 19,088 27,117 30,082 26,938 30,114 New York...................................................... 136,361 373,718 437,371 487,738 536,374 569,682 619,489 701,885 North Carolina................................................ 9,168 120,344 140,222 167,894 197,254 226,632 233,145 261,672 North Dakota.................................................. 1,723 10,414 12,309 15,599 18,693 21,878 25,522 28,470 Ohio.......................................................... 22,832 489,515 552,649 665,999 714,132 789,319 886,843 981,342 Oklahoma...................................................... 1,826 32,169 39,922 46,540 52,170 57,578 63,908 73,455 Oregon........................................................ 88,502 78,374 91,252 107,435 124,929 142,227 156,829 178,428 Pennsylvania.................................................. 186,718 614,222 699,676 775,782 814,480 861,653 895,720 958,281 Puerto Rico................................................... 1,916 74,535 77,252 84,329 97,357 98,628 107,397 126,711 Rhode Island.................................................. 3,575 20,044 21,609 24,880 26,671 29,900 32,634 35,524 South Carolina................................................ 3,545 52,320 58,857 68,798 79,280 90,628 102,912 118,147 South Dakota.................................................. 1,407 11,024 13,119 15,881 18,112 21,357 24,838 28,018 Tennessee..................................................... 8,976 71,502 77,032 84,818 116,152 141,388 156,904 159,804 Texas......................................................... 8,207 132,318 192,797 251,157 309,502 367,171 448,463 538,253 Utah.......................................................... 6,624 38,071 43,895 52,610 56,199 61,135 63,426 77,600 Vermont....................................................... 1,449 9,353 11,023 13,518 15,831 17,950 21,234 25,370 Virgin Islands................................................ 260 3,131 3,338 4,049 4,992 5,562 5,399 5,438 Virginia...................................................... 9,197 110,560 129,919 145,114 151,919 182,787 226,682 257,180 Washington.................................................... 27,018 175,750 222,409 267,455 307,251 340,488 375,257 407,002 West Virginia................................................. 1,592 21,658 23,527 35,561 49,016 54,402 72,796 84,233 Wisconsin..................................................... 34,267 241,272 276,712 293,460 332,814 380,584 427,487 440,239 Wyoming....................................................... 520 7,155 9,079 11,220 13,810 16,184 17,350 25,021 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nationwide total.......................................... 1,332,847 6,010,125 6,885,619 7,964,522 8,909,166 9,850,159 10,752,824 12,018,767 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-13.--TOTAL AFDC COLLECTIONS BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1979-96 [In thousands of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1979 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama......................................................... $6,830 $19,484 $22,788 $23,001 $22,539 $21,148 $21,115 $23,464 Alaska.......................................................... 334 8,160 9,940 11,145 11,722 13,645 16,138 18,464 Arizona......................................................... 642 6,102 7,401 12,693 18,616 21,175 24,217 23,764 Arkansas........................................................ 2,428 11,799 13,800 15,766 16,249 15,662 16,831 19,746 California...................................................... 117,532 248,440 286,261 314,232 335,235 374,548 401,573 496,185 Colorado........................................................ 3,525 16,765 19,281 23,287 26,197 29,415 31,192 35,572 Connecticut..................................................... 11,416 27,405 33,816 37,744 41,292 41,465 54,100 54,323 Delaware........................................................ 1,386 5,826 6,661 7,306 7,798 7,855 8,029 8,315 District of Columbia............................................ 907 4,118 4,407 4,927 5,197 5,614 5,923 6,032 Florida......................................................... 8,598 48,364 57,071 69,765 78,081 80,368 85,244 80,685 Georgia......................................................... 4,772 45,937 57,765 74,546 84,627 84,820 84,932 102,399 Guam............................................................ 159 520 1,635 2,524 2,344 1,948 1,723 2,003 Hawaii.......................................................... 2,544 8,343 7,699 8,161 9,058 9,951 11,367 12,241 Idaho........................................................... 2,047 6,952 7,482 8,543 8,746 10,086 10,912 11,109 Illinois........................................................ 9,916 44,149 48,968 58,842 55,749 61,112 65,091 72,391 Indiana......................................................... 8,116 38,124 45,030 49,247 52,040 51,945 50,962 44,994 Iowa............................................................ 10,654 28,552 30,585 35,401 36,775 40,105 41,007 40,100 Kansas.......................................................... 3,454 15,209 17,454 20,869 22,402 24,732 27,567 28,779 Kentucky........................................................ 4,615 22,286 27,502 34,702 36,565 37,979 39,299 39,445 Louisiana....................................................... 5,244 20,861 23,089 25,975 26,827 26,714 28,133 31,228 Maine........................................................... 4,133 21,089 21,063 21,477 25,683 27,783 28,435 29,542 Maryland........................................................ 10,929 42,318 37,162 46,348 51,313 48,031 47,419 46,709 Massachusetts................................................... 29,145 68,968 66,969 71,784 77,292 76,899 77,085 71,421 Michigan........................................................ 76,375 145,251 153,690 168,317 169,581 176,100 167,673 170,955 Minnesota....................................................... 14,510 43,950 47,802 53,305 55,961 61,418 64,406 64,872 Mississippi..................................................... 1,556 14,530 19,494 21,523 21,641 22,962 22,067 24,450 Missouri........................................................ 4,165 38,056 37,021 49,653 51,153 55,959 57,788 66,610 Montana......................................................... 685 4,394 5,251 6,413 6,464 6,118 7,452 8,170 Nebraska........................................................ 2,083 6,990 7,431 9,195 9,797 10,158 11,337 12,437 Nevada.......................................................... 517 3,311 4,465 6,807 7,021 7,271 7,643 8,441 New Hampshire................................................... 2,089 3,606 4,385 6,337 7,638 9,446 10,776 10,532 New Jersey...................................................... 28,622 61,473 76,644 83,509 84,020 86,357 88,932 90,644 New Mexico...................................................... 1,160 5,573 6,421 7,850 12,922 13,389 9,257 6,253 New York........................................................ 56,588 134,040 157,582 174,587 184,583 183,707 187,205 205,855 North Carolina.................................................. 7,714 46,176 54,712 64,004 70,304 76,808 75,209 75,017 North Dakota.................................................... 1,379 5,103 5,600 6,016 6,098 6,148 6,334 6,108 Ohio............................................................ 21,974 76,888 84,304 100,833 105,719 113,425 120,127 124,814 Oklahoma........................................................ 1,260 11,875 14,894 17,682 18,784 20,817 22,287 24,345 Oregon.......................................................... 12,977 18,877 21,989 25,637 28,357 30,119 30,586 31,152 Pennsylvania.................................................... 33,190 96,328 113,735 123,784 124,490 26,932 134,995 138,685 Puerto Rico..................................................... 439 1,707 1,600 1,428 1,344 1,445 2,418 2,821 Rhode Island.................................................... 3,438 10,168 10,550 13,486 14,954 16,539 17,704 18,351 South Carolina.................................................. 3,065 15,933 17,779 21,066 24,588 27,063 27,933 29,614 South Dakota.................................................... 1,137 3,717 4,213 4,888 5,056 5,645 6,129 6,617 Tennessee....................................................... 3,871 22,926 27,865 22,777 33,422 34,852 47,576 34,740 Texas........................................................... 6,370 39,659 47,255 59,165 66,199 75,830 88,507 102,752 Utah............................................................ 5,442 14,999 16,261 18,939 19,488 20,691 20,948 21,555 Vermont......................................................... 1,201 5,578 6,380 6,649 7,638 7,424 8,312 8,912 Virgin Islands.................................................. 143 210 233 282 343 357 352 484 Virginia........................................................ 9,081 27,770 33,910 38,281 39,610 37,579 48,109 46,351 Washington...................................................... 18,319 65,291 77,402 91,083 100,337 104,063 109,763 112,819 West Virginia................................................... 1,430 4,085 6,859 9,500 16,867 12,377 13,846 15,307 Wisconsin....................................................... 