APPENDIX G. DATA ON FAMILIES SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF CHILDREN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Teenage Pregnancy Category 1973 1980 1985 1990 1991 Female population (ages 15-19). 10,193,000 10,381,000 9,174,000 8,645,000 8,371,000 Births......................... 604,096 552,161 467,485 521,826 520,000 Induced abortions.............. 231,900 444,780 399,200 350,970 314,000 Estimated miscarriages......... 144,010 154,910 133,420 139,460 129,000 Pregnancies.................... 980,000 151,850 100,110 1,012,260 963,000 Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- International Infant Mortality Rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) Country 1950-52 1970-72 1980-82 1986-88 1993 Japan.......................... 55.9 12.4 7.1 5.0 4.3 Sweden......................... 20.9 11.0 6.9 6.0 5.8 United States (white).......... 26.0 17.1 10.5 8.7 6.8 Canada......................... 39.4 17.8 9.7 7.5 7.0 England and Wales.............. 29.1 17.7 11.3 9.3 7.4 United States (total).......... 28.7 19.2 12.0 10.1 8.4 Hungary........................ 77.0 34.7 21.4 17.4 13.1 United States (black).......... 45.1 30.9 20.3 17.8 16.5 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993); U.S. Public Health Service (1996). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living Arrangements of Children Under Age 18 (in thousands) Group 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 Total in population............ 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 70,254 Living with one parent......... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 18,938 Percent of all children.... 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.0 Living with never-married parent........................ 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,558 Percent of all children.... 0.4 0.8 2.9 7.6 9.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Children Below Poverty (number in thousands/rate per 1,000) Ethnic Group 1974 1979 1990 1992 1994 Total.......................... 10,156 (15.4) 10,377 (16.4) 13,431 (20.6) 15,294 (22.3) 15,289 (21.8) Black.......................... 3,755 (39.8) 3,833 (41.2) 4,550 (44.8) 5,106 (46.6) 4,906 (43.8) White.......................... 6,223 (11.2) 6,193 (11.8) 8,232 (15.9) 9,399 (17.4) 9,346 (16.9) Hispanic....................... NA (NA) 1,535 (28.0) 2,865 (38.4) 3,637 (40.0) 4,075 (41.5) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Educational Achievement High school dropouts (percentage of status dropouts, ages 16-24) \1\ 1970 1975 1985 1990 \2\ 1994 Total...................... 15.0 13.9 12.6 12.1 10.5 White...................... 13.2 11.4 10.4 9.0 7.7 Black...................... 27.9 22.9 15.2 13.2 12.6 Average verbal SAT scores...... 460 434 431 424 423 Average math SAT scores........ 488 472 475 476 479 Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1995); U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ White and black includes persons of Hispanic origin. \2\ Because of changes in data collection procedures, data may not be comparable with figures for earlier years. NA--Not available. TABLE G-1.--TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES, SELECTED YEARS 1950-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number (thousands) Rate \1\ Year --------------------------------------------------- Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950........................................................ 1,667 385 11.1 2.6 1960........................................................ 1,523 393 8.5 2.2 1970........................................................ 2,159 708 10.6 3.5 1980........................................................ 2,390 1,189 10.6 5.2 1985........................................................ 2,413 1,190 10.1 5.0 1986........................................................ 2,407 1,178 10.0 4.9 1987........................................................ 2,421 1,157 9.9 4.8 1988........................................................ 2,395 1,167 9.7 4.7 1989........................................................ 2,404 1,163 9.7 4.7 1990........................................................ 2,443 1,190 9.8 4.7 1991 \2\.................................................... 2,371 1,187 9.4 4.7 1992 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,215 9.3 4.8 1993 \2\.................................................... 2,334 1,187 9.0 4.6 1994 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,191 9.1 4.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Per 1,000 population. \2\ Provisional data. Source: National Center for Health Statistics. TABLE G-2.--PERCENT NEVER MARRIED BY AGE AND SEX, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Age and sex ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women: Ages 20-24............................................ 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.8 65.7 66.7 Ages 25-29............................................ 10.5 10.5 20.9 31.1 33.2 35.3 Ages 30-34............................................ 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.4 18.8 19.0 Men: Ages 20-24............................................ 53.1 54.7 68.8 79.3 80.3 80.7 Ages 25-29............................................ 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.0 48.7 51.0 Ages 30-34............................................ 11.9 9.4 15.9 27.0 29.4 28.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1966; 1996b). TABLE G-3.--NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED WOMEN BY RACE \1\ AND AGE OF MOTHER, 1980, 1991, 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Out-of-wedlock births Rate per 1,000 unmarried ------------------------------- women Age ------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 9,024 3,166 5,691 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 262,777 130,417 126,278 27.6 18.5 87.9 20-24.................................................. 237,265 118,445 114,538 40.9 25.1 112.3 25-29.................................................. 99,583 46,722 47,594 34.0 21.5 81.4 30-34.................................................. 40,984 21,325 18,160 21.1 14.1 46.7 35-39.................................................. 13,187 7,298 5,338 9.7 7.1 19.0 40 and over \2\........................................ 2,927 1,611 1,202 2.6 1.8 5.5 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 665,747 328,984 318,799 29.4 18.1 81.1 -------------------------------------------------------- 1991 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 10,968 4,346 6,298 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 357,483 207,035 139,325 44.8 32.8 108.5 20-24.................................................. 429,094 251,228 163,532 68.0 51.5 147.5 25-29.................................................. 234,593 136,727 89,198 56.5 44.6 100.9 30-34.................................................. 123,901 72,484 46,370 38.1 31.1 60.1 35-39.................................................. 48,353 29,607 16,357 18.0 15.2 25.6 40 and over \2\........................................ 9,377 6,075 2,670 3.8 3.2 5.4 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 1,213,769 707,502 463,750 45.2 34.6 89.5 -------------------------------------------------------- 1993 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 11,467 4,868 6,293 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 357,432 213,080 133,031 44.5 33.6 102.4 20-24.................................................. 438,538 283,538 159,598 69.2 54.2 142.2 25-29.................................................. 233,776 139,905 84,604 57.1 46.7 94.5 30-34.................................................. 132,263 79,136 47,330 38.5 32.2 57.3 35-39.................................................. 55,570 34,283 18,526 19.0 16.4 25.9 40 and over \2\........................................ 11,126 7,319 3,094 4.4 3.9 5.8 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 1,240,172 742,129 452,476 45.3 35.9 84.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than black and white. \2\ Rates computed by relating all births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. \3\ Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). TABLE G-4.--TWO-PARENT AND ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AS PROPORTIONS OF ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN PRESENT BY RACE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Year (all races) Year (white) Year (black) Family type --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1985 1988 1992 1995 1970 1988 1992 1995 1970 1988 1992 1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Numbers in thousands --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 25,823 25,231 24,573 24,977 24,880 25,640 23,477 22,012 21,909 22,320 2,071 2,055 1,948 1,962 One-parent family groups................................ 3,808 6,920 8,779 9,367 10,499 11,527 2,638 6,090 6,938 7,525 1,148 3,002 3,216 3,529 Maintained by mother................................ 3,415 6,230 7,737 8,146 9,028 9,833 2,330 5,100 5,753 6,239 1,063 2,812 2,994 3,197 Never married................................... 248 1,063 2,208 2,707 3,284 3,680 73 1,050 1,391 1,712 173 1,605 1,799 1,818 Spouse absent................................... 1,377 1,743 1,732 1,776 1,947 2,050 796 1,127 1,341 1,346 570 585 548 596 Separated....................................... 962 1,483 1,524 1,499 1,658 1,695 477 941 1,146 1,128 479 515 482 502 Divorced........................................ 1,109 2,721 3,228 3,121 3,349 3,674 930 2,568 2,692 2,900 172 471 550 664 Widowed......................................... 682 703 569 544 448 430 531 356 328 281 148 149 97 118 Maintained by father................................ 393 692 1,042 1,221 1,472 1,694 307 989 1,186 1,286 85 191 222 332 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 29,631 32,150 33,372 34,344 35,379 37,168 26,115 28,102 28,847 29,846 3,219 5,057 5,164 5,491 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 87.1 78.5 73.6 72.7 70.3 69.0 89.9 78.3 75.9 74.8 64.3 40.6 37.7 35.7 One-parent family groups................................ 12.9 21.5 26.3 27.3 29.7 31.0 10.1 21.7 24.1 25.2 35.7 59.4 62.3 64.3 Maintained by mother................................ 11.5 19.4 23.2 23.7 25.5 26.5 8.9 18.1 19.9 20.9 33.0 55.6 58.0 58.2 Never married................................... 0.8 3.3 6.6 9.0 9.3 9.9 0.3 7.0 4.8 5.7 5.4 31.7 34.8 33.1 Spouse absent................................... 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.5 3.0 4.0 4.6 4.5 17.7 11.6 10.6 10.9 Separated....................................... 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.6 1.8 3.3 4.0 3.8 14.9 10.2 9.3 9.1 Divorced........................................ 3.7 8.5 9.7 9.1 9.5 9.9 3.6 9.1 9.3 9.7 5.3 9.3 10.7 12.1 Widowed......................................... 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.9 4.6 2.9 1.9 2.1 Maintained by father................................ 1.3 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.6 1.2 3.5 4.1 4.3 2.6 3.8 4.3 6.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note.--Family groups consist of family households, related subfamilies, and unrelated subfamilies. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-5.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Living arrangements of children and marital status of ----------------------------------------------------- parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ----------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents........................................... 55,877 58,939 48,624 46,503 46,638 48,276 One parent............................................ 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,578 18,938 Mother only....................................... 5,105 7,452 11,406 13,874 15,396 16,477 Father only....................................... 724 748 1,060 1,993 2,182 2,461 Other relatives or nonrelatives only.................. 2,021 2,024 2,337 1,768 1,749 3,040 ----------------------------------------------------- Total number of children.................................. 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 65,965 70,254 ----------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ----------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents........................................... 87.7 85.2 76.7 72.5 70.7 68.7 One parent............................................ 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 26.6 27.0 Mother only....................................... 8.0 10.8 18.0 21.6 23.3 23.5 Father only....................................... 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.1 3.3 3.5 Other relatives or nonrelatives only.................. 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.8 2.6 4.3 ----------------------------------------------------- Percent................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-6.