Appendix B:
Supporting Exhibits for Chapters III-V:
Participant Outcomes

Exhibit B.2
Duration of Employment Preparation Services Received by
Welfare-to-Work Enrollees During the Year after Program Entry
(Median Number of Days Received Service Among those Receiving)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Labor Market
Job readiness training	8.0	44.0	30.3	5.5	13.0	18.0	44.0	21.0	6.0	23.8	8.7
Job search or placement services	4.3	14.0	8.7	3.5	7.5	3.5	5.5	3.5	1.5	3.5	3.5
Life skills or self-management training	7.5	16.5	11.0	3.5	16.0	8.7	23.8	11.0	3.5	15.2	4.0
Health
Mental health services	18.0	12.0	9.0	7.5	18.0	12.0	13.0	3.5	3.5	7.0	24.0
Substance abuse treatment	104.0	95.3	22.0	11.0	14.0	23.8	30.3	28.0	17.3	1.5	23.8
Treatm't for other chronic health condition	7.5	3.5	7.5	7.5	1.5	3.5	7.5	3.0	3.5	3.5	4.5
Counseling
Talked with caseworker or counselor	4.5	7.0	3.5	4.0	10.0	7.5	3.5	7.5	7.5	7.5	3.5
Peer support group or discussion group	3.5	10.5	8.0	4.3	17.3	9.0	17.3	14.0	1.5	13.0	6.0
Mediation (with employer, landlord, etc.)	1.5	3.5	3.5	1.5	3.5	3.5	1.5	3.5	1.5	3.5	3.5
Legal Assistance	1.5	1.5	3.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
Sample Sizea	73	481	1,317	585	157	473	993	181	115	232	248
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Note 2: Each service day counts as one time on which the service was received. a The sample size shown is the number of survey respondents who received any service. This is the numerator for the percentage in the final row of outcomes in Table 1. It is the upper bound for the size of the sample used to compute the median number of days of receipt of a specific service.

Exhibit B.3
Usefulness of Employment Preparation Services for Welfare-to-work Enrollees
Who Received Them During the Year after Program Entry
(Mean Value of Index of Usefulness; Maximum Value = 3)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Labor Market
Job readiness training	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.6	2.7	2.6	2.4
Job search or placement services	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.7	2.6	2.5
Life skills or self-management training	2.7	2.5	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.6	2.6	2.5	2.8	2.6	2.4
Health
Mental health services	2.4	1.8	1.9	2.1	1.9	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.0	2.2	1.6
Substance abuse treatment	3.0	2.6	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.6	2.4	1.8	2.6	1.9	2.2
Treatm't for other chronic health condition	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.5	2.2	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.2
Counseling
Talked with caseworker or counselor	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.3	2.3	2.5	2.1	2.4	2.6	2.3	2.2
Peer support group or discussion group	2.3	2.2	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.5	2.5	2.3	2.1	2.4	2.1
Mediation (with employer, landlord, etc.)	2.1	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.6	2.4
Legal Assistance	2.1	1.6	1.8	1.8	1.9	2.3	1.9	2.2	2.0	1.8	1.9
Sample Sizea	73	481	1,317	585	157	473	993	181	115	232	248
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Note 2: Each service day counts as one time on which the service was received. a The sample size shown is the number of survey respondents who received any service. This is the numerator for the percentage in the final row of outcomes in Table 1. It is the upper bound for the size of the sample used to compute the mean value of the index of usefulness for a specific service.

Exhibit B.4
Receipt of Skill Enhancement Services by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees
During the Year after Program Entry