26,044 59,303 61,179 63,813 65,439 81,437 94,558 80,986 Wyoming......................................................... 379 2,584 3,226 3,749 4,345 4,288 4,665 4,945 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nationwide total............................................ 596,532 1,750,125 1,983,962 2,258,844 2,416,511 2,549,723 2,693,186 2,854,502 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-14.--TOTAL NON-AFDC COLLECTIONS BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1979-96 [In thousands of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1979 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama.......................................................... $16 $46,691 $58,165 $75,140 $90,733 $106,760 $120,098 $134,423 Alaska........................................................... 3,510 18,628 20,781 24,468 27,426 32,207 35,596 39,245 Arizona.......................................................... 5,769 21,735 25,875 33,754 47,963 56,243 69,594 89,273 Arkansas......................................................... 1,494 14,211 18,984 26,299 32,899 39,553 47,045 59,686 California....................................................... 82,412 274,205 304,982 339,449 401,620 436,945 455,708 538,224 Colorado......................................................... 496 22,836 27,715 34,743 41,527 50,873 60,678 72,688 Connecticut...................................................... 11,617 39,319 41,960 46,445 52,161 56,983 63,623 70,911 Delaware......................................................... 4,428 14,335 16,032 18,620 18,865 21,809 23,522 27,080 District of Columbia............................................. 179 9,481 12,171 14,806 16,601 18,465 20,117 21,759 Florida.......................................................... 1,926 128,239 157,081 182,707 211,896 246,928 288,770 331,114 Georgia.......................................................... 783 67,158 85,249 99,921 120,939 145,002 159,435 166,200 Guam............................................................. (\1\) 920 1,527 2,172 2,659 5,131 4,314 4,733 Hawaii........................................................... 2,606 19,295 22,397 26,243 28,269 35,156 37,384 39,941 Idaho............................................................ 454 15,957 15,960 19,302 23,381 26,856 29,835 32,894 Illinois......................................................... 823 91,870 101,167 124,467 128,140 141,079 154,249 177,443 Indiana.......................................................... 957 58,021 65,087 75,368 89,125 99,680 123,488 151,941 Iowa............................................................. 2,363 42,430 50,109 60,645 72,503 82,599 95,131 111,807 Kansas........................................................... 520 29,749 37,379 45,183 37,199 62,012 70,003 78,799 Kentucky......................................................... 266 37,711 46,426 59,200 67,022 83,448 91,341 105,457 Louisiana........................................................ 7,434 39,665 44,898 58,398 76,227 91,293 101,476 112,416 Maine............................................................ 441 14,652 15,490 16,528 19,280 23,402 28,927 33,043 Maryland......................................................... 9,927 109,034 126,464 147,660 167,771 196,614 217,925 241,214 Massachusetts.................................................... 7,193 107,948 102,576 113,302 118,082 127,087 146,475 176,527 Michigan......................................................... 172,039 499,483 543,944 614,488 704,903 722,273 691,956 777,603 Minnesota........................................................ 6,861 95,395 112,561 136,190 158,519 184,834 219,131 253,900 Mississippi...................................................... 106 16,002 20,783 26,766 31,864 39,417 46,139 60,101 Missouri......................................................... 1,664 91,795 104,351 116,686 138,008 158,403 180,912 212,614 Montana.......................................................... 528 4,427 7,718 11,024 13,686 15,245 18,080 21,187 Nebraska......................................................... 385 45,387 49,624 56,983 61,911 70,925 78,718 82,936 Nevada........................................................... 2,970 12,899 18,881 25,273 30,620 36,451 42,423 48,179 New Hampshire.................................................... 0 16,999 18,274 21,023 23,859 27,092 31,793 37,710 New Jersey....................................................... 65,383 220,450 250,235 288,997 323,829 353,390 391,395 409,513 New Mexico....................................................... 520 8,843 10,371 11,239 14,195 16,693 17,681 23,860 New York......................................................... 79,773 239,678 279,289 313,151 351,791 385,974 432,284 496,030 North Carolina................................................... 1,454 74,167 85,510 103,890 126,951 149,824 157,936 186,655 North Dakota..................................................... 344 5,312 6,708 9,583 12,595 15,730 19,188 22,361 Ohio............................................................. 858 412,627 468,346 565,166 608,413 675,895 766,715 856,529 Oklahoma......................................................... 566 20,293 25,028 28,858 33,386 36,760 41,621 49,109 Oregon........................................................... 75,525 59,497 69,263 81,798 96,572 112,108 126,244 147,276 Pennsylvania..................................................... 153,528 517,893 517,893 651,998 689,990 734,721 760,725 819,596 Puerto Rico...................................................... 1,477 72,828 75,652 82,901 96,014 97,184 104,979 123,890 Rhode Island..................................................... 137 9,876 11,059 11,394 11,717 13,361 14,931 17,173 South Carolina................................................... 480 36,387 41,078 47,732 54,692 63,565 74,978 88,533 South Dakota..................................................... 270 7,307 8,906 10,993 13,056 15,711 18,709 21,401 Tennessee........................................................ 5,105 48,575 49,167 62,041 82,730 106,536 109,328 125,064 Texas............................................................ 1,837 92,659 145,543 191,993 243,303 291,341 359,956 435,501 Utah............................................................. 1,183 23,073 27,634 33,671 36,712 40,445 42,478 56,045 Vermont.......................................................... 249 3,775 4,643 6,869 8,193 10,526 12,922 16,458 Virgin Islands................................................... 116 2,920 3,105 3,767 4,649 5,205 5,047 4,955 Virginia......................................................... 116 82,789 96,008 106,833 112,309 145,207 178,572 210,828 Washington....................................................... 8,699 110,459 145,006 176,372 206,914 236,425 265,495 294,184 West Virginia.................................................... 162 17,574 16,668 26,061 32,149 42,025 58,951 68,926 Wisconsin........................................................ 8,224 181,969 215,533 229,647 267,374 299,147 332,929 359,253 Wyoming.......................................................... 141 4,571 5,853 7,471 9,465 11,896 12,685 20,076 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nationwide total........................................... 736,315 4,260,000 4,901,657 5,705,678 6,492,655 7,300,436 8,059,637 9,164,265 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Less than $500. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-15.--AVERAGE NUMBER OF AFDC CHILD SUPPORT CASES IN WHICH A COLLECTION WAS MADE, BY STATE FOR SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1978-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1978 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama............................................ 7,966 9,133 11,572 12,316 10,860 8,347 9,209 9,077 7,679 6,961 Alaska............................................. 246 1,120 1,038 1,213 1,387 1,718 1,949 2,168 2,415 2,620 Arizona............................................ 819 1,851 1,470 2,545 3,128 1,930 2,822 3,343 7,384 6,764 Arkansas........................................... 2,509 5,207 5,506 6,278 6,372 7,071 8,188 8,301 6,773 6,589 California......................................... 92,325 103,742 74,081 84,367 89,304 104,903 116,118 123,776 173,547 224,932 Colorado........................................... 3,177 5,687 4,092 4,771 4,437 4,581 5,126 5,210 4,418 4,202 Connecticut........................................ 8,002 15,565 13,337 7,470 6,578 7,128 8,445 9,437 10,792 11,574 Delaware........................................... 1,156 2,891 2,858 2,111 2,223 2,495 2,663 2,913 2,880 2,543 District of Columbia............................... 708 1,925 2,138 2,553 1,758 1,940 2,281 2,437 2,534 2,357 Florida............................................ 7,376 16,468 30,114 34,883 38,500 40,687 40,135 44,727 49,284 41,195 Georgia............................................ 6,350 6,657 10,710 14,833 19,310 23,280 24,729 26,676 28,639 25,136 Guam............................................... (\1\) 206 197 182 339 573 616 683 646 559 Hawaii............................................. 