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS LIVING WITH ONE PARENT, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Living arrangements of children and marital ----------------------------------------------------------------- status of parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ----------------------------------------------------------------- Never married................................. 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,258 6,558 Married, spouse absent........................ 2,700 3,521 3,898 3,767 4,214 4,348 Separated................................. 1,608 2,484 3,327 3,222 3,605 3,621 Widowed....................................... 1,543 1,649 1,469 1,125 763 830 Divorced...................................... 1,343 2,473 5,281 6,122 6,637 7,201 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Total children living with one parent. 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,872 18,938 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------- Never married................................. 4.2 6.8 14.6 30.6 35.0 34.6 Married, spouse absent........................ 46.3 42.9 31.3 23.7 23.6 23.0 Separated................................. 27.6 30.3 26.7 20.3 20.2 19.1 Widowed....................................... 26.5 20.1 11.8 7.1 4.3 4.4 Divorced...................................... 23.0 30.2 42.4 38.6 37.1 38.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Percent............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-7.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF WHITE CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 50,082 52,624 43,200 40,593 46,735 41,946 One parent................................................ 3,932 5,109 7,901 9,870 10,971 11,719 Mother only........................................... 3,381 4,581 7,059 8,321 9,250 9,827 Father only........................................... 551 528 842 1,549 1,721 1,892 Other relatives or nonrelatives........................... 1,062 1,058 1,141 928 886 1,662 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 55,077 58,790 52,242 51,390 52,493 55,327 ----------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 90.9 89.5 82.7 79.0 77.4 75.8 One parent................................................ 7.1 8.7 15.1 19.2 20.9 21.2 Mother only........................................... 6.1 7.8 13.5 16.2 17.6 17.8 Father only........................................... 1.0 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.3 3.4 Other relatives or nonrelatives........................... 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.0 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 61 131 552 1,894 2,449 2,760 Married, spouse absent................................ 1,615 1,822 2,243 2,356 2,837 2,797 Separated......................................... 779 1,111 1,817 1,982 2,425 2,362 Widowed............................................... 1,139 1,160 1,000 774 624 530 Divorced.............................................. 1,118 1,997 4,106 4,847 5,061 5,631 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 3,932 5,110 7,901 9,869 10,971 11,719 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 1.6 2.6 7.0 19.2 22.3 23.6 Married, spouse absent................................ 41.1 35.7 28.4 23.9 25.9 23.9 Separated......................................... 19.8 21.7 23.0 20.1 22.1 20.2 Widowed............................................... 29.0 22.7 12.7 7.8 5.7 4.5 Divorced.............................................. 28.4 39.1 52.0 49.1 46.1 48.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-8.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF BLACK CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 5,795 5,508 3,956 3,781 3,714 3,746 One parent................................................ 1,897 2,996 4,297 5,485 5,934 6,339 Mother only........................................... 1,723 2,783 4,117 5,132 5,607 5,881 Father only........................................... 173 213 180 353 327 458 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... 959 917 1,122 752 779 1,216 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 8,650 9,422 9,375 10,018 10,427 11,301 ----------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 67.0 58.5 42.2 37.7 35.6 33.1 One parent................................................ 21.9 31.8 45.8 54.8 56.9 56.1 Mother only........................................... 19.9 29.5 43.9 51.2 53.8 52.0 Father only........................................... 2.0 2.3 1.9 3.5 3.1 4.1 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... 11.1 9.7 12.0 7.5 7.5 10.8 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 182 423 1,235 2,839 3,314 3,466 Married spouse absent................................. 1,085 1,651 1,573 1,251 1,290 1,327 Separated......................................... 829 1,343 1,463 1,125 1,156 1,122 Widowed............................................... 405 482 411 278 194 245 Divorced.............................................. 225 438 1,078 1,117 1,136 1,301 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 1,897 2,995 4,297 5,484 5,934 6,339 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 9.6 14.1 28.7 51.8 55.9 54.7 Married spouse absent................................. 57.2 55.1 36.6 22.8 21.7 20.9 Separated......................................... 43.7 44.8 34.0 20.5 19.5 17.7 Widowed............................................... 21.3 16.1 9.6 5.1 3.3 3.9 Divorced.............................................. 11.9 14.6 25.1 20.4 19.1 20.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Black children include nonwhite in 1960. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-9.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF HISPANIC CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type -------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------- Two parents........................................................ 3,111 4,116 4,789 4,935 6,191 One parent......................................................... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 Mother only.................................................... NA 1,069 1,943 2,168 2,798 Father only.................................................... NA 83 211 279 417 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............................... NA 191 231 237 438 -------------------------------------------- Total children............................................. 4,006 5,459 7,174 7,619 9,843 -------------------------------------------- All children (percent) -------------------------------------------- Two parents........................................................ 77.7 75.4 66.8 64.8 62.9 One parent......................................................... NA 21.1 30.0 32.1 32.7 Mother only.................................................... NA 19.6 27.1 28.5 28.4 Father only.................................................... NA 1.5 2.9 3.7 4.2 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............................... NA 3.5 3.2 3.1 4.4 -------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married.................................................. NA 228 703 872 1,200 Married, spouse absent......................................... NA 468 728 739 968 Separated.................................................. NA 400 577 600 803 Widowed........................................................ NA 103 149 137 146 Divorced....................................................... NA 353 574 699 901 -------------------------------------------- Total...................................................... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 -------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) -------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married.................................................. NA 19.8 32.6 35.6 37.3 Married, spouse absent......................................... NA 40.6 33.8 30.2 30.1 Separated.................................................. NA 34.7 26.8 24.5 25.0 Widowed........................................................ NA 8.9 6.9 5.6 4.5 Divorced....................................................... NA 30.6 26.6 28.6 28.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups; numbers in thousands. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1973, 1996b). TABLE G-10.--CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE LIVING WITH BIOLOGICAL, STEP, AND ADOPTIVE MARRIED-COUPLE PARENTS BY RACE OF MOTHER, 1980 AND 1990 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1990 ----------------------------------------------- Category Number Number (thousands) Percent (thousands) Percent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races: Biological mother and father.................................... 39,523 83.7 37,026 81.5 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 5,355 11.3 6,643 14.6 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 727 1.5 608 1.3 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 1,350 2.9 974 2.1 Unknown mother or father........................................ 293 0.6 197 0.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 47,248 100.0 45,448 100.0 =============================================== White: Biological mother and father.................................... 35,852 84.7 32,975 83.0 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 4,362 10.3 5,258 13.2 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 664 1.6 549 1.4 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 1,209 2.9 815 2.1 Unknown mother or father........................................ 242 0.6 135 0.3 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 42,329 100.0 39,732 100.0 =============================================== Black: Biological mother and father.................................... 2,698 71.5 2,336 63.6 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 877 23.2 1,149 31.3 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 46 1.2 38 1.0 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 119 3.1 97 2.6 Unknown mother or father........................................ 35 0.9 51 1.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 3,775 100.0 3,671 100.0 =============================================== Hispanic origin: \1\ Biological mother and father.................................... NA NA 3,703 81.1 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... NA NA 699 15.3 Stepmother-biological father.................................... NA NA 38 0.8 Adoptive mother and father...................................... NA NA 101 2.2 Unknown mother or father........................................ NA NA 27 0.6 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... NA NA 4,568 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992). TABLE G-11.--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENT, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1994 \1\ [In thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family living arrangement ------------------------------------------------- Family type defined by mother's marital status Total Independent Extended Unrelated families families Cohabiting \1\ families ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of persons: Never-married................................... 9,994 5,724 2,722 990 558 Separated/other................................. 6,474 4,814 1,125 250 285 Divorced........................................ 10,482 7,727 878 1,084 794 Widowed......................................... 1,312 943 202 84 82 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 28,262 19,208 4,928 2,409 1,717 =========================================================== Number of poor persons: Never-married................................... 5,824 3,849 999 678 298 Separated/other................................. 3,384 2,777 367 130 110 Divorced........................................ 3,600 2,668 188 494 249 Widowed......................................... 375 240 95 15 24 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 13,183 9,534 1,650 1,318 681 =========================================================== Poverty rate (percent poor): Never-married................................... 58.3 67.2 36.7 68.4 53.4 Separated/other................................. 52.3 57.7 32.6 52.2 38.5 Divorced........................................ 34.3 34.5 21.4 45.6 31.5 Widowed......................................... 28.6 25.5 47.1 18.3 29.0 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 46.6 49.6 33.5 54.7 39.6 =========================================================== Number of families: Never-married................................... 3,680 1,950 1,151 377 201 Separated/other................................. 2,047 1,454 393 100 101 Divorced........................................ 3,671 2,629 349 407 286 Widowed......................................... 