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Receipt of Service (%)
Basic education and training programs
GED or high school	14.3	8.7	9.9	15.8	23.2	24.4	16.2	15.3	14.4	13.9	20.5
Adult basic education	8.6	7.1	5.1	6.2	10.5	14.4	9.2	9.2	10.0	11.1	10.0
English as a second language	0.9	4.6	0.4	0.5	2.3	0.2	2.7	0.7	1.1	1.1	1.4
Any of the above	19.3	16.6	12.6	18.8	25.4	28.6	21.5	19.8	18.6	20.3	22.1
Any advanced educ. & training pgm.b	28.2	16.5	12.9	11.8	13.8	19.0	9.8	8.6	31.4	17.8	18.2
Any program (any of the above)	42.6	30.6	24.3	29.0	33.3	44.2	29.6	25.3	47.0	34.6	37.2
Mean Hours of Receipt per Weeka
GED or high school	12.5	15.8	15.4	18.0	12.1	20.1	13.2	16.6	16.3	14.4	12.2
Adult basic education	12.4	15.4	16.8	17.9	12.8	18.6	14.4	19.4	12.3	18.8	10.7
English as a second language	NA	16.0	12.2	13.9	8.1	NA	16.2	NA	NA	21.2	10.9
Advanced educ. & training pgms.b, c	15.2	19.2	19.6	22.1	21.2	21.5	20.7	22.5	13.5	26.6	11.9
Mean Duration of Receipt (in Months)
GED or high school	4.0	3.4	3.8	3.9	5.0	6.0	4.0	3.4	3.9	4.6	5.5
Adult basic education	6.9	4.7	3.0	5.1	2.7	4.7	3.3	2.3	3.5	2.5	5.7
English as a second language	NA	6.0	1.7	4.5	3.9	NA	3.0	NA	NA	1.2	2.4
Advanced educ. & training pgms.b, c	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.7	2.0	4.3	4.0	3.7	3.0	3.6	3.4
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum a Among WtW enrollees who participated in the specified type of education or training program. b The 12-month follow-up survey gathered information on participation in the following advanced education and training programs: vocational or technical training, occupational skills training, and college programs. c For enrollees who participated in multiple advanced programs, hours and months of participation are for the most recent program.

Exhibit B.5
The Timing of the Commencement of Skill Enhancement Services for
Welfare-to-Work Enrollees Relative to Their Initial Post-Entry Employment
(Percentages)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Basic Programs
GED or High chool
Began before initial employment	32.3	64.1	61.4	72.8	44.8	69.5	46.3	75.1	12.5	54.0	36.2
Began on or after initial employment	67.7	36.0	38.6	27.2	55.2	30.5	53.7	24.9	87.6	46.0	63.8
Adult Basic Education
Began before initial employment	17.5	73.0	61.3	77.8	55.5	64.4	44.3	64.8	33.5	46.5	34.4
Began on or after initial employment	82.5	27.0	38.7	22.2	44.5	35.6	55.7	35.2	66.5	53.5	65.6
All Basic Programs (the above plus ESL)
Began before initial employment	27.7	69.8	64.1	73.6	45.4	67.6	46.2	71.3	20.5	48.5	35.3
Began on or after initial employment	72.3	30.2	35.9	26.4	54.6	32.4	53.8	28.7	79.5	51.5	64.7
Advanced Programs
Began before initial employment	18.5	65.1	57.4	53.9	40.2	47.2	51.9	70.8	12.7	58.0	25.2
Began on or after initial employment	81.5	34.9	42.6	46.1	59.8	52.8	48.1	29.2	87.3	42.0	74.9
All Programs (any of the above)
Began before initial employment	20.0	68.6	61.2	66.7	47.7	59.8	48.5	73.7	15.4	55.9	31.7
Began on or after initial employment	80.0	31.4	38.8	33.3	52.3	40.2	51.5	26.3	84.6	44.1	68.3
Sample Size	42	183	379	242	59	240	309	52	59	88	106
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: Statistics are based on WtW enrollees who received the designated skill enhancement services beginning on or following the date of enrollment in WtW. For an enrollee, value = "before" if the first day of service receipt preceded the first day of employment; value = "on or after" if the first day of service receipt was on or following the first day of employment.

Exhibit B.6
Jobs Held by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees During the Year after Program Entry
(Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