1,757 4,622 3,175 3,831 2,658 2,773 4,651 4,551 2,920 3,428 Idaho.............................................. 1,346 4,343 1,245 1,522 1,752 1,992 2,356 2,719 3,130 3,073 Illinois........................................... 9,624 18,299 14,352 14,986 16,968 23,511 23,639 26,028 28,430 29,586 Indiana............................................ 9,488 22,058 16,188 17,716 20,444 26,344 30,823 31,159 111,078 30,119 Iowa............................................... 8,396 11,871 7,015 7,241 7,289 7,153 7,681 7,365 7,057 5,604 Kansas............................................. 2,859 4,769 3,798 3,565 4,595 5,268 6,120 6,857 7,515 7,064 Kentucky........................................... 3,083 6,729 6,853 8,699 10,741 12,513 13,516 15,217 12,679 11,607 Louisiana.......................................... 5,204 7,836 9,916 11,582 11,842 12,198 12,510 12,164 11,887 11,957 Maine.............................................. 2,368 7,178 4,734 5,200 5,515 5,767 5,287 7,013 8,793 8,981 Maryland........................................... 14,002 15,861 9,073 5,250 9,237 18,330 19,366 18,684 18,119 16,574 Massachusetts...................................... 17,782 25,350 17,211 16,610 16,029 16,106 17,961 18,378 22,245 17,118 Michigan........................................... 61,985 59,049 58,364 47,388 51,747 46,647 45,112 45,211 39,332 36,496 Minnesota.......................................... 9,818 14,872 12,442 13,822 14,192 12,658 14,563 16,440 17,170 15,778 Mississippi........................................ 1,846 3,742 4,544 6,410 7,237 8,808 9,604 10,157 9,970 9,732 Missouri........................................... (\2\) 7,716 6,483 9,894 11,178 11,241 13,430 14,135 13,096 13,987 Montana............................................ 748 1,600 849 1,086 1,140 1,298 1,551 1,816 2,169 2,319 Nebraska........................................... 1,509 2,362 2,555 2,666 2,811 3,255 4,802 4,811 5,538 5,737 Nevada............................................. 494 2,370 1,645 1,917 2,269 2,404 3,096 3,506 3,518 4,792 New Hampshire...................................... 1,530 1,021 981 988 1,091 1,454 2,240 2,703 3,328 3,215 New Jersey......................................... 16,243 27,686 25,182 18,415 17,591 19,728 24,376 26,241 26,899 27,310 New Mexico......................................... 1,429 2,034 2,175 3,147 3,766 4,383 3,865 4,385 6,613 7,427 New York........................................... 36,287 48,979 30,993 36,695 40,219 46,382 51,290 51,407 51,943 52,741 North Carolina..................................... 11,232 14,216 17,089 19,157 20,381 24,699 28,028 29,649 28,027 25,276 North Dakota....................................... 759 1,656 1,130 1,338 1,647 1,665 1,597 1,579 943 1,006 Ohio............................................... 24,419 32,582 35,273 40,308 35,973 34,446 38,445 39,857 47,323 45994 Oklahoma........................................... 1,101 3,543 1,468 6,605 7,787 3,895 4,794 5,294 5,671 5,157 Oregon............................................. 6,761 6,687 5,935 5,829 6,437 7,437 8,321 9,495 9,390 8,899 Pennsylvania....................................... 15,172 42,088 49,100 45,772 47,039 52,269 59,514 61,998 58,646 60,952 Puerto Rico........................................ 413 3,736 3,588 3,991 3,696 3,103 3,026 2,811 3,454 1,351 Rhode Island....................................... 2,419 3,233 3,092 4,141 4,295 3,100 3,346 4,070 4,830 4,739 South Carolina..................................... 3,343 5,785 10,495 13,954 14,614 15,349 16,764 19,026 20,964 21,547 South Dakota....................................... 1,087 1,532 1,887 1,744 1,234 1,262 1,526 1,642 1,809 2,268 Tennessee.......................................... 4,705 8,336 9,430 13,114 16,659 11,625 12,179 11,391 10,344 8,892 Texas.............................................. 5,446 5,652 9,167 13,509 15,447 18,229 20,387 23,075 26,570 27,897 Utah............................................... 3,784 5,209 3,627 3,652 3,333 3,669 3,973 4,033 3,979 4,034 Vermont............................................ 953 2,329 1,984 2,462 2,596 2,826 3,556 4,114 2,594 2,856 Virgin Islands..................................... 232 199 220 184 133 135 165 193 214 158 Virginia........................................... 4,729 13,054 10,813 11,854 14,138 16,761 18,679 19,399 45,576 19,188 Washington......................................... 14,860 15,895 18,110 22,921 27,063 23,263 28,618 27,020 29,026 24,317 West Virginia...................................... 1,430 2,331 2,107 2,426 2,484 2,622 3,347 4,108 6,185 4,488 Wisconsin.......................................... 16,868 44,799 26,847 31,438 30,143 30,426 32,693 31,984 32,140 10,681 Wyoming............................................ 294 453 738 1,034 1,197 1,681 2,094 2,146 2,058 675 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total........................................ 458,439 684,114 608,986 657,585 700,803 755,328 831,172 872,579 1,050,163 940,452 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Data not reported for this item or insufficient data reported to perform indicated computation. \2\ Less than $500. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-16.--AVERAGE NUMBER OF NON-AFDC CHILD SUPPORT ENFORCEMENT CASES IN WHICH A COLLECTION WAS MADE BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1978-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1978 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama............................... 110 5,023 11,583 16,602 19,971 28,512 33,741 39,586 47,785 51,547 Alaska................................ 2,309 3,205 3,184 3,637 3,947 4,211 4,598 4,997 5,891 6,331 Arizona............................... (\1\) 4,770 4,668 6,740 7,333 9,144 11,107 10,283 21,881 25,800 Arkansas.............................. 764 3,613 5,074 7,241 8,473 11,232 15,088 18,449 23,243 27,015 California............................ 69,696 64,686 77,448 91,029 96,101 101,913 97,597 104,864 155,144 200,129 Colorado.............................. 1,017 3,976 4,537 6,054 7,281 9,008 10,492 11,360 14,524 16,883 Connecticut........................... (\1\) 9,392 9,884 10,606 11,289 13,289 14,441 15,721 17,950 20,071 Delaware.............................. 3,210 4,395 5,073 6,380 6,770 8,058 8,303 9,191 11,575 9,856 District of Columbia.................. 93 1,007 1,264 2,653 4,252 4,964 5,704 6,278 6,904 7,164 Florida............................... 1,200 7,593 25,573 50,995 56,329 66,748 67,948 77,734 96,394 102,045 Georgia............................... 1,207 5,487 14,883 24,992 30,217 34,545 35,419 40,698 50,178 55,749 Guam.................................. (\1\) 65 114 207 378 495 616 803 1,582 1,508 Hawaii................................ (\1\) 352 2,804 6,682 8,103 10,398 15,305 16,299 10,237 10,393 Idaho................................. 455 1,047 2,529 5,540 6,493 7,403 8,689 9,889 11,522 11,612 Illinois.............................. 196 10,030 14,479 21,781 26,184 36,363 36,246 40,744 48,174 54,714 Indiana............................... 450 2,881 12,759 17,990 25,586 27,111 34,855 36,865 39,155 45,017 Iowa.................................. 671 4,913 3,441 10,807 12,400 14,103 16,352 19,266 24,161 25,634 Kansas................................ 210 758 5,260 9,308 11,520 13,855 16,003 18,846 24,991 27,187 Kentucky.............................. 255 3,647 15,549 13,686 17,473 20,489 23,531 28,950 35,072 38,815 Louisiana............................. 6,866 10,636 11,695 14,883 16,739 20,001 24,194 28,146 37,396 42,588 Maine................................. 638 1,496 3,862 5,774 6,425 6,510 5,479 7,630 11,793 12,752 Maryland.............................. 130 26,154 12,685 15,969 27,339 49,380 52,024 54,989 61,259 65,038 Massachusetts......................... (\1\) 0 26,549 27,950 22,921 14,264 24,605 25,899 33,533 40,266 Michigan.............................. (\1\) 88,675 126,187 120,969 115,081 129,461 133,652 141,489 151,518 164,057 Minnesota............................. 2,766 12,615 16,137 23,502 26,712 27,174 35,791 43,272 56,720 64,251 Mississippi........................... 81 1,319 4,348 6,937 7,917 10,077 12,997 16,007 24,355 29,377 Missouri.............................. (\1\) 5,362 14,676 22,802 26,994 32,317 38,492 41,022 47,438 57,745 Montana............................... 444 344 800 1,012 1,448 2,208 2,748 3,750 6,148 7,488 Nebraska.............................. 176 7,874 10,540 13,464 14,748 14,883 15,185 17,771 18,399 19,113 Nevada................................ 4,026 5,360 3,212 4,085 4,451 5,327 6,676 7,819 9,387 10,072 New Hampshire......................... (\1\) 4,939 5,474 5,809 5,260 5,875 7,077 7,870 10,079 11,316 New Jersey............................ 20,000 45,868 51,706 65,947 66,885 68,753 78,789 84,267 89,409 97,360 New Mexico............................ 286 2,249 2,462 4,490 5,360 5,758 5,947 5,849 8,095 9,455 New York.............................. 39,623 63,829 67,460 78,638 83,651 94,031 103,924 108,419 152,556 136,975 North Carolina........................ 1,715 10,137 15,323 22,584 27,632 31,810 37,172 43,884 59,956 68,579 North Dakota.......................... 