427 298 73 30 26 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 9,825 6,332 1,966 914 614 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The Current Population Survey (CPS) defines families on the basis of marital and blood relations, and treats families as a basic economic unit in its measures of family poverty and income. Under such definitions, an unmarried, cohabiting, couple would be viewed as two distinct economic units; either as two unrelated individuals, if no child dependents were involved, or as one or two single-parent families, if one or both members of the couple had children residing in the household. Cohabiting couples are identifiable on the CPS only by inference. The Census Bureau identifies such families as unmarried couple households--a household with only two adults who are unrelated and of the opposite sex (one of whom is the householder) with or without the presence of children under the age of 15. The CPS assigns a residing child to only one of the two adult members of the unmarried couple, even though the child may be the couple's offspring. \2\ Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single adult male. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Marital status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1995. Poverty status is based on family income in the prior year (1994). Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service, based on analysis of the March 1995 Current Population Survey microdata files. TABLE G-12.--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1987 [In thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family living arrangement --------------------------------------- Unrelated Family type defined by mother's marital status Total Independent Extended families families families Cohabiting \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of persons: Never-married................................... 7,210 4,116 2,325 485 284 Separated/other................................. 5,607 4,333 894 190 191 Divorced........................................ 8,808 6,699 840 747 521 Widowed......................................... 1,872 1,507 221 80 65 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 23,497 16,655 4,279 1,502 1,061 =========================================================== Number of poor persons: Never-married................................... 4,553 3,052 1,005 319 178 Separated/other................................. 3,283 2,675 347 121 141 Divorced........................................ 2,913 2,232 167 341 173 Widowed......................................... 610 478 82 32 18 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 11,360 8,437 1,600 813 510 =========================================================== Poverty rate (percent poor): Never-married................................... 63.1 74.2 43.2 65.7 62.4 Separated/other................................. 58.6 61.7 38.8 63.8 73.8 Divorced........................................ 33.1 33.3 19.8 45.7 33.3 Widowed......................................... 32.6 31.7 37.2 40.0 (<SUP>2) ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 48.3 50.7 37.4 54.1 48.1 =========================================================== Number of families: Never-married................................... 2,689 1,391 979 203 116 Separated/other................................. 1,786 1,334 320 69 64 Divorced........................................ 3,127 2,322 331 290 184 Widowed......................................... 588 462 73 29 24 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 8,190 5,509 1,702 590 388 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single adult male. \2\ Base of estimate less than 75,000. Estimate deemed to be unreliable. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Percentages with a base of less than 75,000 are suppressed due to large sampling error. Marital status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1988. Poverty status is based on family income in the prior year (1987). Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on analysis of the March 1988 Current Population Survey microdata files. TABLE G-13.--BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1940-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births Fertility rate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Asian or Asian or All births \1\ White Black American Pacific All births White Black American Pacific Indian \2\ Islander \1\ Indian \2\ Islander -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1940 \3\..................... 2,559,000 2,199,000 NA NA NA 79.9 77.1 NA NA NA 1950 \3\..................... 3,632,000 3,108,000 NA NA NA 106.2 102.3 NA NA NA 1960 \3\..................... 4,257,850 3,600,744 602,264 21,114 NA 118.0 113.2 153.5 NA NA 1970 \3\..................... 3,731,386 3,091,264 572,362 25,864 NA 87.9 84.1 115.4 NA NA 1975 \3\..................... 3,144,198 2,551,996 511,581 27,546 NA 66.0 62.5 87.9 NA NA 1980......................... 3,612,258 2,936,351 568,080 29,389 74,355 68.4 65.6 84.7 82.7 73.2 1985......................... 3,760,561 3,037,913 581,824 34,037 104,606 66.3 64.1 78.8 78.6 68.4 1986......................... 3,756,547 3,019,175 592,910 34,169 107,797 65.4 63.1 78.9 75.9 66.0 1987......................... 3,809,510 3,043,828 611,173 35,322 116,560 65.8 63.3 80.1 75.6 67.1 1988......................... 3,909,510 3,102,083 638,562 37,088 129,035 67.3 64.5 82.6 76.8 70.2 1989......................... 4,040,958 3,192,355 673,124 39,478 133,075 69.2 66.4 86.2 79.0 68.2 1990......................... 4,158,212 3,290,273 684,336 39,051 141,635 70.9 68.3 86.8 76.2 69.6 1991......................... 4,110,907 3,241,273 682,602 38,841 145,372 69.6 67.0 85.2 75.1 67.6 1992......................... 4,065,014 3,201,678 673,633 39,453 150,250 68.9 66.5 83.2 75.4 67.2 1993......................... 4,000,240 3,149,833 658,875 38,732 152,800 67.6 65.4 80.5 73.4 66.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For 1940-91 includes births to races not shown separately. \2\ Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. \3\ Data are by race of child; see source for more information. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-14.--NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, AND PREGNANCIES BY AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME, \1\ 1972-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female Total number (thousands) Rate (per 1,000 females) population -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age group and year in age group Induced Estimated (thousands) Births abortions miscarriages \2\ Pregnancies \3\ Birth Abortion Pregnancy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women ages 15-19: 1993......................... 8,410 501 NA NA NA 59.6 NA NA 1992......................... 8,324 505 NA NA NA 60.7 NA NA 1991......................... 8,371 520 314 129 963 62.1 37.5 115.0 1990......................... 8,645 522 351 139 1,012 60.4 40.6 117.1 1989......................... 8,840 507 371 136 1,016 57.3 42.0 114.9 1988......................... 9,029 478 393 135 1,006 53.0 43.5 11.4 1987......................... 9,139 462 382 131 975 50.6 41.8 106.6 1986......................... 9,206 462 389 131 982 50.2 42.3 106.7 1985......................... 9,174 467 399 133 100 51.0 43.5 109.0 1984......................... 9,287 470 399 134 1,002 50.6 42.9 107.9 1983......................... 9,515 489 411 139 1,040 51.4 43.2 109.3 1982......................... 9,809 514 419 145 1,077 52.4 42.7 109.8 1981......................... 10,096 527 433 149 1,110 52.2 42.9 109.9 1980......................... 10,381 552 445 155 1,152 53.2 42.8 111.0 1979......................... 10,497 549 445 154 1,146 52.3 42.4 109.4 1978......................... 10,555 543 419 151 1,113 51.5 39.7 105.4 1977......................... 10,581 559 397 152 1,107 52.8 37.5 104.6 1976......................... 10,582 559 363 148 1,069 52.8 34.3 101.1 1975......................... 10,466 582 327 149 1,058 55.6 31.2 101.1 1974......................... 10,350 595 280 147 1,022 57.5 27.0 98.8 1973......................... 10,193 604 232 144 980 59.3 22.8 96.1 1972......................... 9,988 616 191 142 950 61.7 19.1 95.1 Women under age 15: \4\ 1993......................... 1,735 13 NA NA NA 7.2 NA NA 1992......................... 1,679 12 NA NA NA 7.3 NA NA 1991......................... 1,661 12 12 3 28 7.2 7.4 15.6 1990......................... 1,593 12 13 4 28 7.3 7.9 17.5 1989......................... 1,608 11 13 4 28 7.1 7.9 17.3 1988......................... 1,573 11 14 3 28 6.7 8.7 17.6 1987......................... 1,613 10 14 3 28 6.4 8.8 17.4 1986......................... 1,706 10 16 4 29 6.0 9.2 17.3 1985......................... 1,853 10 17 4 31 5.5 9.2 16.7 1984......................... 1,819 10 17 4 31 5.5 9.3 16.8 1983......................... 1,781 10 16 4 30 5.5 9.2 16.7 1982......................... 1,748 10 15 3 28 5.6 8.3 15.9 1981......................... 1,787 10 15 3 28 5.4 8.5 15.8 1980......................... 1,850 10 15 4 29 5.5 8.4 15.9 1979......................... 1,944 11 16 4 31 5.5 8.3 15.8 1978......................... 2,020 11 15 4 30 5.3 7.5 14.6 1977......................... 2,048 11 16 4 31 5.6 7.6 15.1 1976......................... 2,080 12 16 4 32 5.7 7.6 15.2 1975......................... 2,118 13 16 4 32 6.0 7.2 15.1 1974......................... 2,086 13 13 4 30 6.0 6.4 14.3 1973......................... 2,094 13 12 4 28 6.1 5.6 13.5 1972......................... 2,093 12 NA NA NA 5.8 NA NA Women ages 15-17: 1993......................... 5,037 191 NA NA NA 37.8 NA NA 1992......................... 4,958 188 NA NA NA 37.8 NA NA 1991......................... 4,860 188 118 56 362 38.7 24.3 74.5 1990......................... 4,881 183 130 50 363 37.6 26.6 74.3 1989......................... 4,974 181 139 50 370 36.4 26.0 74.4 1988......................... 5,251 177 158 51 386 33.6 30.2 73.5 1987......................... 5,450 173 161 51 384 31.7 29.6 70.5 1986......................... 5,520 169 165 50 384 30.5 29.9 69.6 1985......................... 5,409 168 166 50 384 31.0 30.6 70.9 1984......................... 5,373 167 161 49 377 31.0 29.9 70.2 1983......................... 5,424 173 166 51 390 31.8 30.7 72.0 1982......................... 5,618 181 168 53 403 32.2 30.0 71.7 1981......................... 5,848 187 176 55 418 32.0 30.1 71.5 1980......................... 6,063 198 183 58 440 32.7 30.2 72.5 1979......................... 6,200 200 179 58 437 32.3 28.8 70.4 1978......................... 6,286 203 169 57 429 32.2 26.9 68.3 1977......................... 6,310 214 166 59 439 33.9 26.2 69.5 1976......................... 6,319 215 153 58 427 34.1 24.2 67.5 1975......................... 6,288 238 152 61 440 36.1 24.1 69.9 1974......................... 6,276 234 140 61 435 37.3 22.3 69.3 1973......................... 6,185 238 116 59 414 38.5 18.7 66.9 1972......................... 6,071 237 96 57 389 39.0 15.7 64.1 Women ages 18-19: 1993......................... 3,372 311 NA NA NA 92.1 NA NA 1992......................... 3,365 318 NA NA NA 94.5 NA NA 1991......................... 3,510 331 196 73 600 94.4 55.8 171.0 1990......................... 3,762 338 221 90 649 90.0 58.8 172.6 1989......................... 3,865 325 232 88 646 84.2 60.0 167.0 1988......................... 3,778 302 234 84 620 79.9 62.0 164.1 1987......................... 3,689 290 221 80 590 78.5 59.8 160.0 1986......................... 3,686 293 224 81 598 79.6 60.8 162.3 1985......................... 3,765 300 234 83 617 79.6 62.0 163.8 1984......................... 3,914 303 238 84 625 77.4 60.8 159.8 1983......................... 4,092 317 245 88 649 77.4 59.8 158.7 1982......................... 4,191 333 250 92 674 79.4 59.7 160.9 1981......................... 4,248 340 257 94 691 80.0 60.6 162.7 1980......................... 4,313 354 261 97 712 81.9 60.5 164.9 1979......................... 4,297 349 266 96 712 81.3 61.9 165.7 1978......................... 4,269 341 250 93 683 79.8 58.4 160.1 1977......................... 4,271 345 231 92 669 80.9 54.1 156.5 1976......................... 4,263 343 210 90 643 80.5 49.3 150.8 1975......................... 4,178 355 175 89 619 85.0 41.9 148.1 1974......................... 4,074 361 140 86 587 88.7 34.3 144.2 1973......................... 4,008 366 116 85 566 91.2 28.9 141.3 1972......................... 3,917 380 96 85 561 96.9 24.4 143.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Women's age is determined by the time the pregnancy ended. More pregnancies were experienced by teenagers than are reported here because most of the 19-year-olds who became pregnant had their births or abortions at age 20 and thus were not counted. \2\ Calculated as 20 percent of births and 10 percent of abortions. \3\ Sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. \4\ Population is women aged 14. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). TABLE G-15.--NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES TO WOMEN AGES 15-19 BY RACE OF CHILD AND BY RACE OF MOTHER, \1\ 1960-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births, Birth rate \2\ all women under 20 ------------------------------------------------ Year ---------------------- All women 15-19 15-17 18-19 ------------------------------------------------ White Black White Black White Black White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1960..................................... 