Measure of Jobs Held	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
All Jobs Since Enrollment
Any Job	90.9	65.4	64.5	66.0	72.3	70.1	74.4	67.4	97.1	79.9	80.4
If Any Job
Number of jobs
1	60.3	71.1	70.6	54.4	51.0	59.9	54.6	59.7	57.0	55.7	45.5
2	33.8	22.2	22.8	30.1	32.9	29.8	30.9	31.7	31.5	27.7	32.7
3	3.5	4.9	5.5	11.6	12.1	8.2	11.0	6.5	7.8	11.5	16.0
4 or more	2.4	1.8	1.1	3.9	4.0	2.1	3.5	2.1	3.7	5.1	5.8
Mean number of jobs	1.5	1.4	1.4	1.7	1.7	1.5	1.6	1.5	1.6	1.7	1.8
Left first job	42.3	48.7	54.6	63.4	61.2	61.5	73.8	69.6	52.2	58.5	70.5
Found another job (if left first)	80.3	49.3	45.1	63.4	57.1	56.8	52.7	53.2	68.9	67.8	64.7
Jobs Held 1 Year After Enrollment
Any Job	71.8	42.8	40.5	40.5	41.1	42.6	35.8	32.6	73.0	57.1	48.7
If Any Job
Number of Jobs
1	97.0	98.1	98.0	95.0	87.5	95.6	96.3	97.2	95.4	95.2	88.4
2	3.0	2.0	1.5	5.0	12.5	4.4	3.7	2.8	4.6	3.5	9.1
3 or more	0.0	0.0	0.4	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.3	2.6
Mean number of jobs	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.1	1.1
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100.

Exhibit B.7
Employment of Welfare-to-Work Enrollees During the Year after Program Entry
(Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

Employment Measure	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Proportion of Year Employed
000 – .049	10.6	37.5	38.1	37.0	29.7	34.0	28.7	35.4	3.5	24.4	21.2
.050 – .249	4.5	11.3	10.5	13.2	16.1	12.3	16.9	12.9	8.1	14.5	14.0
.250 – .499	11.4	13.5	15.2	13.1	16.9	15.7	21.4	17.5	13.7	15.8	14.9
.500 – .749	11.8	13.4	12.5	13.2	7.9	11.7	15.9	14.7	16.2	21.3	16.0
.750 – .949	9.4	12.6	12.6	10.3	10.7	10.7	9.3	14.2	19.7	12.4	15.5
.950 – 1.000	52.4	11.7	11.1	13.1	18.7	15.5	7.9	5.2	38.7	11.7	18.5
Mean Proportion of Year Employed
All enrollees	0.724	0.379	0.368	0.369	0.411	0.400	0.362	0.351	0.716	0.436	0.488
If emp. sometime during year	0.798	0.587	0.573	0.565	0.576	0.580	0.494	0.525	0.737	0.553	0.610
Number of Employment Spells
0	9.1	34.9	35.6	34.4	28.3	30.3	26.2	32.8	2.9	20.5	19.9
1	66.1	52.1	51.0	42.7	50.6	48.3	51.2	46.6	69.1	54.8	50.1
2	22.5	11.4	11.8	18.8	17.5	18.7	17.3	16.2	24.1	16.7	22.1
3 or more	2.2	1.6	1.6	4.1	3.6	2.7	5.3	4.5	4.0	8.0	7.9
Number of Spells w/o Employment
0	47.9	9.1	7.0	9.7	15.2	12.7	5.4	2.7	28.1	6.7	14.8
1	29.9	67.8	66.8	61.4	56.0	57.8	56.1	57.4	45.8	58.5	49.8
2	15.6	20.0	22.5	20.3	22.7	24.1	31.3	30.9	20.3	24.4	24.7
3 or more	6.6	3.1	3.7	8.6	6.2	5.4	7.2	9.0	5.9	10.4	10.7
Duration Until First Job (if employed after enrollment)
1 month or less	8.8	14.2	22.1	18.6	16.7	14.7	23.8	26.8	37.1	17.9	26.4
2 – 3 months	11.8	27.4	23.2	20.7	17.8	27.6	22.3	31.2	17.1	23.6	23.1
4 –1	51.9	26.7	24.1	23.5	18.6	29.3	24.2	18.6	20.9	27.3	18.0
7 – 0	21.5	29.5	26.4	30.2	42.0	24.4	27.2	20.2	22.2	23.6	27.2
More than 12 months	6.0	2.3	4.2	7.0	4.9	4.0	2.6	3.2	2.7	7.7	5.3
Mean duration (months)a	4.9	4.7	4.5	5.2	5.8	4.6	4.3	3.8	4.0	5.1	4.3
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrolleess in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: Survey interviews were conducted as soon as possible following the one-year anniversary of enrollment in WtW. Some were conducted several months after the anniversary, resulting in a reference period that is longer than 12 months for those sample members. The distribution of the timing of interviews is presented in Appendix A. a The mean duration until the first job was calculated only for sample members who obtained employment after enrolling in WtW. Those who were employed at enrollment or who were never employed after enrollment were excluded from this calculation.