154 266 865 1,427 1,911 2,357 3,320 4,026 4,245 6,582 Ohio.................................. 1,430 10,853 39,114 100,069 101,553 107,806 135,535 149,104 191,748 158,967 Oklahoma.............................. (\1\) 1,968 4,867 8,635 10,509 8,558 8,479 10,707 13,730 15,347 Oregon................................ 17,957 19,331 20,620 23,747 25,657 19,754 21,810 25,063 31,968 35,821 Pennsylvania.......................... 49,621 108,498 123,248 140,750 147,885 171,525 182,098 190,671 195,144 209,436 Puerto Rico........................... 710 26,873 30,490 35,346 35,295 36,731 33,075 41,130 45,963 47,320 Rhode Island.......................... 57 1,969 2,750 3,559 3,705 3,017 3,060 3,291 4,271 4,670 South Carolina........................ 203 2,777 3,165 4,671 4,896 10,393 25,764 27,771 34,471 36,395 South Dakota.......................... 297 502 2,175 3,154 2,739 3,262 3,881 4,607 6,339 7,916 Tennessee............................. 6,360 12,156 14,957 21,649 28,174 31,554 35,358 40,003 53,498 55,076 Texas................................. 2,861 8,833 15,079 26,643 37,741 51,039 65,152 79,037 111,451 133,427 Utah.................................. 400 1,068 4,008 5,437 6,738 8,605 9,704 10,573 13,446 15,343 Vermont............................... 181 393 967 1,459 1,659 1,870 2,433 3,154 3,380 4,603 Virgin Islands........................ 1 1,288 1,252 1,499 1,247 1,301 1,348 1,538 1,655 1,410 Virginia.............................. 38 876 19,273 26,638 31,492 34,242 38,267 46,760 88,500 66,164 Washington............................ 4,822 9,802 13,656 24,331 34,791 46,930 55,788 64,929 74,479 69,233 West Virginia......................... 130 288 1,953 5,246 8,045 7,555 9,513 11,971 22,022 20,762 Wisconsin............................. 4,685 20,288 41,953 63,554 56,769 65,718 70,780 88,601 111,438 94,760 Wyoming............................... 89 77 563 1,669 2,352 2,853 3,275 1,738 3,564 6,582 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total........................... 248,590 653,803 934,177 1,247,228 1,362,821 1,554,740 1,749,427 1,953,580 2,404,716 2,563,716 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Data not reported for this item or insufficient data reported to perform indicated computation. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-17.--SUPPORT ORDERS ESTABLISHED, ENFORCED, AND MODIFIED TO INCLUDE HEALTH INSURANCE BY STATE, FISCAL YEAR 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Total Percent Total number Total number Percent number of number with with of orders enforced or with State orders health health enforced or modified with health established insurance insurance modified health insurance insurance ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama..................... 11,932 2,525 21.16 436,090 5,047 1.16 Alaska...................... 3,264 3,182 97.49 3,934 3,707 94.23 Arizona..................... 10,918 10,918 100.00 233.943 20,583 8.80 Arkansas.................... 8,616 4,713 54.70 7,667 4,688 61.15 California.................. 196,585 162,782 82.80 922,802 764,840 82.88 Colorado.................... 8,906 7,570 85.00 54,576 26,501 48.56 Connecticut................. 25,478 15,028 58.98 114,459 55,855 48.80 Delaware.................... 3,022 2,172 71.87 13,039 9,598 73.61 District of Columbia........ 1,133 4 0.35 2,950 NA 0.00 Florida..................... 3,188 NA 0.00 13,224 NA 0.00 Georgia..................... 26,758 13,057 48.80 303,470 2,184 0.72 Guam........................ 644 370 57.45 891 466 52.30 Hawaii...................... 4,211 4,211 100.00 100,660 100,660 100.00 Idaho....................... 3,391 3,391 100.00 80,737 7,264 9.00 Illinois.................... 22,797 6,651 29.17 12,839 3,650 28.43 Indiana..................... 25,504 NA 0.00 NA NA 0.00 Iowa........................ 11,488 9,301 80.96 284,826 147,469 51.78 Kansas...................... 15,579 13,177 84.58 160,939 40,638 25.25 Kentucky.................... 29,328 6,294 21.46 111,247 19,834 17.83 Louisiana................... 14,357 13,290 92.57 136,946 97,558 71.24 Maine....................... 5,584 3,515 62.95 14,175 1,463 10.32 Maryland.................... 17,131 13,087 76.39 221,211 45,751 20.68 Massachusetts............... 13,824 9,121 65.98 8,235 3,951 47.98 Michigan.................... 35,067 32,674 93.18 1,072,008 69,033 6.44 Minnesota................... 20,182 11,447 56.72 52,386 40,050 76.45 Mississippi................. 18,518 5,374 29.02 6,396 1,549 24.22 Missouri.................... 30,397 22,844 75.15 111,592 66,890 59.94 Montana..................... 2,954 2,739 92.72 33,235 1,966 5.92 Nebraska.................... 5,227 2,885 55.19 2,674 736 27.52 Nevada...................... 5,208 4,045 77.67 44,875 1,916 4.27 New Hampshire............... 4,087 2,712 66.36 49,131 5,620 11.44 New Jersey.................. 25,416 22,053 86.77 22,104 20,586 93.13 New Mexico.................. 4,531 1,977 43.63 1,298 558 42.99 New York.................... 32,787 13,113 39.99 37,900 15,158 39.99 North Carolina.............. 40,127 26,926 67.10 253,396 4,257 1.68 North Dakota................ 2,005 1,938 96.66 6,817 182 2.67 Ohio........................ 55,203 26,956 48.83 459,054 141,145 30.75 Oklahoma.................... 8,357 6,109 73.10 30,709 2,538 8.26 Oregon...................... 15,542 13,364 85.99 60,286 23,712 39.33 Pennsylvania................ 134,067 91,532 68.27 395,227 248,263 62.82 Puerto Rico................. 480 18 3.75 75,776 NA 0.00 Rhode Island................ 3,103 2,086 67.23 12,975 8,392 64.68 South Carolina.............. 10,517 6,544 62.22 29,286 14,649 50.02 South Dakota................ 2,270 2,046 90.13 13,804 12,242 88.68 Tennessee................... 18,707 8,659 46.29 32,170 9,045 28.12 Texas....................... 40,480 40,480 100.00 112,062 29,954 26.73 Utah........................ 6,614 5,362 81.07 256,368 177,248 69.14 Vermont..................... 1,495 854 57.12 3,336 1,933 57.94 Virgin Islands.............. 555 3 0.54 1,110 NA 0.00 Virginia.................... 24,176 16,585 68.60 118,661 23,775 20.04 Washington.................. 32,776 27,922 85.19 657,158 335,479 51.05 West Virginia............... 6,509 3,324 51.07 642,413 55,174 8.59 Wisconsin................... 29,702 15,521 52.26 67,164 31,621 47.08 Wyoming..................... 2,367 390 16.48 2,836 433 15.27 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. total............ 1,083,064 722,841 66.74 7,903,067 2,705,811 34.24 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-18.--PERCENTAGE OF AFDC PAYMENTS RECOVERED THROUGH CHILD SUPPORT COLLECTIONS BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1979-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1979 1985 1987 1989 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama................................... 8.5 23.2 30.8 31.7 33.7 27.0 23.8 23.1 25.6 31.2 Alaska.................................... 1.5 8.3 12.6 13.7 14.6 12.7 11.9 13.6 16.2 18.9 Arizona................................... 2.0 5.1 3.8 4.4 4.2 5.4 7.1 8.2 9.8 10.6 Arkansas.................................. 4.8 17.6 21.0 20.7 23.6 26.5 28.0 28.0 32.5 41.3 California................................ 6.5 6.1 6.0 5.9 6.3 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.3 10.6 Colorado.................................. 4.8 9.5 11.4 12.3 13.0 15.0 16.7 19.5 22.7 28.6 Connecticut............................... 6.5 12.2 12.7 9.5 10.2 10.5 11.2 11.0 15.0 18.0 Delaware.................................. 4.4 17.3 21.2 20.3 20.6 19.7 19.8 20.2 22.1 24.5 District of Columbia...................... 1.0 3.8 4.7 4.9 4.5 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.7 5.0 Florida................................... 5.5 11.5 11.9 11.6 11.1 9.9 9.6 10.2 11.3 12.1 Georgia................................... 4.3 10.4 12.4 14.3 15.4 18.2 20.1 20.3 20.9 27.2 Guam...................................... 5.3 9.1 11.9 10.8 32.7 34.6 28.7 18.6 14.5 16.0 Hawaii.................................... 2.9 8.9 7.3 8.8 7.4 6.9 6.7 6.6 7.2 7.8 Idaho..................................... 8.9 25.0 33.2 35.7 34.7 36.5 35.3 36.3 35.1 38.1 Illinois.................................. 1.5 4.8 5.0 5.6 5.7 7.0 6.6 7.1 7.8 9.1 Indiana................................... 7.2 21.5 23.0 22.4 23.8 24.0 24.5 24.2 26.8 30.4 Iowa...................................... 9.0 19.3 19.2 20.1 20.6 23.2 24.3 26.3 30.4 34.1 Kansas.................................... 5.0 14.1 13.4 15.9 17.8 19.4 19.7 21.8 25.9 30.8 Kentucky.................................. 3.8 8.5 12.0 12.4 15.0 18.8 20.0 21.0 22.9 21.6 Louisiana................................. 5.2 9.1 10.5 11.1 12.4 14.2 15.3 16.1 18.7 23.8 Maine..................................... 7.3 20.6 26.1 22.9 21.5 18.8 24.5 28.3 30.4 33.5 Maryland.................................. 6.1 11.2 13.0 14.5 11.4 14.2 16.9 15.8 15.3 16.5 Massachusetts............................. 6.6 10.7 12.0 11.8 10.4 10.5 11.4 11.6 12.8 13.6 Michigan.................................. 9.0 12.5 13.0 13.9 15.1 15.7 16.6 17.7 18.7 21.9 Minnesota................................. 7.8 12.7 14.2 14.4 14.6 16.3 17.3 19.2 23.0 21.5 Mississippi............................... 2.9 9.4 13.7 16.8 22.3 24.2 24.9 28.0 29.3 35.9 Missouri.................................. 2.8 12.0 15.0 17.8 15.6 19.0 18.9 20.1 21.0 26.0 Montana................................... 