460,654 122,260 79.4 156.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1961..................................... 474,514 ......... 79.2 155.2 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1962..................................... 462,522 ......... 73.2 147.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1963..................................... 445,892 ......... 68.2 142.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1964..................................... 447,034 140,422 63.4 147.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1965..................................... 446,198 146,268 60.6 144.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1966..................................... 467,778 155,110 60.4 142.7 26.6 97.9 108.2 219.2 1967..................................... 438,000 160,285 58.9 141.8 25.7 99.5 104.0 213.4 1968..................................... 429,616 163,892 54.9 138.7 25.6 98.2 100.5 206.1 1969..................................... 437,958 168,588 54.7 137.0 26.4 96.9 99.2 202.5 1970..................................... 467,928 179,100 57.4 140.7 29.2 101.4 101.5 204.9 1971..................................... 450,856 178,948 53.6 134.5 28.5 99.4 92.3 192.6 1972..................................... 438,559 179,712 51.0 129.8 29.3 99.5 84.3 179.5 1973..................................... 429,740 176,551 49.0 123.1 29.2 96.0 79.3 166.6 1974..................................... 425,205 171,721 47.9 116.5 28.7 90.0 77.3 158.7 1975..................................... 415,202 168,359 46.4 111.8 28.0 85.6 74.0 152.4 1976..................................... 389,329 160,597 44.1 104.9 26.3 80.3 70.2 142.5 1977..................................... 396,854 161,772 44.1 104.7 26.1 79.6 70.5 142.9 1978..................................... 384,572 157,069 42.9 100.9 24.9 75.0 69.4 139.7 1979..................................... 388,209 158,944 43.7 101.7 24.7 75.7 71.0 140.4 1980..................................... 397,764 153,151 45.4 97.8 25.5 72.5 73.2 135.1 1981..................................... 379,472 145,724 44.9 94.5 25.4 69.3 71.5 131.0 1982..................................... 367,951 142,813 45.0 94.3 25.5 69.7 70.8 128.9 1983..................................... 347,288 139,357 43.9 93.9 25.0 69.6 68.8 127.1 1984..................................... 330,334 137,177 42.9 94.1 24.3 69.2 68.4 128.1 1985..................................... 328,752 136,682 43.3 95.4 24.4 69.3 70.4 132.4 1986..................................... 322,060 137,413 42.3 95.8 23.8 69.3 70.1 135.1 1987..................................... 319,560 139,967 42.5 97.6 24.6 72.1 68.9 135.8 1988..................................... 327,986 146,733 44.4 102.7 26.0 75.7 69.6 142.7 1989..................................... 345,102 157,259 47.9 111.5 28.1 81.9 72.9 151.9 1990..................................... 359,456 157,951 50.8 112.8 29.5 82.3 78.0 152.9 1991..................................... 357,548 157,375 52.8 115.5 30.7 84.1 83.5 158.6 1992..................................... 348,106 153,248 51.8 112.4 30.1 81.3 83.8 157.9 1993..................................... 347,572 149,570 51.1 108.6 30.3 79.8 82.1 151.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Births are tabulated by race of child through 1979, and by race of mother for 1980-93. \2\ Births per 1,000 women in specified group. Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-16.--ESTIMATED BIRTH RATES FOR UNMARRIED WOMEN AGES 15-17 AND 18-19 BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1966-93 [Births per 1,000 women] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Black Hispanic \1\ Year ----------------------------------------------------------------- 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966.......................................... 5.4 14.1 NA NA NA NA 1970.......................................... 7.5 17.6 77.9 136.4 NA NA 1975.......................................... 9.6 16.5 76.8 123.8 NA NA 1980.......................................... 12.0 24.1 68.8 118.2 NA NA 1985.......................................... 14.5 31.2 66.8 117.9 NA NA 1986.......................................... 14.9 33.5 67.0 121.1 NA NA 1987.......................................... 16.2 34.5 69.9 123.0 NA NA 1988.......................................... 17.6 36.8 73.5 130.5 NA NA 1989.......................................... 19.3 40.2 78.9 140.9 NA NA 1990.......................................... 20.4 44.9 78.8 143.7 45.9 98.9 1991.......................................... 21.8 49.6 80.4 148.7 50.5 109.6 1992.......................................... 21.6 51.5 78.0 147.8 51.0 110.5 1993.......................................... 22.1 52.4 76.8 141.6 51.9 114.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Hispanic ethnicity is independent of race; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. Note.--For 1966-75, births to unmarried women are estimated for the United States from the data for registration areas in which marital status of mother was reported. Beginning 1980, data for States in which marital status was not reported have been inferred and included with data from the remaining States. Race is determined by race of the child for 1966-89 and by race of the mother for 1990-93. Source: Ventura (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-17.--ESTIMATED PREGNANCIES \1\ PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama........................ 117 NA NA 112 NA NA NA NA NA 93.2 73.4 134.7 Alaska......................... 124 NA NA 144 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona........................ 123 115 195 128 124 150 101.8 99.9 153.5 103.5 102.3 150.6 Arkansas....................... 117 104 168 111 99 150 98.4 92.7 157.2 90.7 76.7 142.6 California..................... 140 127 272 151 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado....................... 114 105 192 112 107 187 82.3 NA NA 79.8 NA NA Connecticut.................... 81 NA NA 96 NA NA NA NA NA 78.7 NA NA Delaware....................... 106 NA NA 101 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \1\....... 200 NA NA 211 NA NA 255.2 NA NA 209.4 NA NA Florida........................ 131 NA NA 126 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia........................ 131 111 172 132 115 160 110.8 88.2 162.5 106.9 79.6 162.9 Hawaii......................... 106 81 NA 125 97 137 88.2 NA NA 88.4 64.7 NA Idaho.......................... 96 96 NA 78 77 NA 68.8 56.6 NA 59.7 59.4 NA Illinois....................... 101 78 190 103 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana........................ 102 92 193 87 77 170 74.3 65.5 158.0 72.2 62.9 156.7 Iowa........................... 79 NA NA 67 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas......................... 101 93 199 84 78 150 81.1 74.5 181.1 87.0 77.8 211.9 Kentucky....................... 111 NA NA 92 NA NA 91.0 84.3 164.1 81.7 75.5 149.9 Louisiana...................... 118 93 163 109 88 142 92.1 68.7 128.8 92.6 65.3 133.7 Maine.......................... 87 86 NA 92 91 NA 88.4 87.6 NA 55.2 64.9 NA Maryland....................... 123 103 174 121 94 184 84.7 61.5 141.8 76.9 51.0 137.1 Massachusetts.................. 86 NA NA 97 NA NA 71.1 NA NA 69.5 NA NA Michigan....................... 102 NA NA 107 NA NA 85.2 NA NA 79.7 NA NA Minnesota...................... 77 73 240 62 55 222 62.0 55.3 219.4 55.2 47.3 218.1 Mississippi.................... 125 97 162 113 90 138 97.8 71.6 130.5 100.8 71.9 135.1 Missouri....................... 106 92 205 95 79 195 82.6 64.8 197.5 78.0 60.9 188.0 Montana........................ 93 85 NA 82 74 NA 81.7 NA NA 70.2 61.8 NA Nebraska....................... 81 NA NA 75 NA NA 74.2 NA NA 83.4 NA NA Nevada......................... 144 134 226 125 118 168 107.5 105.8 158.8 108.0 101.9 171.2 New Hampshire.................. 81 NA NA 89 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey..................... 96 74 210 113 70 296 75.3 52.7 181.6 69.7 41.2 179.7 New Mexico..................... 126 118 NA 116 115 126 100.4 99.8 115.5 101.8 102.2 100.8 New York....................... 101 78 207 117 89 225 92.9 76.3 166.4 96.6 77.3 175.9 North Carolina................. 110 92 153 114 97 152 106.4 88.3 157.3 104.5 83.3 155.3 North Dakota................... 75 68 NA 60 53 NA 56.4 50.4 NA 54.2 47.8 NA Ohio........................... 101 88 190 96 83 177 74.6 80.5 170.1 74.5 NA NA Oklahoma....................... 120 107 187 113 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon......................... 119 112 NA 95 94 119 89.2 88.7 178.0 81.0 79.4 181.7 Pennsylvania................... 90 NA NA 87 NA NA 74.0 NA NA 71.7 53.5 211.5 Rhode Island................... 83 NA NA 89 NA NA 87.7 80.4 198.9 88.1 78.0 211.8 South Carolina................. 114 98 140 102 92 117 95.0 76.6 127.0 88.0 68.6 119.6 South Dakota................... 86 74 NA 70 57 NA 56.9 48.0 NA 59.4 48.5 NA Tennessee...................... 113 102 157 104 95 134 101.8 88.3 165.6 94.0 77.4 162.4 Texas.......................... 137 NA NA 131 NA NA 102.8 96.1 153.6 103.7 98.2 148.8 Utah........................... 95 94 NA 75 73 NA 63.0 62.2 NA 55.6 54.2 NA Vermont........................ 95 94 NA 82 83 NA 72.1 72.7 NA 68.7 68.4 NA Virginia....................... 107 94 152 106 93 141 86.5 70.4 149.1 79.0 62.9 139.4 Washington..................... 122 NA NA 103 97 165 95.4 NA NA 85.1 NA NA West Virginia.................. 104 NA NA 87 NA NA 67.4 66.4 103.9 66.1 64.6 110.5 Wisconsin \2\.................. 85 NA NA 73 NA NA 66.6 NA NA 60.8 45.3 226.9 Wyoming........................ 127 NA NA 98 NA NA 62.2 NA NA 53.7 NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total...................... 111 NA NA 110 93 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Data for 1992 include residents only. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-18.--BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama..................................... 68 53 103 64 51 94 71 55 105 73 56 109 Alaska...................................... 64 48 123 56 42 82 65 64 NA 63 50 NA Arizona..................................... 66 60 124 67 61 122 76 72 116 82 80 112 Arkansas.................................... 75 63 118 73 61 120 80 66 132 76 62 122 California.................................. 53 51 89 53 50 93 71 74 101 74 78 95 Colorado.................................... 50 48 91 48 46 88 55 52 106 58 56 108 Connecticut................................. 31 24 90 31 24 93 39 31 103 39 32 95 Delaware.................................... 51 37 110 51 36 116 55 37 128 60 41 123 District of Columbia........................ 62 16 74 72 17 89 93 12 121 116 28 131 Florida..................................... 59 43 126 58 43 121 89 62 136 88 60 127 Georgia..................................... 72 54 110 68 53 98 77 57 110 75 55 116 Hawaii...................................... 51 31 143 48 27 107 51 42 NA 54 33 NA Idaho....................................... 60 59 NA 47 45 65 51 51 NA 52 51 NA Illinois.................................... 56 41 122 51 35 119 63 44 144 64 45 145 Indiana..................................... 58 52 112 52 46 110 59 52 122 59 51 126 Iowa........................................ 43 41 126 35 33 101 41 39 119 41 38 138 Kansas...................................... 57 51 125 52 47 112 56 51 132 56 50 137 Kentucky.................................... 72 69 107 63 61 91 68 84 116 65 61 112 Louisiana................................... 76 58 110 72 53 108 74 52 109 77 51 118 Maine....................................... 47 47 NA 42 42 54 43 43 NA 40 40 NA Maryland.................................... 43 31 76 46 32 82 62 38 97 51 32 97 Massachusetts............................... 28 26 74 29 26 76 36 31 89 38 31 97 Michigan.................................... 45 37 92 43 35 86 59 43 131 59 42 125 Minnesota................................... 35 33 126 31 27 129 38 31 152 38 21 163 Mississippi................................. 84 56 120 76 52 109 81 56 113 84 57 116 Missouri.................................... 58 50 115 54 45 119 63 50 144 63 51 144 Montana..................................... 49 42 NA 44 35 114 48 40 NA 46 38 NA Nebraska.................................... 45 41 117 40 34 129 42 37 138 41 36 121 Nevada...................................... 59 50 128 55 47 122 73 69 129 71 69 137 New Hampshire............................... 34 33 NA 32 33 26 33 33 NA 31 31 NA New Jersey.................................. 35 23 97 34 22 94 41 28 100 39 26 103 New Mexico.................................. 72 66 107 73 68 104 78 76 95 80 80 77 New York.................................... 35 26 74 36 28 74 44 37 77 46 39 74 North Carolina.............................. 58 45 88 57 45 85 68 52 107 70 53 108 North Dakota................................ 42 36 NA 36 30 92 35 29 NA 37 29 NA Ohio........................................ 53 46 100 50 42 104 58 48 129 58 47 132 Oklahoma.................................... 