Exhibit B.8
Hours of Work by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees on All Jobs Held One Year after Program Entry
(Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

Hours Worked per Week	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
0 (not employed)	28.3	57.3	59.8	59.8	59.7	57.8	64.4	67.4	27.1	43.4	51.5
1 to 19	5.4	3.8	2.8	3.7	1.4	3.5	1.5	1.5	3.7	4.4	3.4
20 to 29	2.9	6.5	7.2	5.4	5.3	8.9	9.3	1.8	5.7	8.7	11.4
30 or More	63.5	32.4	30.2	31.0	33.6	29.9	24.9	29.3	63.6	43.5	33.8
Mean Number of Hours	26.3	14.5	13.7	14.2	15.4	13.8	12.2	12.3	25.8	19.8	16.6
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100.

Exhibit B.9
Principal Barrier to Employment for Welfare-to-Work Enrollees
Who Were Not Employed One Year after Program Entry
(Percentages)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Children
Maternity leave or pregnancy	4.7	8.1	7.5	7.3	0.0	7.6	9.6	13.3	20.2	3.9	4.3
Child care problem or can't afford child care	6.5	11.4	6.8	13.2	4.2	9.0	5.0	10.7	2.2	6.1	1.3
Child's health problem	0.0	3.5	3.0	3.5	0.0	4.9	4.4	6.3	0.0	0.8	1.9
Wants to stay home with children	2.7	2.6	1.6	2.5	0.0	0.7	0.9	5.4	4.4	3.2	3.2
Other child-related problem	0.0	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.0	0.6	1.4	1.8	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labor Market
Difficulty finding a job	25.5	29.0	36.0	17.9	47.2	23.0	30.6	13.9	10.7	26.5	26.6
Just got laid off or fired; hasn't found job yet	4.4	3.8	7.5	3.1	6.6	3.1	6.4	2.6	15.1	0.9	11.9
Just moved; hasn't found job yet	0.0	0.8	1.6	0.5	1.6	0.6	1.5	0.6	4.4	3.1	2.0
Just finished school/military; hasn't found job	0.0	0.9	0.2	0.0	0.0	1.0	0.4	0.7	1.9	0.0	0.0
Health
Own health problem or disability	22.2	15.3	12.3	16.9	7.0	16.5	15.5	17.9	6.3	24.2	14.6
Relative's health problem or disability	0.0	0.3	1.5	1.0	1.2	2.9	0.5	0.7	0.0	4.5	0.7
Skills
In school or training	7.9	7.1	4.3	5.7	5.3	16.1	4.5	1.3	4.5	2.5	5.3
Lack of skills or education	7.6	4.5	3.3	3.2	3.1	3.3	3.3	3.5	1.9	2.7	7.7
Other
Transportation problem	5.5	0.0	2.4	13.3	2.8	2.5	0.6	3.8	6.8	15.0	6.8
Arrested or other legal problem	4.6	1.0	0.9	1.2	9.8	1.0	1.3	1.4	1.9	0.0	4.5
Other	8.5	11.4	10.9	10.2	11.2	7.2	13.9	16.0	19.6	6.6	9.1
Sample Size	28	336	939	538	77	316	669	145	41	114	148
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum tp something other than 100.

Exhibit B.10
Occupation of the Principal Job Held by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees One Year after Program Entry
(Percentages)