4.4 8.6 9.9 11.1 12.9 16.0 15.0 14.2 17.3 20.3 Nebraska.................................. 5.4 11.5 12.9 13.0 13.2 16.0 16.9 18.1 21.4 24.6 Nevada.................................... 6.3 16.4 12.4 12.2 14.1 17.1 16.6 15.7 15.3 17.9 New Hampshire............................. 9.4 15.2 12.4 11.3 10.1 12.3 14.4 16.0 19.4 21.5 New Jersey................................ 5.9 12.5 14.4 14.0 16.4 16.5 16.4 16.9 18.3 20.2 New Mexico................................ 3.4 7.4 9.4 9.2 7.8 8.0 11.6 9.7 6.0 4.2 New York.................................. 3.5 5.0 5.6 6.4 6.7 7.2 7.0 6.7 6.9 8.0 North Carolina............................ 5.6 17.4 18.9 18.8 18.4 19.6 20.5 22.4 23.1 25.7 North Dakota.............................. 9.6 16.8 17.4 21.0 23.4 24.0 24.1 25.4 28.9 29.7 Ohio...................................... 4.8 10.1 9.9 10.0 10.3 11.7 12.2 13.4 15.5 17.5 Oklahoma.................................. 1.6 6.4 8.0 9.0 9.9 10.7 11.1 12.8 14.9 20.1 Oregon.................................... 9.0 13.0 13.0 13.5 13.5 12.5 13.4 14.3 15.0 16.9 Pennsylvania.............................. 4.6 11.0 13.2 12.6 13.7 14.0 13.7 13.6 14.5 16.2 Puerto Rico............................... 0.7 2.7 2.3 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.9 3.5 4.4 Rhode Island.............................. 6.1 7.6 8.9 10.4 9.2 10.8 11.6 12.6 13.9 15.2 South Carolina............................ 5.4 13.1 15.9 16.8 16.8 17.9 21.1 23.6 26.1 29.5 South Dakota.............................. 6.5 14.4 17.9 17.1 18.1 18.8 19.5 23.2 27.4 31.2 Tennessee................................. 5.0 10.3 14.1 13.7 14.3 11.2 15.7 15.9 23.3 17.7 Texas..................................... 5.4 6.2 9.4 9.5 10.2 11.8 12.9 14.5 17.6 22.2 Utah...................................... 13.7 19.6 22.1 23.4 23.2 25.6 26.2 28.3 29.7 34.5 Vermont................................... 4.1 11.1 13.4 12.7 13.0 12.7 14.7 14.6 17.7 21.4 Virgin Islands............................ 8.5 8.3 7.9 7.3 7.1 8.5 10.2 10.6 8.7 11.0 Virginia.................................. 6.3 9.0 13.5 15.7 17.2 17.3 17.3 16.2 21.8 23.8 Washington................................ 12.5 10.9 14.4 17.1 18.1 20.0 20.8 21.1 22.4 23.5 West Virginia............................. 2.6 7.8 6.1 5.1 8.1 10.6 18.2 13.8 15.1 17.5 Wisconsin................................. 9.5 12.4 15.4 15.5 15.7 16.2 17.0 21.6 27.3 28.5 Wyoming................................... 5.6 8.2 10.0 13.5 13.3 14.3 17.0 20.7 25.1 30.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total............................... 5.8 9.1 10.0 10.3 10.7 11.4 12.0 12.5 13.6 15.5 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Payments to AFDC Unemployed Parent (UP) families have been excluded from the payments totals in those States having AFDC-UP Programs. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-19.--FEDERAL INCOME TAX REFUND OFFSET COLLECTIONS BY STATE, FISCAL YEARS 1983-96 [In thousands of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1983 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama................................................... $1,555 $5,135 $7,450 $8,009 $8,827 $20,586 $17,818 $18,688 $25,958 Alaska.................................................... 212 891 995 1,208 1,387 1,711 1,464 2,156 2,946 Arizona................................................... 385 2,049 2,592 2,605 2,876 4,007 8,381 7,538 8,763 Arkansas.................................................. 1,104 3,770 4,490 4,669 5,575 7,106 6,862 7,515 11,391 California................................................ 35,034 46,287 50,472 57,624 57,098 67,569 62,460 86,508 129,209 Colorado.................................................. 3,016 3,020 4,947 5,604 6,179 7,614 7,851 9,283 13,973 Connecticut............................................... 4,455 6,140 12,132 9,907 9,250 10,190 9,315 10,823 13,699 Delaware.................................................. 166 1,319 1,812 1,966 2,467 2,683 2,313 2,626 3,291 District of Columbia...................................... 567 779 1,202 1,942 1,606 1,788 1,701 1,992 2,555 Florida................................................... 1,980 7,318 21,294 21,038 24,880 31,569 30,689 38,045 50,377 Georgia................................................... 1,526 7,258 11,566 13,032 15,693 22,016 22,441 30,103 36,429 Guam...................................................... 13 44 26 13 11 51 43 70 92 Hawaii.................................................... 817 1,122 1,511 1,573 1,976 2,328 3,704 3,589 4,519 Idaho..................................................... 1,183 1,594 1,959 2,173 2,270 2,690 2,595 3,205 4,061 Illinois.................................................. 4,525 15,415 13,887 19,307 18,876 26,631 20,891 28,836 33,620 Indiana................................................... 4,940 11,390 15,642 15,860 16,853 21,169 19,809 23,429 27,690 Iowa...................................................... 5,526 7,798 8,990 8,828 9,439 11,240 10,633 13,055 15,623 Kansas.................................................... 2,525 3,704 4,947 5,300 6,101 7,525 7,207 9,196 12,633 Kentucky.................................................. 1,165 3,262 6,812 6,680 7,891 12,919 11,994 14,121 17,324 Louisiana................................................. 1,536 4,722 5,797 6,582 6,519 8,438 9,356 13,934 18,899 Maine..................................................... 1,844 3,377 4,866 5,383 4,925 5,477 4,862 6,103 7,302 Maryland.................................................. 5,688 9,646 17,039 14,343 14,182 15,542 15,454 17,936 22,683 Massachusetts............................................. 3,325 5,269 10,101 11,899 10,936 13,077 11,465 9,997 12,049 Michigan.................................................. 18,250 25,893 30,246 29,854 32,776 44,968 45,314 49,346 58,232 Minnesota................................................. 5,576 6,762 7,936 8,096 8,831 9,904 9,217 10,575 13,263 Mississippi............................................... 1,019 2,252 4,147 4,958 6,392 8,270 8,532 10,765 20,156 Missouri.................................................. 4,289 8,482 12,438 14,205 10,189 17,711 16,367 19,546 25,036 Montana................................................... 431 1,209 1,366 1,301 1,374 1,636 1,679 1,794 2,317 Nebraska.................................................. 502 1,395 2,598 2,485 2,548 3,121 3,213 3,671 4,811 Nevada.................................................... 354 433 630 768 1,363 2,449 2,291 3,127 4,334 New Hampshire............................................. 757 1,284 1,137 1,177 1,350 2,028 1,997 2,869 3,658 New Jersey................................................ 9,458 14,268 16,201 16,171 18,266 20,132 17,990 21,309 26,164 New Mexico................................................ 533 2,278 2,279 2,585 2,863 3,259 3,041 3,907 5,052 New York.................................................. 9,945 27,991 23,472 24,763 31,307 33,734 31,084 35,960 43,854 North Carolina............................................ 4,235 7,229 11,359 11,270 12,718 16,410 17,403 21,154 28,671 North Dakota.............................................. 352 848 773 1,302 1,501 1,767 1,656 2,303 2,521 Ohio...................................................... 2,886 11,186 14,346 16,514 21,027 27,476 28,651 46,843 60,010 Oklahoma.................................................. 703 2,218 4,197 4,647 5,803 7,575 7,077 9,148 11,235 Oregon.................................................... 3,782 4,863 5,113 5,381 5,622 6,259 5,694 7,997 10,497 Pennsylvania.............................................. 6,112 17,123 21,332 24,354 27,946 32,560 29,012 36,956 45,742 Puerto Rico............................................... 2 13 47 6 63 231 218 287 3,181 Rhode Island.............................................. 838 880 1,401 1,548 1,522 1,799 1,424 1,857 2,307 South Carolina............................................ 368 1,789 2,788 3,233 3,449 4,678 5,198 6,296 8,751 South Dakota.............................................. 374 998 1,465 1,498 1,648 2,110 2,018 2,465 3,066 Tennessee................................................. 642 3,025 7,110 7,539 8,341 16,033 12,577 16,865 20,874 Texas..................................................... 3,906 11,316 17,934 19,926 24,133 34,346 36,561 54,142 71,026 Utah...................................................... 2,540 2,991 3,730 4,066 4,297 5,604 5,431 6,270 6,206 Vermont................................................... 611 887 1,154 1,017 1,074 1,294 1,073 1,633 1,952 Virgin Islands............................................ ........ 37 34 7 25 44 68 81 68 Virginia.................................................. 1,674 6,840 8,913 9,761 10,298 12,594 12,601 16,898 19,507 Washington................................................ 4,278 10,510 12,537 13,732 13,957 17,417 17,236 19,506 23,801 West Virginia............................................. 1,038 2,013 2,944 3,066 3,265 3,705 3,551 7,221 7,863 Wisconsin................................................. 6,266 10,029 12,902 13,290 14,384 17,486 18,055 22,800 32,765 Wyoming................................................... 222 503 534 684 1,131 1,190 932 1,977 3,441 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nationwide total.................................... 