75 64 126 69 60 113 67 80 116 69 63 116 Oregon...................................... 51 49 114 43 42 95 55 64 108 53 52 114 Pennsylvania................................ 41 35 91 40 32 106 45 36 125 46 35 127 Rhode Island................................ 33 30 96 36 31 116 44 39 114 48 40 131 South Carolina.............................. 65 49 92 63 47 91 71 64 101 70 52 100 South Dakota................................ 53 43 NA 46 34 156 47 36 NA 48 35 NA Tennessee................................... 64 55 100 61 52 100 72 60 121 71 69 124 Texas....................................... 74 68 112 72 68 104 76 71 114 79 75 113 Utah........................................ 65 65 97 50 49 110 49 48 NA 46 46 NA Vermont..................................... 40 40 NA 36 36 11 34 34 NA 37 37 NA Virginia.................................... 48 38 82 46 36 82 53 41 99 51 39 38 Washington.................................. 47 44 97 45 41 102 53 52 94 51 49 91 West Virginia............................... 68 67 80 54 54 67 57 57 74 56 57 77 Wisconsin................................... 40 35 128 39 31 148 43 31 175 42 30 167 Wyoming..................................... 79 77 NA 59 56 138 56 67 NA 50 48 NA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total................................... 53.0 45 100 51.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-19.--PERCENTAGE OF BABIES BORN TO WOMEN OBTAINING EARLY CARE OR LATE OR NO CARE BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1970-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent born to women Percent born to women obtaining early care obtaining late or no care Year --------------------------------------------------------- White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 72.4 44.4 68.0 6.2 16.6 7.9 1975 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 75.9 55.8 72.4 5.0 10.5 6.0 1980 \3\.............................................. 79.2 62.4 76.3 4.3 8.9 5.1 1981 \3\.............................................. 79.3 62.1 76.3 4.3 9.2 5.2 1982 \3\.............................................. 79.2 61.1 76.1 4.5 9.7 5.5 1983 \3\.............................................. 79.3 61.2 76.2 4.6 9.8 5.6 1984 \3\.............................................. 79.6 61.9 76.5 4.7 9.7 5.6 1985.................................................. 79.3 61.5 76.2 4.8 10.2 5.7 1986.................................................. 79.1 61.2 75.9 5.0 10.7 6.0 1987.................................................. 79.3 60.8 76.0 5.0 11.2 6.1 1988.................................................. 79.3 60.7 75.9 5.0 11.0 6.1 1989.................................................. 78.9 60.6 75.5 5.2 11.9 6.4 1990.................................................. 79.2 60.6 75.8 4.9 11.3 6.1 1991.................................................. 79.5 61.9 76.2 4.7 10.7 5.8 1992.................................................. 80.8 63.9 77.7 4.2 9.9 5.2 1993.................................................. 81.8 66.0 78.9 3.9 9.0 4.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Figures are by race of child. \3\ Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in other States. \4\ Based on data for 39 States and the District of Columbia in 1970, and based on data for 42 States and the District of Columbia in 1975. Source: Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996); National Center for Health Statistics (1975, 1978). TABLE G-20.--ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama................................. 32 NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA 20.7 18.2 25.8 Alaska.................................. 43 NA NA 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona................................. 41 39 41 43 46 27 26.3 27.6 38.4 21.5 22.4 38.5 Arkansas................................ 25 26 23 23 23 21 18.3 16.6 25.2 15.3 13.9 20.6 California.............................. 69 60 150 79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado................................ 49 43 76 51 49 84 27.7 NA NA 21.4 NA NA Connecticut............................. 40 NA NA 52 NA NA NA NA NA 39.3 NA NA Delaware................................ 40 NA NA 37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \2\................ 114 NA NA 113 NA NA 162.1 NA NA 92.3 NA NA Florida................................. 55 NA NA 51 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia................................. 41 42 36 44 42 46 35.3 29.6 46.3 32.3 24.7 47.7 Hawaii.................................. 41 40 NA 61 59 62 27.0 NA NA 32.9 31.9 NA Idaho................................... 23 23 NA 21 21 NA 8.2 8.2 NA 8.0 8.0 NA Illinois................................ 31 25 40 38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana................................. 30 27 53 24 21 47 15.7 13.6 35.6 13.5 11.6 30.8 Iowa.................................... 25 NA NA 25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas.................................. 30 29 44 23 23 28 25.0 23.7 49.2 31.3 20.1 74.5 Kentucky................................ 22 NA NA 16 NA NA 23.4 20.8 48.3 17.0 14.8 37.8 Louisiana............................... 24 22 28 22 21 24 17.8 16.7 19.6 16.1 14.0 20.2 Maine................................... 27 27 NA 36 36 NA 25.4 24.9 NA 15.3 15.0 NA Maryland................................ 64 59 76 59 51 77 31.4 25.4 46.3 28.2 19.0 41.6 Massachusetts........................... 47 NA NA 45 NA NA 36.0 NA NA 31.5 NA NA Michigan................................ 44 NA NA 50 NA NA 26.1 NA NA 23.1 NA NA Minnesota............................... 31 31 81 24 23 47 25.7 24.7 67.7 19.2 17.8 55.6 Mississippi............................. 22 27 16 19 22 15 16.8 16.1 17.8 16.6 14.7 19.0 Missouri................................ 34 29 61 29 25 55 19.7 14.5 53.6 14.8 10.4 42.1 Montana................................. 32 32 NA 28 29 NA 33.3 NA NA 24.0 23.8 NA Nebraska................................ 24 NA NA 27 NA NA 31.9 NA NA 22.2 NA NA Nevada.................................. 67 67 66 57 58 45 34.2 36.9 27.5 34.7 36.3 34.0 New Hampshire........................... 37 NA NA 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey.............................. 49 41 85 63 38 170 34.6 24.6 82.0 30.5 15.2 78.5 New Mexico.............................. 36 35 NA 30 33 12 22.3 24.0 20.9 21.5 22.7 25.2 New York................................ 54 42 107 64 49 120 49.3 38.7 90.8 51.3 38.3 102.1 North Carolina.......................... 38 35 43 41 38 48 38.8 34.3 60.7 35.1 29.9 47.6 North Dakota............................ 23 22 NA 17 18 NA 21.0 21.2 NA 16.0 17.2 NA Ohio.................................... 35 30 64 33 28 59 16.6 12.9 40.6 16.7 NA NA Oklahoma................................ 27 27 32 29 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon.................................. 52 49 NA 41 41 37 34.6 34.7 70.0 27.8 27.2 68.1 Pennsylvania............................ 38 NA NA 35 NA NA 29.7 NA NA 28.5 18.9 84.2 Rhode Island............................ 40 NA NA 40 NA NA 43.8 41.7 84.6 40.6 37.9 80.7 South Carolina.......................... 33 36 27 26 30 20 23.6 22.3 25.9 17.7 16.3 19.9 South Dakota............................ 21 20 NA 18 18 NA 10.1 11.0 NA 11.1 11.5 NA Tennessee............................... 33 33 33 29 29 31 29.5 25.0 44.4 22.7 18.9 38.3 Texas................................... 44 NA NA 39 NA NA 27.4 25.5 39.6 24.8 23.2 35.4 Utah.................................... 15 14 NA 15 14 NA 14.5 14.4 NA 9.4 8.8 NA Vermont................................. 43 43 NA 36 36 NA 38.0 36.4 NA 33.0 32.8 NA Virginia................................ 45 44 48 45 43 49 33.6 29.3 50.6 27.3 23.4 41.8 Washington.............................. 60 NA NA 46 44 62 42.2 NA NA 34.2 NA NA West Virginia........................... 20 NA NA 19 NA NA 10.0 9.4 29.5 10.2 9.1 39.0 Wisconsin \2\........................... 34 NA NA 25 NA NA 24.0 NA NA 18.7 15.5 59.8 Wyoming................................. 29 NA NA 30 NA NA 5.9 NA NA 4.1 NA NA --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total............................... 43 38 NA 44 38 71 NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Data for 1992 include residents only. NA--Not available. Note.--Legal induced abortion data are by State of occurrence because abortion data by State of residence are not available for all States. Caution should therefore be exercised when comparing rates from State to State and over time. Rates are not available for 10 States in 1990 and 8 States in 1992 because age-specific abortion data were not available. Rates by race are not available for States that did not report abortion information by race. Rates were not computed if age or race information for more than 15 percent of the abortions was not reported, or if there were fewer than 20 abortions or fewer than 1,000 women in the group. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995); Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996). TABLE G-21.--INFANT, NEONATAL, AND POSTNEONATAL MORTALITY RATES BY RACE, \1\ SELECTED YEARS 1940-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All other Year All races White ------------------------- Total Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Infant Mortality Rate \2\ 1940........................................................ 47.0 43.2 73.8 72.9 1950........................................................ 29.2 26.8 44.5 43.9 1960........................................................ 26.0 22.9 43.2 44.3 1970........................................................ 20.0 17.8 30.9 32.6 1980........................................................ 12.6 11.0 19.1 21.4 1985........................................................ 10.6 9.3 15.8 18.2 1986........................................................ 10.4 8.9 15.7 18.0 1987........................................................ 10.1 8.6 15.4 17.9 1988........................................................ 10.0 8.5 15.0 17.6 1989........................................................ 9.8 8.1 16.3 18.6 1990........................................................ 9.2 7.6 15.5 18.0 1991........................................................ 8.9 7.3 15.1 17.6 1992........................................................ 8.5 6.9 14.4 16.8 1993........................................................ 8.4 6.8 14.1 16.5 Neonatal Mortality Rate \3\ 1940........................................................ 28.8 27.2 39.7 39.9 1950........................................................ 20.5 19.4 27.5 27.8 1960........................................................ 18.7 17.2 26.9 27.8 1970........................................................ 15.1 13.8 21.4 22.8 1980........................................................ 8.5 7.5 12.5 14.1 1985........................................................ 7.0 6.1 10.3 12.1 1986........................................................ 6.7 5.8 10.1 11.7 1987........................................................ 6.5 5.5 10.0 11.7 1988........................................................ 6.3 5.4 9.7 11.5 1989........................................................ 6.2 5.1 10.3 11.9 1990........................................................ 5.8 4.8 9.9 11.6 1991........................................................ 5.6 4.5 9.5 11.2 1992........................................................ 5.4 4.3 9.2 10.8 1993........................................................ 5.3 4.3 9.0 10.7 Postneonatal Mortality Rate \4\ 1940........................................................ 18.3 16.0 34.1 33.0 1950........................................................ 8.7 7.4 16.9 16.1 1960........................................................ 7.3 5.7 16.4 16.5 1970........................................................ 4.9 4.0 9.5 9.9 1980........................................................ 4.1 3.5 6.6 7.3 1985........................................................ 3.7 3.2 5.5 6.1 1986........................................................ 3.6 3.1 5.6 6.3 1987........................................................ 3.6 3.1 5.4 6.1 1988........................................................ 3.6 3.1 5.4 6.2 1989........................................................ 3.6 2.9 6.0 6.7 1990........................................................ 3.4 2.8 5.7 6.4 1991........................................................ 3.4 2.8 5.6 6.3 1992........................................................ 3.1 2.6 5.2 6.0 1993........................................................ 3.1 2.5 5.1 5.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ As of 1989, race for live births (the denominator of infant mortality rates) is tabulated according to race of mother. For all prior years, race is tabulated according to race of child. \2\ Deaths before the age of one. \3\ Deaths under 28 days. \4\ Deaths from 28 days to 11 months. Source: Gardner & Hudson (1996). TABLE G-22.--ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) CASES BY AGE AT DIAGNOSIS, SEX, RACE, AND HISPANIC ORIGIN, 1985-94 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ All years Year of report \1\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age at diagnosis, sex, race, and Hispanic origin -------------- All years Percent \1\ 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 distribution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Male All males, 13 years and over \2\......................... 100,0 393,448 7,521 12,002 19,082 27,108 29,622 36,381 37,644 39,129 85,894 63,361 White, not Hispanic...................................... 53.8 211,776 4,766 7,527 12,332 16,060 17,523 20,949 20,639 20,856 43,654 29,785 Black, not Hispanic...................................... 30.7 120,921 1,706 2,760 4,321 7,159 8,035 10,266 11,113 12,170 28,450 22,627 Hispanic................................................. 14.3 56,229 989 1,608 2,242 3,648 3,735 4,766 5,447 5,616 12,724 10,160 Female All females, 13 years and over \2\....................... 100.0 61,653 520 962 1,684 3,040 3,367 4,538 5,348 5,953 16,013 13,423 White, not Hispanic...................................... 25.2 15,585 141 268 545 853 943 1,223 1,347 1,476 4,068 3,109 Black, not Hispanic...................................... 57.3 35,332 279 523 896 1,655 1,894 2,546 3,101 3,391 9,140 7,920 Hispanic................................................. 16.5 10,173 97 160 229 500 496 731 852 1,017 2,633 2,295 Children All children under 13 years \2\.......................... 100.0 6,282 128 183 322 571 587 723 668 751 873 983 White, not Hispanic...................................... 19.3 1,215 26 42 85 150 111 150 143 127 149 145 Black, not Hispanic...................................... 59.8 3,755 84 105 162 304 335 387 406 486 533 639 Hispanic................................................. 19.8 1,241 18 35 72 112 134 168 112 131 180 184 Under 1 year............................................. 39.4 2,476 54 78 141 193 241 296 255 314 329 334 1-12 years............................................... 60.6 3,806 74 105 181 378 346 427 413 437 544 649 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \2\.......................................... ............ 461,383 8,189 13,147 21,088 30,719 33,676 41,642 43,660 45,833 102,760 77,787 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Includes cases prior to 1985. \2\ Includes all other races not shown separately. Note.--The AIDS case definition as changed in September 1987 to allow for the presumptive diagnosis of AIDS-associated diseases and conditions and to expand the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated diseases reportable as AIDS. Excludes residents of U.S. territories. Data are updated periodically because of reporting delays. Data for all years have been updated through June 30, 1995. Data are based on reporting by State health departments. Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1996). TABLE G-23.--TOBACCO, ALCOHOL, AND DRUG USE AMONG HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS BY SUBSTANCE AND FREQUENCY OF USE, SELECTED YEARS 1975-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Class of Substance and frequency of use --------------------------------------------------------------- 1975 1980 1985 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percentage reporting having ever used drugs --------------------------------------------------------------- Cigarettes...................................... 73.6 71.0 68.8 65.7 61.8 61.9 62.0 64.2 Alcohol \1\..................................... 90.4 93.2 92.2 90.7 87.5 80.0 80.4 80.7 Any illicit drug................................ 55.2 65.4 60.6 50.9 40.7 42.9 45.6 48.4 Marijuana only.............................. 19.0 26.7 20.9 19.5 15.6 16.2 18.0 20.3 Any illicit drug other than marijuana \2\... 36.2 38.7 39.7 31.4 25.1 26.7 27.6 28.1 Selected illicit drugs: Cocaine..................................... 9.0 15.7 17.3 10.3 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 Heroin...................................... 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 LSD......................................... 11.3 9.3 7.5 8.3 8.6 10.3 10.5 11.7 Marijuana/hashish........................... 47.3 60.3 54.2 43.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 PCP......................................... NA 9.6 4.9 3.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 --------------------------------------------------------------- Percentage reporting use of drugs in the previous 30 days --------------------------------------------------------------- Cigarettes...................................... 36.7 30.5 30.1 28.6 27.8 29.9 31.2 33.5 Alcohol \1\..................................... 68.2 72.0 65.9 60.0 51.3 48.6 50.1 51.3 Any illicit drug................................ 30.7 37.2 29.7 19.7 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 Marijuana only.............................. 15.3 18.8 14.8 10.6 8.1 10.4 13.1 13.8 Any illicit drug other than marijuana \2\... 15.4 18.4 14.9 9.1 6.3 7.9 8.8 10.0 Selected illicit drugs: Cocaine..................................... 1.9 5.2 6.7 2.8 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 Heroin...................................... 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 LSD......................................... 2.3 2.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.6 4.0 Marijuana/hashish........................... 27.1 33.7 25.7 16.7 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 PCP......................................... NA 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ In 1993, the question text was changed slightly in three of six forms to indicate that a ``drink'' meant ``more than a few sips.'' Data for 1993 and years after are based on all six forms which include this change. \2\ Other illicit drugs include hallucinogens, cocaine, and heroin, or any other opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers not prescribed by a doctor. NA-- Not available. Note.--A revised questionnaire was used in 1982 and later years to reduce the inappropriate reporting of nonprescription stimulants. This slightly reduced the positive responses for some types of drug use. Source: Johnston, O'Malley, & Bachman (1996). TABLE G-24.--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 POPULATION BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sex, race and age 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races: Under 1 year................ 3,299.2 2,696.4 2,142.4 1,288.3 971.9 916.6 865.7 854.4 1-4 years................... 139.4 109.1 84.5 63.9 46.8 47.4 43.6 44.8 5-14 years.................. 60.1 46.6 41.3 30.6 24.0 23.6 22.5 23.4 15-24 years................. 128.1 106.3 127.7 115.4 99.2 100.1 95.6 98.5 White males: Under 1 year................ 3,400.5 2,694.1 2,113.2 1,230.3 896.1 860.3 780.9 773.0 1-4 years................... 135.5 104.9 83.6 66.1 45.9 45.5 42.6 42.9 5-14 years.................. 67.2 52.7 48.0 35.0 26.4 26.5 24.7 25.2 15-24 years................. 152.4 143.7 170.8 167.0 131.3 128.2 121.5 123.0 Black males: Under 1 year................ ........ 5,306.8 4,298.9 2,586.7 2,112.4 1,957.4 1,957.9 1,922.2 1-4 years................... ........ 208.5 150.5 110.5 85.8 88.4 77.6 86.1 5-14 years.................. 95.1 75.1 67.1 47.4 41.7 42.4 41.2 40.5 15-24 years................. 289.7 212.0 320.6 209.1 252.2 278.1 269.4 289.4 White females: Under 1 year................ 2,566.8 2,007.7 1,614.6 962.5 690.0 659.2 618.7 617.5 1-4 years................... 112.2 85.2 66.1 49.3 36.1 37.6 33.3 33.6 5-14 years.................. 45.1 34.7 29.9 22.9 17.9 17.2 16.2 17.3 15-24 years................. 71.5 54.9 61.6 55.5 45.9 46.6 43.9 44.4 Black females: Under 1 year................ ........ 4,162.2 3,368.8 2,123.7 1,735.5 1,580.8 1,609.7 1,543.2 1-4 years................... ........ 173.3 129.4 84.4 67.6 70.8 68.7 71.9 5-14 years.................. 72.2 53.8 43.8 30.5 27.5 25.8 26.0 29.5 15-24 years................. 213.1 107.5 111.9 70.5 68.7 72.6 67.8 73.3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Death rates under 1 year (based on population estimates) differ from infant mortality rates (based on live births). Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-25. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE FOR PERSONS UNDER AGE 25, SELECTED YEARS 1950-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race and age --------------------------------------------------------------- 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age Under 1 year.................................... 8.4 8.1 9.8 7.0 4.9 4.3 4.8 4.9 1-4 years....................................... 11.5 10.0 11.5 9.2 6.3 5.9 5.5 5.6 5-14 years...................................... 8.8 7.9 10.2 7.9 5.9 5.6 5.2 5.3 15-24 years..................................... 34.4 38.0 47.2 44.8 34.1 32.0 28.5 29.1 Race and sex (15-24 years) White male...................................... 58.3 62.7 75.2 73.8 52.5 48.3 42.3 43.8 Black male...................................... 41.6 46.4 58.1 34.9 36.1 35.0 32.4 34.3 White female.................................... 12.6 15.6 22.7 23.0 19.5 19.6 17.7 17.1 Black female.................................... 11.5 9.9 13.4 8.0 9.9 10.0 9.5 10.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-26. DEATH RATES PER 100,000 FOR HOMICIDE AND LEGAL INTERVENTION ACCORDING TO SEX, RACE AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race, and age --------------------------------------------------------------- 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age 5-14 years...................................... 0.5 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 15-24 years..................................... 6.3 5.9 11.7 15.6 19.9 22.4 22.2 23.4 Race and sex (15-24 years) White male...................................... 3.7 4.4 7.9 15.5 15.4 16.9 17.5 17.1 Black male...................................... 58.9 46.4 102.5 84.3 138.3 158.9 154.4 167.0 White female.................................... 1.3 1.5 2.7 4.7 4.0 4.4 4.1 4.2 Black female.................................... 16.5 11.9 17.7 18.4 18.9 21.6 18.4 22.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-27.--DEATH RATES PER 100,000 BY SUICIDE BY SEX, RACE, AND AGE IN THE UNITED STATES, SELECTED YEARS 1950- 93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Sex, race and age ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991 1992 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age 5-14 years.............................. 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 15-24 years............................. 4.5 5.2 8.8 12.3 13.2 13.1 13.0 13.5 Race and sex (15-24 years) White male.............................. 6.6 8.6 13.9 21.4 23.2 23.0 22.7 23.1 Black male.............................. 4.9 4.1 10.5 12.3 15.1 16.4 18.0 20.1 White female............................ 2.7 2.3 4.2 4.6 4.2 4.2 3.8 4.3 Black female............................ 1.8 1.3 3.8 2.3 2.3 1.6 2.2 2.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: Congressional Research Service. TABLE G-28.--MEAN SAT SCORES FOR COLLEGE-BOUND SENIORS, 1967-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Verbal Math Year ----------------------------------------------------- Males Females Total Males Females Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1967 \1\.................................................. 463 468 466 514 467 492 1968 \1\.................................................. 464 466 466 512 470 492 1969 \1\.................................................. 459 466 463 513 470 493 1970 \1\.................................................. 459 461 460 509 465 488 1971 \1\.................................................. 454 457 455 507 466 488 1972...................................................... 454 452 453 505 461 484 1973...................................................... 446 443 445 502 460 481 1974...................................................... 447 442 444 501 459 480 1975...................................................... 437 431 434 495 449 472 1976...................................................... 433 430 431 497 446 472 1977...................................................... 431 427 429 497 445 470 1978...................................................... 433 425 429 494 444 468 1979...................................................... 431 423 427 493 443 467 1980...................................................... 428 420 424 491 443 466 1981...................................................... 430 418 424 492 443 466 1982...................................................... 431 421 426 493 443 467 1983...................................................... 430 420 425 493 445 468 1984...................................................... 433 420 426 495 449 471 1985...................................................... 437 425 431 499 452 475 1986...................................................... 437 426 431 501 451 475 1987...................................................... 435 425 430 500 453 476 1988...................................................... 