Occupation	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Business Operations and Management	0.0	0.8	0.8	2.9	0.0	0.0	0.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Technical Occupations	0.0	4.9	0.7	3.0	1.1	2.4	2.4	1.2	4.0	0.0	2.4
Education, Training, & Library Occs.	23.0	7.6	2.8	5.8	0.0	4.5	2.0	3.2	7.9	0.0	6.0
Healthcare Support	4.1	11.4	10.2	10.5	2.2	4.5	12.3	5.1	8.6	13.4	5.3
Protective Services	4.3	1.5	8.7	1.7	2.2	2.2	6.4	0.0	3.2	0.6	2.3
Food Preparation and Serving	11.4	7.7	10.7	8.6	20.8	12.9	7.4	5.3	9.6	11.0	14.1
Cleaning and Maintenance	8.5	5.2	8.3	7.9	7.7	9.4	14.2	5.8	8.5	18.8	4.8
Personal Care and Services	4.8	8.5	14.0	8.0	4.9	9.9	8.1	4.7	7.0	4.8	13.1
Sales	5.3	10.4	16.2	14.0	9.6	22.0	15.6	11.2	13.5	17.2	10.7
Office & Administrative Support	30.0	33.1	19.3	23.5	5.9	23.0	25.3	48.9	16.4	11.7	19.9
Production	0.0	1.1	2.3	3.8	11.2	1.2	1.6	3.3	10.7	4.9	5.6
Transportation	3.0	3.9	4.8	6.4	18.4	5.5	2.6	5.2	8.0	8.1	6.5
Other Occupations	5.6	4.0	1.3	3.8	16.1	2.6	1.2	6.1	2.7	9.6	9.2
Sample Size	72	262	626	328	85	235	420	72	104	151	141
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: The statistics presented in this table pertain to the principal job held at the time of the survey interview. If there were multiple jobs at that time, then the principal job was identified as the job on which the most hours were worked in a typical week and, in the event of a tie on hours worked, the job with the earliest starting date.

Exhibit B.11
Industry of the Principal Job Held by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees One Year after Program Entry
(Percentages)

Industry	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Services
Lodging	0.0	4.8	2.9	2.7	0.0	2.5	2.0	2.7	6.7	3.1	1.1
Business	5.2	10.0	14.3	11.0	9.3	10.7	22.0	20.6	8.7	11.4	4.3
Health	10.9	28.6	17.3	16.5	2.2	12.9	13.4	9.0	14.2	12.5	19.0
Legal	1.0	0.4	0.2	1.1	0.0	0.4	0.7	1.3	0.0	0.0	0.0
Educational	14.9	6.8	4.7	4.8	0.0	10.3	6.5	1.4	7.9	1.7	4.8
Social	25.6	13.6	9.6	10.2	3.4	13.9	15.9	6.5	13.8	13.3	19.6
Personal & private households	0.0	4.2	7.0	4.3	3.8	5.0	3.5	2.7	1.9	4.2	3.0
Other	0.0	1.2	3.0	2.5	10.3	3.1	3.3	2.9	0.8	1.4	4.3
Subtotal: services	57.5	69.4	58.9	53.0	29.0	58.8	67.2	47.1	54.0	47.5	55.9
Retail Trade
General merchandise stores	1.3	0.7	2.5	2.0	1.1	2.2	0.5	0.0	0.8	1.9	0.0
Food stores	7.0	2.6	3.8	3.1	1.1	1.3	2.0	3.8	4.9	0.6	4.1
Eating and drinking places	4.7	6.5	9.5	6.7	19.7	13.5	4.9	5.3	11.5	16.2	6.3
Other	4.4	6.8	7.7	9.7	5.2	10.2	10.2	6.5	9.5	5.6	9.7
Subtotal: retail trade	17.3	16.6	23.6	21.6	27.1	27.2	17.6	15.6	26.7	24.2	20.2
Manufacturing	2.5	1.5	4.0	7.2	19.9	1.3	2.2	6.7	0.8	7.0	3.0
Transportation and Utilities	6.0	2.8	6.2	5.1	9.8	4.2	2.7	6.7	2.6	5.0	5.4
Wholesale Trade	0.0	0.3	0.3	1.6	1.1	0.4	0.2	0.0	8.0	1.3	1.3
Finance, Insurance, & Real Estate	2.5	4.5	4.9	6.7	1.5	2.6	4.1	11.3	1.4	3.2	0.5
Public Administration	12.4	3.4	1.0	1.5	1.1	3.4	4.8	9.6	3.2	5.4	6.4
Other	1.7	1.5	1.2	3.5	10.5	2.1	1.2	3.1	3.5	6.5	7.2
Sample Size	72	262	626	328	85	235	420	72	104	151	141
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: The statistics presented in this table pertain to the principal job held at the time of the survey interview. If there were multiple jobs at that time, then the principal job was identified as the job on which the most hours were worked in a typical week and, in the event of a tie on hours worked, the job with the earliest starting date.