175,021 338,853 443,594 474,748 515,279 661,711 636,466 803,952 1,045,450 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-20.--TOTAL CHILD SUPPORT COLLECTIONS PER DOLLAR OF TOTAL ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENDITURES BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1978-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1978 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama.............................................. 0.75 2.45 2.69 2.50 2.46 2.78 2.68 3.11 3.27 2.24 3.41 Alaska............................................... 3.19 2.61 3.05 3.46 4.06 4.14 3.64 3.92 3.71 2.93 3.31 Arizona.............................................. 0.88 1.46 2.21 2.11 1.84 1.49 1.54 1.57 1.79 1.48 2.41 Arkansas............................................. 1.00 2.62 2.94 2.94 3.38 2.80 3.00 3.15 3.20 2.75 2.77 California........................................... 2.15 2.37 2.52 2.75 2.66 2.59 2.63 2.59 2.54 2.17 2.36 Colorado............................................. 1.78 1.89 1.90 1.99 2.21 2.82 3.22 2.70 2.47 2.54 2.82 Connecticut.......................................... 4.20 3.49 2.91 2.73 2.76 2.46 2.73 2.97 3.19 2.88 2.91 Delaware............................................. 7.14 2.46 3.07 2.62 3.01 3.13 2.87 2.88 2.39 2.04 2.50 District of Columbia................................. 0.73 0.92 0.97 1.21 1.33 1.78 1.88 2.33 2.51 2.03 2.38 Florida.............................................. 1.20 2.12 1.98 2.28 2.58 2.66 2.86 3.03 3.78 3.53 3.13 Georgia.............................................. 2.22 2.59 3.16 2.88 3.06 3.06 3.61 4.26 4.47 3.50 3.92 Guam................................................. NA 1.39 1.53 1.62 1.28 1.24 1.98 1.87 1.89 1.33 2.57 Hawaii............................................... 1.71 2.26 3.10 3.62 3.62 3.64 4.06 3.94 3.79 2.36 2.18 Idaho................................................ 2.10 3.58 4.06 3.79 3.95 4.02 3.21 3.62 3.43 2.39 2.32 Illinois............................................. 2.10 2.40 2.51 2.68 2.77 2.61 2.63 2.90 2.36 2.23 2.41 Indiana.............................................. 2.42 4.82 5.22 5.49 5.34 6.15 7.27 6.56 6.45 5.18 6.54 Iowa................................................. 3.49 6.77 6.12 6.36 5.66 4.99 5.02 5.79 5.14 4.72 5.23 Kansas............................................... 3.01 2.15 2.58 2.51 2.00 2.76 3.43 3.73 2.57 1.69 5.82 Kentucky............................................. 1.14 2.52 2.59 2.44 2.63 2.55 2.33 2.97 3.05 3.21 3.43 Louisiana............................................ 1.82 1.99 2.28 2.60 2.85 3.12 2.51 2.74 3.19 3.37 4.16 Maine................................................ 3.40 3.74 3.75 4.01 4.14 3.82 3.06 2.84 3.39 4.28 4.05 Maryland............................................. 2.14 3.77 3.02 3.31 3.36 3.80 3.80 4.49 4.56 4.07 4.36 Massachusetts........................................ 5.12 3.50 3.46 4.09 3.24 3.80 3.41 4.18 4.30 3.54 4.05 Michigan............................................. 9.50 8.33 9.52 8.80 8.58 7.83 8.07 8.20 8.43 7.20 6.63 Minnesota............................................ 2.15 3.02 3.51 3.59 3.65 3.58 3.74 4.27 4.20 3.96 4.36 Mississippi.......................................... 0.87 2.29 3.36 3.06 2.23 1.56 1.76 2.22 2.20 2.16 2.87 Missouri............................................. 0.89 3.89 4.55 4.22 4.45 4.71 4.75 4.88 4.30 3.41 3.75 Montana.............................................. 1.58 2.59 3.16 2.97 4.21 2.74 2.78 2.38 2.76 2.87 2.42 Nebraska............................................. 2.10 5.44 5.20 5.02 4.69 4.48 3.83 3.54 4.17 3.44 3.16 Nevada............................................... 1.83 2.10 2.30 1.95 2.22 2.12 2.52 3.06 2.39 2.08 2.53 New Hampshire........................................ 4.05 4.39 5.33 4.93 3.18 3.71 2.86 3.26 2.87 2.50 3.42 New Jersey........................................... 4.16 4.64 4.47 4.12 3.85 3.66 3.49 4.02 4.02 6.13 4.52 New Mexico........................................... 1.17 2.27 1.99 1.76 1.96 2.00 2.00 2.30 3.08 1.54 1.43 New York............................................. 1.75 1.83 1.98 2.36 2.74 2.55 2.81 3.22 3.10 3.39 4.03 North Carolina....................................... 1.50 3.26 3.83 3.32 3.20 3.18 3.15 3.20 3.20 2.40 2.94 North Dakota......................................... 1.83 2.46 2.65 3.14 3.31 3.62 3.59 3.93 4.05 4.13 4.34 Ohio................................................. 2.50 4.41 5.65 10.83 6.07 7.21 6.01 5.35 5.48 5.63 6.07 Oklahoma............................................. 0.76 1.78 2.22 2.48 2.28 2.29 2.41 2.69 3.13 2.70 3.06 Oregon............................................... 9.48 4.47 4.03 4.27 4.45 4.49 4.48 5.10 4.95 4.81 5.60 Pennsylvania......................................... 9.14 7.78 7.56 8.52 8.97 8.71 8.03 9.27 9.09 8.15 7.74 Puerto Rico.......................................... 0.92 14.02 18.93 17.60 13.61 7.84 15.68 10.43 11.73 3.96 4.44 Rhode Island......................................... 3.51 3.90 3.31 3.65 3.67 2.52 2.22 2.31 4.35 3.45 4.31 South Carolina....................................... 2.38 2.37 3.01 3.23 3.01 2.60 3.01 3.59 3.88 2.84 3.37 South Dakota......................................... 0.99 2.74 2.96 3.50 3.99 3.96 4.43 4.82 4.90 5.27 5.87 Tennessee............................................ 2.49 3.31 3.07 4.09 3.57 4.28 4.27 3.87 5.42 3.75 4.06 Texas................................................ 0.74 2.01 2.60 2.81 2.41 1.93 2.50 2.53 2.31 3.01 3.71 Utah................................................. 1.99 2.21 2.39 2.86 2.92 3.09 2.80 3.08 2.86 1.96 2.66 Vermont.............................................. 2.24 2.34 2.95 3.31 2.93 3.61 3.77 2.82 3.06 2.69 3.79 Virgin Islands....................................... 0.40 2.14 4.13 4.16 3.11 4.18 2.07 4.10 4.50 0.86 2.25 Virginia............................................. 0.72 1.57 2.41 2.39 3.03 2.35 3.13 2.91 3.09 3.63 4.18 Washington........................................... 2.96 2.42 2.56 2.48 2.66 3.13 3.41 3.29 3.42 3.35 3.53 West Virginia........................................ 0.74 1.98 2.00 2.16 2.95 2.75 2.55 2.98 2.77 3.24 3.61 Wisconsin............................................ 3.80 4.78 6.20 6.01 6.18 5.76 6.68 6.83 7.15 6.09 5.94 Wyoming.............................................. 3.18 3.27 4.64 4.91 3.50 3.37 3.50 4.87 2.34 1.76 2.96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. ratio..................................... 3.35 3.45 3.68 3.94 3.85 3.75 3.82 3.99 3.98 3.60 3.93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-21.--NUMBER OF PATERNITIES ESTABLISHED BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1979-96 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1979 1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama....................................................... 6,161 6,998 7,839 6,517 6,612 7,942 10,779 7,816 7,103 Alaska........................................................ 3 364 797 767 673 906 1,070 1,576 929 Arizona....................................................... 154 1,009 1,327 1,237 2,674 3,056 5,007 11,608 10,389 Arkansas...................................................... 2,586 5,326 4,453 3,191 4,703 5,175 6,580 8,294 8,283 California.................................................... 19,364 28,570 35,193 41,065 56,912 65,062 77,324 129,593 183,424 Colorado...................................................... 1,046 1,291 1,939 1,864 2,887 4,135 5,258 6,201 5,908 Connecticut................................................... 3,029 3,908 3,888 4,499 5,309 6,196 5,368 7,578 8,318 Delaware...................................................... 205 1,867 1,641 801 728 1,573 1,395 2,292 3,522 District of Columbia.......................................... 386 1,021 2,079 2,791 3,895 2,792 2,884 1,683 1,482 Florida....................................................... 7,078 12,136 13,399 19,534 17,907 16,119 10,879 13,010 2,806 Georgia....................................................... 3,642 14,112 18,198 24,615 28,015 30,181 29,329 13,978 3,146 Guam.......................................................... NA 122 109 563 884 642 440 866 802 Hawaii........................................................ 854 1,061 1,295 1,843 1,672 1,419 1,746 1,493 1,785 Idaho......................................................... 287 384 1,100 1,310 1,551 1,722 1,509 2,079 2,533 Illinois...................................................... 3,025 20,848 29,926 25,496 21,157 18,900 19,017 22,236 26,483 Indiana....................................................... 1,644 3,570 4,943 5,309 6,291 5,631 4,950 4,202 4,484 Iowa.......................................................... 575 1,664 1,980 3,045 1,904 4,416 4,952 4,378 3,414 Kansas........................................................ 696 1,119 2,101 3,644 3,125 3,198 4,445 10,677 11,801 Kentucky...................................................... 784 3,881 4,498 6,092 6,816 7,951 7,979 8,950 9,994 Louisiana..................................................... 1,304 2,926 4,451 5,525 11,098 11,764 13,272 9,299 11,235 Maine......................................................... 382 951 1,609 1,381 1,376 3,189 1,370 1,704 2,129 Maryland...................................................... 