435 422 428 498 455 476 1989...................................................... 434 421 427 500 454 476 1990...................................................... 429 419 424 499 455 476 1991...................................................... 426 418 422 497 453 474 1992...................................................... 428 419 423 499 456 476 1993...................................................... 428 420 424 502 457 478 1994...................................................... 425 421 423 501 460 479 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The averages for 1967-71 are estimates. College-bound seniors' reports were not prepared in those years. Source: College Board (1995). TABLE G-29.--EVENT DROPOUT RATES FROM GRADES 10-12 BY SEX AND RACE, 1973-94 \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Black Hispanic \2\ Year ----------------------------------------------------------- Male Female Male Female Male Female ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1973................................................ 6.1 5.3 12.0 8.4 7.9 12.0 1974................................................ 7.0 5.1 10.8 12.2 12.5 7.2 1975................................................ 5.0 5.8 8.3 9.0 10.1 11.6 1976................................................ 6.3 5.0 8.5 6.2 7.3 6.8 1977................................................ 6.9 5.6 8.3 9.0 10.3 5.2 1978................................................ 6.9 5.3 11.0 9.7 15.6 8.5 1979................................................ 6.6 5.8 7.5 11.5 10.2 9.1 1980................................................ 6.4 4.9 8.0 8.5 16.9 6.9 1981................................................ 5.6 4.9 9.4 10.2 10.6 10.9 1982................................................ 5.3 4.9 9.0 6.5 9.5 9.0 1983................................................ 5.4 4.2 7.0 6.8 13.7 6.2 1984................................................ 5.3 4.6 6.2 5.3 12.2 10.1 1985................................................ 4.9 4.7 8.3 7.2 9.3 9.8 1986 \3\............................................ 4.2 4.1 5.0 4.6 11.7 12.4 1987 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.4 6.2 6.4 5.0 6.2 1988 \3\............................................ 5.1 4.3 6.7 6.0 12.3 8.4 1989 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.8 6.9 8.6 7.6 7.7 1990 \3\............................................ 4.1 3.5 4.1 6.0 8.7 7.2 1991 \3\............................................ 3.6 3.8 5.5 7.0 10.4 4.8 1992 \3\............................................ 3.8 4.4 3.3 6.7 5.8 8.6 1993 \3\............................................ 4.1 4.1 5.7 5.0 4.8 7.7 1994 \4\............................................ 4.6 4.9 6.5 5.7 8.4 10.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Event dropout rates measure the percentage of students who leave high school in a single year, without having completed a high school diploma. \2\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \3\ Numbers for these years reflect new editing procedures by the Bureau of the Census for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. \4\ The computer assisted survey instrument improved response rates. It was first used for the full sample in 1994. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996c). TABLE G-30.--HIGH SCHOOL COMPLETION RATES FOR 18-24 YEAR OLDS, BY RACE/ ETHNICITY, 1972-94 [In percent] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Race/ethnicity \1\ -------------------------------- Year Total White non- Black non- Hispanic Hispanic Hispanic ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1972........................ 82.8 86.0 72.1 56.2 1973........................ 83.7 87.0 71.6 58.7 1974........................ 83.6 86.7 73.0 60.1 1975........................ 83.8 87.2 70.2 62.2 1976........................ 83.5 86.4 73.5 60.3 1977........................ 83.6 86.7 73.9 58.6 1978........................ 83.6 86.9 73.4 58.8 1979........................ 83.1 86.6 72.6 58.5 1980........................ 83.9 87.5 75.2 57.1 1981........................ 83.8 87.1 76.7 59.1 1982........................ 83.8 87.0 76.4 60.9 1983........................ 83.9 87.4 76.8 59.4 1984........................ 84.7 87.5 80.3 63.7 1985........................ 85.4 88.2 81.0 66.6 1986........................ 85.5 88.8 81.8 63.5 1987 \2\.................... 84.7 87.7 81.9 65.1 1988 \2\.................... 84.5 88.7 80.9 58.2 1989 \2\.................... 84.7 89.0 81.9 59.4 1990 \2\.................... 85.6 89.6 83.2 59.1 1991 \2\.................... 84.9 89.4 82.5 56.5 1992 \2\ \3\................ 86.4 90.7 82.0 62.1 1993 \2\ \3\................ 86.2 90.1 81.9 64.4 1994 \2\ \3\ \4\............ 85.8 90.7 83.3 61.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ \1\ Not shown separately are non-Hispanics who are neither black nor white, but who are included in the total. \2\ Revisions in edits were instituted by the Bureau of the Census this year for cases with missing data on school enrollment items. \3\ Numbers for these years reflect new wording of the educational attainment item in the Current Population Survey (CPS). \4\ Numbers in this year may reflect changes in CPS due to newly instituted computer assisted interviewing and/or due to the change in the population controls used this year to adjust for the 1990 Census- based estimates. Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1996). TABLE G-31.--TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF FEMALE-HEADED FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1979, 1989, AND 1994 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Poor \1\ Nonpoor \1\ Total Category ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1979 1989 1994 1979 1989 1994 1979 1989 1994 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of families (in thousands)............................ 2,458 3,434 4,105 3,729 4,431 5,110 6,187 7,865 9,215 Family characteristics: Percent never-married.................................... 26.0 37.3 41.6 10.2 17.6 21.3 16.5 26.2 30.3 Percent with head age 15-19.............................. 3.9 2.9 3.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.8 1.5 1.7 Percent with head age 20-29.............................. 36.4 37.3 34.2 21.7 17.3 16.0 27.6 26.0 24.1 Percent with head 30 and over............................ 59.6 59.8 62.4 77.8 82.3 83.6 70.6 72.5 74.1 Percent white non-Hispanic \2\........................... 43.1 42.6 42.7 69.4 64.1 63.3 59.0 54.7 54.1 Percent black non-Hispanic............................... 44.9 42.0 39.1 24.7 27.6 26.6 32.7 33.9 32.2 Percent Hispanic......................................... 12.0 15.4 18.2 5.9 8.4 10.1 8.3 11.4 13.7 Average family size...................................... 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.2 3.2 Percent with income from: Earnings \3\............................................. 49.7 49.0 52.6 94.8 96.2 95.3 76.9 75.6 76.3 OASDI, railroad retirement............................... 12.6 10.8 9.9 21.5 16.3 16.3 18.0 13.9 13.4 Pensions................................................. 1.1 1.7 1.0 4.4 5.8 4.3 3.0 4.0 2.8 UC and other compensation................................ 6.3 4.7 6.3 14.9 11.3 10.9 11.5 8.4 8.9 AFDC, SSI, general assistance............................ 65.0 60.9 61.8 18.2 11.0 15.4 36.8 32.8 36.1 Child support, alimony................................... 18.6 26.9 29.0 44.0 45.5 47.8 33.9 37.4 39.4 Interest, dividends \3\.................................. 13.4 11.2 11.3 53.6 53.5 52.1 37.6 35.0 33.9 Food stamps.............................................. 67.2 66.5 70.9 16.6 10.4 16.6 36.7 34.9 40.8 Housing assistance....................................... 21.6 29.9 30.8 6.0 6.0 7.3 12.2 16.4 17.8 Percent of total income from: Earnings \3\............................................. 24.8 27.8 29.0 74.2 79.1 78.7 64.9 69.7 68.8 OASDI, railroad retirement............................... 5.7 5.9 5.4 6.8 4.6 4.8 6.6 4.8 4.9 Pensions................................................. 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.1 UC and other compensation................................ 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.1 1.3 AFDC, SSI, general assistance............................ 38.1 32.9 30.1 3.8 1.5 2.7 10.2 7.3 8.1 Child support, alimony................................... 4.8 5.8 6.3 8.1 8.1 8.1 7.5 7.7 7.7 Interest, dividends \3\.................................. 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.9 3.4 2.1 2.4 2.9 1.7 Food stamps \4\.......................................... 16.5 16.5 18.4 0.9 0.4 0.9 3.8 3.4 4.3 Housing assistance \4\................................... 8.0 9.2 8.9 0.7 0.2 0.3 2.1 1.9 2.0 Mean income per family member \5\ (1994 dollars)............. $2,758 $2,646 $2,729 $9,133 $10,393 $10,185 $6,387 $6,826 $6,575 Percent with 50 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\.............................................. 58.8 55.2 56.2 4.5 1.6 3.0 26.1 25.0 26.7 Percent with 90 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\.............................................. 39.0 37.4 34.4 1.3 0.4 0.5 16.3 16.6 15.6 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Based on official Census Bureau poverty levels. \2\ Includes ``other races.'' \3\ Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. \4\ The cash values of food stamps and housing assistance were estimated using their market values. Their cash values are excluded from total income for purposes of determining poverty status. Cash values of food stamps and housing assistance are included in total income for calculating the percentage share of total income. \5\ Includes cash values of food stamps and housing assistance and includes negative incomes (i.e., losses). Mean income converted to 1992 dollars using the CPI-X price index. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on data from annual March Current Population Surveys. TABLE G-32.--TRENDS IN DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND INCOME COMPOSITION OF MALE-PRESENT FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN, 1979, 1989, AND 1994 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Poor \1\ Nonpoor \1\ Total Category ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1979 1989 1994 1979 1989 1994 1979 1989 1994 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of families (in thousands)....................... 1,663 2,142 2,614 24,315 24,761 25,583 25,978 26,903 28,198 Family characteristics: Percent with head age 15-19......................... 1.1 1.3 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 Percent with head age 20-29......................... 25.4 26.7 24.7 19.3 15.1 12.5 19.6 16.0 13.6 Percent with head 30 and over....................... 73.6 72.0 73.9 80.4 84.8 87.4 80.0 83.8 86.1 Percent white non-Hispanic \2\...................... 66.2 59.4 55.5 86.1 83.9 82.4 84.8 81.9 79.6 Percent black non-Hispanic.......................... 18.0 17.0 13.9 7.7 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.8 8.7 Percent Hispanic.................................... 15.8 23.6 30.7 6.2 8.0 9.4 6.8 9.2 11.4 Average family size................................. 4.8 4.6 4.5 4.2 4.1 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.1 Percent with income from: Earnings \3\........................................ 82.3 83.7 79.1 99.4 99.1 99.1 98.3 97.9 97.3 OASDI, railroad retirement.......................... 14.3 8.7 8.5 5.9 5.6 6.0 6.4 5.9 6.2 Pensions............................................ 2.1 1.7 1.5 4.1 4.7 4.1 4.0 4.4 3.8 UC and other compensation........................... 16.8 15.7 14.5 17.2 12.9 14.1 17.2 13.2 14.2 AFDC, SSI, general assistance....................... 24.3 25.0 25.2 3.2 2.7 3.4 4.5 4.5 5.4 Child support, alimony.............................. 7.4 12.0 13.6 11.3 15.3 16.6 11.0 15.0 16.3 Interest, dividends \3\............................. 27.4 20.4 23.2 73.9 73.3 73.8 71.0 69.1 69.1 Food stamps......................................... 41.8 42.2 47.3 3.5 2.5 3.8 6.0 5.6 7.8 Housing assistance.................................. 7.3 10.2 11.7 1.1 0.8 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.1 Percent of total income from: Earnings \3\........................................ 62.5 66.8 64.4 93.2 92.7 92.5 92.7 92.2 91.9 OASDI, railroad retirement.......................... 8.1 5.3 5.0 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1 Pensions............................................ 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.7 UC and other compensation........................... 4.4 3.5 3.2 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 AFDC, SSI, general assistance....................... 10.3 10.8 11.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Child support, alimony.............................. 1.5 2.2 3.0 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.3 Interest, dividends \3\............................. 1.7 1.3 0.9 2.8 3.5 3.1 2.8 3.5 3.0 Food stamps \4\..................................... 8.7 7.7 9.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 Housing assistance \4\.............................. 