13,307 6,671 9,995 7,538 12,081 11,259 9,993 9,052 10,931 Massachusetts................................................. 2,096 7,025 6,194 6,339 5,742 8,195 6,234 10,862 10,201 Michigan...................................................... 7,529 18,274 23,142 25,574 27,955 29,087 28,076 22,471 24,898 Minnesota..................................................... 1,786 3,856 6,098 5,661 7,695 5,348 3,749 8,936 9,696 Mississippi................................................... 932 1,824 7,929 10,740 11,950 8,978 8,588 12,734 14,246 Missouri...................................................... NA 14,308 11,146 16,242 21,976 23,982 24,292 24,679 24,800 Montana....................................................... 92 179 388 429 677 1,155 413 1,368 1,567 Nebraska...................................................... NA 710 759 885 1,280 1,628 2,019 4,329 4,299 Nevada........................................................ 233 531 664 1,033 1,655 1,702 1,602 1,797 2,252 New Hampshire................................................. 35 195 518 614 645 580 604 722 628 New Jersey.................................................... 8,242 13,938 13,182 12,243 10,595 10,314 7,453 13,239 14,768 New Mexico.................................................... 322 412 1,571 1,992 1,601 1,591 2,491 3,574 2,325 New York...................................................... 17,503 18,239 18,056 20,492 30,197 34,434 42,748 36,474 41,292 North Carolina................................................ 6,592 9,916 11,663 14,504 18,186 19,308 21,371 25,429 29,581 North Dakota.................................................. 293 1,134 820 784 935 1,446 1,386 906 1,427 Ohio.......................................................... 4,808 9,133 11,637 15,823 20,857 23,672 28,151 32,785 34,962 Oklahoma...................................................... 43 512 1,361 2,710 4,939 2,721 2,764 4,525 5,312 Oregon........................................................ 1,521 1,902 3,131 4,081 3,836 4,942 5,830 5,159 5,740 Pennsylvania.................................................. 4,450 15,277 18,921 20,231 23,063 24,239 23,246 27,642 29,592 Puerto Rico................................................... 22 6 144 216 264 198 206 204 11 Rhode Island.................................................. 347 601 673 868 764 1,425 2,001 3,971 5,489 South Carolina................................................ 1,378 3,994 5,243 5,273 6,066 6,996 8,331 8,038 8,925 South Dakota.................................................. 60 552 504 509 687 916 1,333 1,160 1,030 Tennessee..................................................... 5,003 7,666 9,647 8,976 10,309 10,902 11,463 14,358 11,524 Texas......................................................... 202 684 6,465 12,623 19,627 24,890 30,002 38,516 43,272 Utah.......................................................... 487 1,292 1,801 2,087 2,484 2,957 3,496 4,287 4,058 Vermont....................................................... 44 1,091 468 533 438 800 1,065 949 863 Virgin Islands................................................ 4 235 270 160 215 344 492 485 34 Virginia...................................................... 1,452 2,667 8,471 13,647 15,971 18,038 21,506 26,174 18,952 Washington.................................................... 656 4,066 5,762 6,985 8,601 10,540 12,539 13,608 16,963 West Virginia................................................. 156 288 820 997 1,324 2,373 2,790 7,077 4,219 Wisconsin..................................................... 4,803 8,750 8,695 10,808 12,931 15,435 17,678 20,982 21,689 Wyoming....................................................... 44 105 340 618 370 3,493 3,670 4,829 1,305 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total................................................... 137,645 269,161 339,243 393,304 472,105 515,857 553,135 660,834 716,821 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-22.--OUT-OF-WEDLOCK BIRTHS AND CHILD SUPPORT PATERNITIES ESTABLISHED BY STATE, SELECTED FISCAL YEARS 1987-94 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Births to unmarried women Paternities/births (percent) State ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama......................... 15,955 18,640 19,131 20,000 20,680 21,003 43.9 42.1 34.1 33.05 52.1 40.47 Alaska.......................... 2,564 2,869 3,113 3,148 3,101 3,125 14.2 27.8 24.6 21.3 34.5 48.19 Arizona......................... 17,227 20,708 22,532 23,899 26,151 27,162 5.9 6.4 5.5 11.19 19.2 33.18 Arkansas........................ 8,498 9,944 10,713 10,601 10,878 11,310 62.7 44.8 29.8 44.3 60.5 65.31 California...................... 136,785 171,189 193,559 204,229 206,376 202,803 20.9 20.6 21.2 27.8 37.4 45.11 Colorado........................ 10,171 10,787 11,374 12,684 13,373 13,510 12.7 18.0 16.4 22.7 39.3 41.56 Connecticut..................... 11,045 13,005 13,330 13,581 13,919 13,914 35.4 29.9 33.8 39.1 38.6 40.28 Delaware........................ 2,742 3,125 3,222 3,559 3,577 3,614 68.1 52.5 24.9 20.5 53.8 75.90 District of Columbia............ 6,094 7,580 7,692 7,806 7,211 6,831 16.8 27.4 36.3 49.9 40.0 36.39 Florida......................... 48,200 58,305 63,169 64,101 67,431 68,127 25.2 23.0 30.9 27.9 16.1 18.57 Georgia......................... 28,647 34,926 36,979 38,116 39,575 39,429 49.3 52.1 66.6 73.5 74.1 62.95 Hawaii.......................... 3,968 4,609 5,088 5,195 5,328 5,533 26.7 28.1 36.2 32.2 32.8 37.39 Idaho........................... 2,073 2,561 2,738 2,924 3,268 3,273 18.5 43.0 47.8 53.0 46.2 54.17 Illinois........................ 50,677 58,867 62,148 63,225 65,130 64,933 41.1 50.8 41.0 33.5 29.2 37.63 Indiana......................... 17,260 19,898 22,562 24,294 25,844 26,044 20.7 24.8 23.5 25.9 19.2 15.06 Iowa............................ 6,147 7,575 8,282 8,657 9,297 9,211 27.1 26.1 36.8 22.0 53.3 56.03 Kansas.......................... 6,633 7,577 8,397 8,746 9,696 9,709 16.9 27.7 43.4 35.7 45.8 89.20 Kentucky........................ 10,658 12,048 12,829 13,796 14,401 14,646 36.4 37.3 47.5 49.4 55.4 51.12 Louisiana....................... 23,594 25,692 26,601 27,694 29,179 28,918 12.4 17.3 20.8 40.0 45.5 42.42 Maine........................... 3,338 3,806 3,931 4,180 4,061 4,067 28.5 42.3 35.1 32.9 33.7 41.14 Maryland........................ 22,866 22,607 23,789 24,292 24,335 24,943 29.2 44.2 31.7 49.7 41.1 42.46 Massachusetts................... 17,616 21,798 22,886 22,873 22,380 22,291 39.9 28.4 27.7 25.1 23.9 40.96 Michigan........................ 28,724 36,441 40,289 40,941 36,326 48,339 63.6 63.5 63.5 68.3 77.3 55.57 Minnesota....................... 11,114 13,142 14,192 14,984 15,099 15,430 34.7 46.4 39.9 51.4 24.8 47.23 Mississippi..................... 14,499 16,958 17,627 18,317 18,718 19,067 12.6 46.8 60.9 65.2 45.9 51.92 Missouri........................ 17,823 21,123 22,643 23,736 24,353 23,913 80.3 52.8 71.7 92.6 99.8 96.09 Montana......................... 2,379 2,539 2,757 2,898 3,104 2,822 7.5 15.3 15.6 23.4 13.3 25.27 Nebraska........................ 4,006 4,662 5,056 5,181 5,449 5,739 17.7 16.3 17.5 24.7 38.2 41.51 Nevada.......................... 2,740 4,607 5,480 7,016 7,614 8,359 19.4 18.4 14.4 18.9 21.0 15.61 New Hampshire................... 2,511 2,797 2,967 2,996 3,179 3,338 7.8 18.5 20.7 21.5 19.0 21.93 New Jersey...................... 26,647 29,364 29,756 31,972 31,949 33,043 52.3 45.6 44.9 41.1 23.3 27.80 New Mexico...................... 8,067 9,447 9,704 10,445 11,526 11,496 5.1 16.6 20.5 15.3 21.6 25.66 New York........................ 80,939 92,996 98,110 99,738 105,101 104,732 22.5 19.4 20.9 30.3 41.1 36.55 North Carolina.................. 23,262 28,315 30,718 32,340 32,586 32,321 42.6 41.2 47.2 56.2 65.6 70.24 North Dakota.................... 1,429 1,615 1,699 1,952 1,999 1,971 79.4 50.8 46.1 47.9 69.3 70.47 Ohio............................ 39,237 45,921 48,289 50,826 52,385 51,363 23.3 19.7 25.3 32.8 55.6 63.41 Oklahoma........................ 9,892 11,258 11,998 12,973 13,441 13,616 5.2 12.1 22.6 38.1 20.6 26.53 Oregon.......................... 8,672 10,436 11,041 11,324 11,730 12,012 21.9 30.0 37.0 33.9 49.7 48.52 Pennsylvania.................... 41,143 47,093 49,258 51,360 51,783 51,518 37.1 40.2 41.1 44.9 44.9 44.17 Rhode Island.................... 3,064 3,684 3,997 4,073 4,436 4,327 19.6 18.3 21.7 18.8 45.1 61.45 South Carolina.................. 15,333 18,116 19,148 20,000 19,359 19,172 26.1 28.9 27.5 30.3 43.0 40.35 South Dakota.................... 2,225 2,415 2,515 2,720 2,968 2,914 24.8 20.9 20.2 25.3 44.9 45.92 Tennessee....................... 17,897 21,281 22,662 24,026 24,556 24,480 42.8 45.3 39.6 42.9 46.7 59.21 Texas........................... 57,464 60,303 55,435 56,528 54,670 92,721 1.2 10.7 22.8 34.7 54.9 35.88 Utah............................ 3,929 4,504 4,910 5,196 5,744 6,005 32.9 40.0 42.5 47.8 60.9 67.13 Vermont......................... 1,459 1,685 1,666 1,811 1,805 1,864 74.8 27.8 32.0 24.2 59.0 43.78 Virginia........................ 20,562 24,410 25,874 27,125 27,532 27,760 1.3 34.7 52.7 58.9 78.1 79.57 Washington...................... 14,629 17,638 18,746 19,861 20,670 20,090 27.8 32.7 37.3 43.3 60.7 66.70 West Virginia................... 4,722 5,212 5,743 6,040 6,328 6,454 6.1 15.7 17.4 21.9 44.1 30.68 Wisconsin....................... 14,698 16,815 17,656 18,235 18,882 18,565 59.5 51.7 61.2 70.9 93.6 92.51 Wyoming......................... 1,189 1,276 1,383 1,546 1,689 1,765 8.8 26.7 44.7 23.9 217.3 59.43 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. total................ 933,013 1,094,169 1,165,384 1,213,769 1,240,172 1,289,592 28.8 31.0 33.7 38.8 44.6 45.78 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sources: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and National Center for Health Statistics (1995 and previous years). TABLE 8-23.--STATE SHARE OF PROGRAM SAVINGS BY STATE, FISCAL YEARS 1989-96 [In thousands of dollars] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- State 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama......................................................... $380 -$518 -$1,982 -$3,053 -$2,529 -$6,319 -$8,672 -$6,250 Alaska.......................................................... 2,264 2,469 2,982 3,431 3,797 4,278 4,201 5,091 Arizona......................................................... -1,219 -2,899 -3,125 -3,320 -4,242 -4,761 -6,804 -5,252 Arkansas........................................................ 1,574 1,013 1,830 1,009 530 -283 -135 -2,595 California...................................................... 79,779 76,552 88,584 98,465 101,406 115,539 110,774 139,416 Colorado........................................................ 4,552 4,991 5,954 5,661 6,064 7,107 7,490 7,237 Connecticut..................................................... 11,330 7,310 10,332 11,711 13,396 12,523 5,671 6,770 Delaware........................................................ 797 812 923 902 455 312 -644 435 District of Columbia............................................ -3,145 -89 -574 144 757 -272 -585 -390 Florida......................................................... 5,601 2,932 7,179 11,482 14,368 14,863 11,797 1,471 Georgia......................................................... 2,861 1,299 3,930 7,937 12,856 13,099 10,801 10,379 Guam............................................................ -87 -227 -293 -450 -305 -375 -919 -591 Hawaii.......................................................... 1,648 1,622 1,502 1,655 1,873 1,618 539 -670 Idaho........................................................... 1,029 895 751 955 922 720 665 -1,317 Illinois........................................................ 10,935 5,159 5,785 9,767 3,716 3,711 3,965 4,304 Indiana......................................................... 14,027 11,731 16,134 20,359 20,257 22,131 18,262 18,475 Iowa............................................................ 11,767 11,631 10,840 11,765 11,000 12,048 12,560 9,599 Kansas.......................................................... 1,170 2,229 3,694 4,041 3,711 3,142 -3,222 8,701 Kentucky........................................................ 207 207 -475 1,958 3,467 5,104 3,696 1,449 Louisiana....................................................... 696 150 -1,049 -1,845 -1,241 -1,270 -2,098 -1,251 Maine........................................................... 5,236 4,229 3,852 3,890 5,877 5,509 6,359 9,590 Maryland........................................................ 6,860 8,631 6,120 10,366 12,037 8,926 4,819 3,844 Massachusetts................................................... 23,373 23,391 21,789 25,917 29,957 22,670 25,468 20,782 Michigan........................................................ 57,413 54,088 58,032 53,107 52,078 53,216 49,500 30,837 Minnesota....................................................... 13,969 12,083 11,468 12,377 12,274 11,880 11,950 9,009 Mississippi..................................................... -232 -2,987 -2,549 -1,243 -1,065 -2,843 -3,336 -2,599 Missouri........................................................ 8,046 9,002 7,846 11,772 10,303 10,566 7,695 8,598 Montana......................................................... 1,093 769 454 532 618 37,868 37,431 -850 Nebraska........................................................ -252 -572 -582 -2,093 -1,054 -574 -1,270 -4,617 Nevada.......................................................... -32 -417 -334 608 -172 604 -902 -1,774 New Hampshire................................................... 362 185 271 826 443 1,165 1,157 1,010 New Jersey...................................................... 15,081 6,836 9,100 13,551 11,876 13,809 24,571 14,092 New Mexico...................................................... 305 -148 -361 -224 1,278 456 -1,083 -1,917 New York........................................................ 24,201 22,865 30,313 41,091 41,790 46,036 43,880 45,673 North Carolina.................................................. 5,857 3,598 4,257 6,343 6,962 8,504 2,853 1,898 North Dakota.................................................... 955 1,074 1,231 973 989 888 788 441 Ohio............................................................ 21,558 12,040 6,054 445 3,453 6,800 5,761 4,422 Oklahoma........................................................ 705 69 380 1,110 2,457 2,412 2,241 3,205 Oregon.......................................................... 3,703 2,658 3,358 4,863 5,935 8,029 5,548 6,200 Pennsylvania.................................................... 22,018 19,846 21,226 27,102 29,234 33,738 30,971 27,231 Puerto Rico..................................................... -1,075 -3,121 -2,165 -2,008 -2,171 -3,073 -5,161 -8,179 Rhode Island.................................................... 2,999 3,439 3,940 4,375 5,427 5,466 6,142 7,013 South Carolina.................................................. 490 -1,639 91 437 1,309 1,049 191 -1,159 South Dakota.................................................... 969 1,254 820 672 1,048 967 1,338 1,629 Tennessee....................................................... 1,278 3,432 5,989 1,578 5,915 5,408 7,519 2,340 Texas........................................................... 2,163 -4,832 -4,774 -6,111 13,969 -12,335 -6,212 -1,274 Utah............................................................ 1,362 1,111 892 980 343 181 -1,526 -1,326 Vermont......................................................... 1,440 1,957 1,918 1,621 2,066 1,175 1,741 1,602 Virgin Islands.................................................. -223 -184 -459 -227 -256 -305 -885 -656 Virginia........................................................ 2,567 -1,113 4,292 4,324 6,347 5,109 7,348 4,889 Washington...................................................... 15,386 14,053 22,038 19,695 24,875 29,978 25,869 26,794 West Virginia................................................... -59 -1,214 -722 -1,047 16 -2,038 -2,484 -2,494 Wisconsin....................................................... 21,306 18,451 16,740 15,553 15,386 15,757 12,695 8,280 Wyoming......................................................... 574 363 340 589 226 159 86 -200 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U.S. total................................................ 403,400 338,469 384,691 433,317 462,092 482,243 431,013 407,314 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to total due to rounding. Source: Office of Child Support Enforcement, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. TABLE 8-24.--STATES USING THE INCOME SHARES AND PERCENTAGE OF INCOME APPROACHES TO ESTABLISHING CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Income shares ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alabama Maine Oklahoma Arizona Maryland Oregon California Michigan Pennsylvania Colorado Missouri Rhode Island Florida Montana South Carolina Idaho Nebraska South Dakota Indiana New Jersey Utah Iowa New Mexico Vermont Kansas North Carolina Virginia Kentucky Ohio Washington Louisiana ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Percentage of income ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Alaska New Hampshire Georgia Arkansas North Dakota Mississippi Connecticut Tennessee Nevada Illinois Texas New York Minnesota Wyoming Wisconsin ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source: Garfinkel, McLanahan, & Robins (1994). 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Implementation of the income withholding and medical support provisions of the 1984 child support enforcement amendments (pp. 86-87). In I. Garfinkel, S. McLanahan, & P. Robins (Eds.), Child support and child well-being. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Hill, M.S. (1988, May). The role of economic resources and dual-family status in child support payments. Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Malone, T.P. (1989, May). Modification lives: Guidelines don't mean an end to changing circumstances. Paper prepared for American Bar Association Third National Child Support Conference, Washington, DC. McKillop, L.T. (1981). Benefits of establishing paternity. Washington, DC: Office of Child Support Enforcement, Department of Health and Human Services. National Center for Health Statistics. (1995, September). Advance report of final natality statistics: 1993. Monthly Vital Statistics Report, 44 (3, Supplement). 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