2.3 1.8 2.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Mean income per family member \5\ (1994 dollars)........ $2,361 $2,555 $2,472 $12,295 $13,922 $13,996 $11,633 $12,905 $12,834 Percent with 50 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\......................................... 15.3 16.5 19.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.5 2.1 Percent with 90 percent or more of income from public assistance \5\......................................... 7.1 8.9 10.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.8 1.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Based on official Census Bureau poverty levels. \2\ Includes ``other races.'' \3\ Negative incomes (i.e., losses) set to zero. \4\ The cash values of food stamps and housing assistance were estimated using their market values. Their cash values are excluded from total income for purposes of determining poverty status. Cash values of food stamps and housing assistance are included in total income for calculating the percentage share of total income. \5\ Includes cash values of food stamps and housing assistance, and includes negative incomes (i.e., losses). 1979 and 1989 income converted to 1994 dollars using the CPI-X price index. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on data from annual March Current Population Surveys. TABLE G-33.--NUMBER, PERCENT COMPOSITION, AND RATES OF CHILDREN BELOW POVERTY, \1\ BY RACE, 1974-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number Rate Year --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Black White Hispanic \2\ Total Black White Hispanic \2\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1974.......................... 10,156 3,755 6,223 NA 15.4 39.8 11.2 NA 1975.......................... 11,104 3,925 6,927 NA 17.1 41.7 12.7 NA 1976.......................... 10,273 3,787 6,189 1,443 16.0 40.6 11.6 30.2 1977.......................... 10,288 3,888 6,097 1,422 16.2 41.8 11.6 28.3 1978.......................... 9,931 3,830 5,831 1,384 15.9 41.5 11.3 27.6 1979.......................... 10,377 3,833 6,193 1,535 16.4 41.2 11.8 28.0 1980.......................... 11,543 3,961 7,181 1,749 18.3 42.3 13.9 33.2 1981.......................... 12,505 4,237 7,785 1,925 20.0 45.2 15.2 35.8 1982.......................... 13,647 4,472 8,678 2,181 21.9 47.6 17.0 39.4 1983.......................... 13,911 4,398 8,862 2,312 22.3 46.7 17.5 38.1 1984.......................... 13,420 4,413 8,472 2,376 21.5 46.5 16.7 39.2 1985.......................... 13,010 4,157 8,253 2,606 20.7 43.6 16.2 40.3 1986.......................... 12,876 4,148 8,209 2,507 20.5 43.1 16.1 37.7 1987 \3\...................... 12,843 4,385 7,788 2,670 20.3 45.1 15.3 39.3 1988.......................... 12,455 4,296 7,435 2,631 19.5 43.5 14.5 37.6 1989.......................... 12,590 4,375 7,599 2,603 19.6 43.7 14.8 36.2 1990.......................... 13,431 4,550 8,232 2,865 20.6 44.8 15.9 38.4 1991.......................... 14,341 4,755 8,848 3,094 21.8 45.9 16.8 40.4 1992 \4\...................... 15,294 5,106 9,399 3,637 22.3 46.6 17.4 40.0 1993.......................... 15,727 5,125 9,752 3,873 22.7 46.1 17.8 40.9 1994.......................... 15,289 4,906 9,346 4,075 21.8 43.8 16.9 41.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes all persons under 18 below the poverty level, including unrelated children. \2\ Hispanic origin may be of any race; this category is not exclusive. \3\ The 1987 numbers have been revised. \4\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). TABLE G-34.--COMPOSITION OF CHILD POVERTY POPULATION BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966-94 [In thousands] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female head Percent Male present Percent Year Total ---------------------------------------- of ---------------------------------------- of poor Nonwhite White Hispanic \1\ Total total Nonwhite White Hispanic \1\ Total total -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966......................................... 12,146 2,150 2,112 NA 4,262 35.1 2,792 5,092 NA 7,884 64.9 1967......................................... 11,427 2,316 1,930 NA 4,246 37.2 2,382 4,799 NA 7,181 62.8 1968......................................... 10,739 2,334 2,075 NA 4,409 41.1 2,032 4,298 NA 6,330 58.9 1969......................................... 9,500 2,179 2,068 NA 4,247 44.7 1,655 3,598 NA 5,253 55.3 1970......................................... 10,235 2,442 2,247 NA 4,689 45.8 1,651 3,891 NA 5,546 54.2 1971......................................... 10,344 2,398 2,452 NA 4,850 46.9 1,605 3,889 NA 5,494 53.1 1972......................................... 10,082 2,821 2,273 NA 5,094 50.5 1,477 3,511 NA 4,988 49.5 1973......................................... 9,453 2,710 2,461 606 5,171 54.7 1,281 3,001 758 4,282 45.3 1974......................................... 9,966 2,678 2,683 621 5,361 53.8 1,209 3,396 793 4,605 46.2 1975......................................... 10,881 2,784 2,813 694 5,597 51.4 1,350 3,394 925 5,284 48.6 1976......................................... 10,080 2,870 2,713 636 5,583 55.4 1,176 3,321 789 4,497 44.6 1977......................................... 10,029 2,965 2,693 686 5,658 56.4 1,121 3,250 716 4,371 43.6 1978......................................... 9,722 3,060 2,627 663 5,687 58.5 988 3,047 692 4,035 41.5 1979......................................... 9,993 3,006 2,629 668 5,635 56.4 1,079 3,279 837 4,358 43.6 1980......................................... 11,114 3,053 2,813 809 5,866 52.8 1,244 4,004 909 5,248 47.2 1981......................................... 12,069 3,185 3,120 909 6,305 52.2 1,455 4,309 966 5,764 47.8 1982......................................... 13,139 3,447 3,249 990 6,696 51.0 1,411 5,032 1,127 6,443 49.0 1983......................................... 13,427 3,359 3,388 1,018 6,747 50.2 1,534 5,146 1,233 6,680 49.8 1984......................................... 12,929 3,395 3,377 1,093 6,772 52.4 1,448 4,709 1,223 6,157 47.6 1985......................................... 12,483 3,344 3,372 1,247 6,716 53.8 1,300 4,467 1,266 5,767 46.2 1986......................................... 12,257 3,421 3,522 1,194 6,943 56.6 1,121 4,192 1,219 5,313 43.3 1987......................................... 12,435 3,600 3,474 1,241 7,074 56.9 1,285 4,076 1,390 5,361 43.1 1987 \2\..................................... 12,275 3,586 3,433 1,250 7,019 57.2 1,291 3,966 1,356 5,257 42.8 1988......................................... 11,935 3,530 3,424 1,294 6,954 58.3 1,310 3,671 1,282 4,981 41.7 1989......................................... 12,001 3,553 3,255 1,158 6,808 56.7 1,285 3,908 1,338 5,193 43.3 1990......................................... 12,715 3,766 3,597 1,314 7,363 57.9 1,253 4,098 1,437 5,352 42.1 1991......................................... 13,658 4,125 3,941 1,398 8,065 59.1 1,217 4,376 1,579 5,593 40.9 1992 \3\..................................... 14,521 4,408 3,960 1,504 8,368 57.6 1,361 4,792 1,936 6,153 42.4 1993......................................... 14,961 4,401 4,102 1,673 8,503 56.8 1,437 5,021 1,993 6,458 43.2 1994......................................... 14,610 4,328 4,099 1,804 8,427 57.7 1,456 4,727 2,152 6,183 42.3 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \2\ Revised. \3\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Note.--Includes only related children in families. 1987 revised through 1991 estimates are not comparable to prior years due to processing changes in the CPS. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). TABLE G-35.--POVERTY RATE OF CHILDREN BY FAMILY TYPE AND RACE, 1966-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female head Male present Year Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Black White Hispanic \1\ Total Black White Hispanic \1\ Total ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966........................ 17.4 76.6 46.9 NA 58.2 39.9 9.2 NA 12.6 1967........................ 16.3 72.4 42.1 NA 54.3 35.3 8.7 NA 11.5 1968........................ 15.3 70.5 44.4 NA 55.2 29.8 7.8 NA 10.2 1969........................ 13.8 68.2 45.2 NA 54.4 25.0 6.7 NA 8.6 1970........................ 14.9 67.7 43.1 NA 53.0 26.0 7.3 NA 9.2 1971........................ 15.1 66.6 44.6 NA 53.1 25.5 7.4 NA 9.3 1972........................ 14.9 69.5 41.1 NA 53.1 24.1 6.8 NA 8.6 1973........................ 14.2 67.2 42.1 68.7 52.1 21.7 6.0 18.8 7.6 1974........................ 15.1 65.0 42.9 64.3 51.5 20.0 6.9 20.0 8.7 1975........................ 16.8 66.0 44.2 68.4 52.7 22.1 8.2 23.8 9.8 1976........................ 15.8 65.6 42.7 67.3 52.0 19.4 7.1 20.8 8.5 1977........................ 16.0 65.7 40.3 68.6 50.3 19.9 7.1 17.9 8.5 1978........................ 15.7 66.4 39.9 68.9 50.6 17.6 6.8 17.2 7.9 1979........................ 16.0 63.1 38.6 62.2 48.6 18.7 7.3 19.2 8.5 1980........................ 17.9 64.8 41.6 65.0 50.8 20.3 9.0 22.9 10.4 1981........................ 19.5 67.7 42.8 67.3 52.3 23.4 10.0 24.5 11.6 1982........................ 21.3 70.7 46.5 71.8 56.0 24.1 11.6 27.8 13.0 1983........................ 21.8 68.3 47.1 70.6 55.4 23.7 12.0 27.2 13.5 1984........................ 21.0 66.2 45.9 71.0 54.0 24.3 11.0 27.5 12.5 1985........................ 20.1 66.9 45.2 72.4 53.6 18.8 10.4 27.4 11.7 1986........................ 19.8 67.1 46.3 66.7 54.4 17.0 9.8 25.8 10.8 1987........................ 20.0 68.3 45.8 70.1 54.7 19.8 9.5 28.3 10.9 1987 \2\.................... 19.7 66.9 45.0 69.8 53.7 19.1 9.3 27.7 10.6 1988........................ 19.0 64.7 44.9 69.6 52.9 18.7 8.5 25.4 10.0 1989........................ 19.0 63.1 42.5 64.3 51.1 20.3 9.1 25.5 10.4 1990........................ 19.9 64.7 45.9 68.4 53.4 19.3 9.5 26.7 10.7 1991........................ 21.1 68.2 47.1 68.6 55.5 17.3 10.1 29.1 11.1 1992 \3\.................... 21.6 67.1 45.9 65.9 54.6 19.4 10.3 29.6 11.8 1993........................ 22.0 65.9 45.6 66.1 53.7 19.5 11.3 29.9 12.4 1994........................ 21.2 63.2 45.7 68.3 52.9 17.7 10.4 30.8 11.7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. \2\ Revised. \3\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. NA--Not available. Note.--Data are number per 100. Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). TABLE G-36.--NUMBER OF POOR CHILDREN UNDER 6 AND FROM 6 TO 17 YEARS AND THEIR POVERTY RATES, 1966-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total Total Total Total number of Poverty number of Poverty number of number poor rate of poor rate of Year children under 6 children children children 6- children under 18 (thousands) under 6 under 6 17 years 6-17 (thousands) (thousands) (thousands) years ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966................................... 70,218 23,779 4,304 18.1 8,085 17.4 1967................................... 70,408 23,171 4,055 17.5 7,601 16.1 1968................................... 70,385 22,249 3,659 16.6 7,295 15.2 1969................................... 69,090 21,681 3,361 15.5 6,330 13.4 1970................................... 69,159 21,556 3,601 16.7 6,839 14.4 1971................................... 68,816 20,898 3,579 17.1 6,972 14.5 1972................................... 67,930 20,510 3,388 16.5 6,896 14.5 1973................................... 66,959 20,043 3,204 16.0 6,438 13.7 1974................................... 66,134 19,887 3,361 16.9 6,795 14.7 1975................................... 65,079 19,353 3,522 18.2 7,582 16.6 1976................................... 64,028 18,971 3,358 17.7 6,915 15.3 1977................................... 63,137 18,518 3,426 18.5 6,862 15.4 1978................................... 62,311 18,789 3,344 17.8 6,587 15.1 1979................................... 63,375 19,012 3,479 18.3 6,898 15.5 1980................................... 62,914 19,974 4,054 20.3 7,489 17.4 1981................................... 62,449 20,396 4,487 22.0 8,018 19.1 1982................................... 62,345 20,789 4,899 23.6 8,748 21.1 1983................................... 62,334 21,039 5,302 25.0 8,609 20.8 1984................................... 62,447 21,196 5,066 23.9 8,354 20.3 1985................................... 62,876 21,526 4,951 23.0 8,059 19.5 1986................................... 62,948 21,656 4,796 22.1 8,080 19.6 1987................................... 63,290 21,860 4,984 22.8 7,979 19.3 1988 (revised)......................... 63,747 22,232 4,957 22.3 7,499 18.1 1989................................... 64,144 22,505 5,071 22.5 7,518 18.1 1990................................... 65,049 22,937 5,412 23.6 8,019 19.0 1991................................... 65,918 23,206 5,702 24.6 8,639 20.2 1992 \1\............................... 68,440 24,070 6,360 26.4 8,934 20.1 1993................................... 69,929 24,219 6,352 26.5 9,375 20.8 1994................................... 70,020 24,265 6,093 25.1 9,196 20.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For 1992, figures are based on 1990 census population controls. 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