Exhibit B.12
Hours of Work and Remuneration on the Principal Job Held by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees
One Year after Program Entry (Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

Job Characteristic	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Hours Worked per Week
Less than 20 hours	7.5	9.0	7.1	9.5	3.5	9.4	4.4	4.5	5.1	8.5	8.5
20 to 29 hours	4.0	16.3	18.7	13.8	14.4	20.8	26.2	5.6	7.8	16.2	23.8
30 hours or more	88.5	74.7	74.2	76.7	82.2	69.8	69.5	89.9	87.2	75.3	67.7
Mean hours per week	35.9	33.5	33.6	34.5	36.7	32.3	33.3	36.9	34.6	34.1	32.4
Hourly Wage
Less than $5.15 (min. wage)	6.3	2.8	9.6	5.5	13.4	6.4	8.5	8.6	11.2	19.3	7.4
$5.15 to $7.99	30.6	14.6	53.1	50.2	45.9	52.2	54.6	38.3	57.0	70.9	59.8
$8.00 to $9.99	28.4	29.7	23.0	24.9	24.5	32.1	23.8	36.2	24.4	4.9	18.0
$10.00 or more	34.7	53.0	14.3	19.4	16.2	9.3	13.1	17.0	7.5	5.0	14.8
Mean wage (dollars)	$9.08	$9.82	$7.58	$8.01	$7.44	$7.58	$7.36	$7.83	$7.08	$5.75	$7.90
Insurance Benefits on Job
Participates in health ins. plan	42.0	17.4	11.4	22.1	25.7	18.1	12.7	18.8	18.2	11.8	18.0
Participates in dental ins. plan	35.3	13.3	10.7	21.4	17.9	16.3	12.1	11.2	14.3	11.1	11.8
Other Benefits on Job
Paid sick leave available	62.6	53.7	30.6	41.6	32.3	40.4	32.1	41.7	46.0	24.6	37.8
Paid vacation leave available	67.9	59.7	42.3	53.8	47.5	48.4	38.8	54.6	58.1	34.3	35.3
Paid holidays available	71.5	61.0	47.5	54.4	47.9	48.0	44.3	57.9	54.2	37.1	43.5
Pension plan available	46.7	53.8	24.1	36.9	27.8	37.0	28.0	40.8	38.7	24.3	24.4
Mean Round-Trip Commuting
Time (minutes)	56.6	75.8	99.9	41.7	59.5	45.1	80.8	75.0	36.7	50.0	35.6
Sample Size	72	262	626	328	85	235	420	72	104	151	141
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: The statistics presented in this table pertain to the principal job held at the time of the survey interview. If there were multiple jobs at that time, then the principal job was identified as the job on which the most hours were worked in a typical week and, in the event of a tie on hours worked, the job with the earliest starting date.

Exhibit B.13
Circumstances of Departure by WtW Enrollees from the Initial Job after Program Entry
(Percentages)

Circumstance of Departure	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Reason for Departure from Job
Quit	46.6	42.4	37.2	46.6	52.5	45.8	31.9	55.2	52.5	46.3	34.6
Laid off	19.9	12.2	19.6	11.3	9.0	9.4	8.4	13.5	7.8	7.3	10.6
Fired	16.6	12.7	13.9	13.1	12.9	7.1	10.2	7.7	18.2	10.3	9.8
Work period ended	4.3	17.0	19.1	13.6	9.5	26.4	35.2	12.7	6.8	26.0	37.6
Self-employed job ended	0.0	4.6	6.2	6.4	5.1	5.6	6.0	7.5	6.8	3.9	3.3
Other reason	12.6	11.0	4.1	9.1	11.0	5.7	8.4	3.5	7.9	6.3	4.1
If Quit, Reason (multiple reasons possible)
Took another job	37.1	11.8	17.0	9.4	12.5	12.1	14.8	10.2	26.3	22.1	38.3
Dissatisfied with job	23.4	23.9	30.1	19.5	36.3	24.2	24.6	23.4	26.7	19.5	26.8
Enrolled in school	5.0	0.0	2.4	3.6	2.2	4.7	2.7	1.8	0.0	1.6	1.9
Child-related reason	0.0	15.1	9.6	14.9	2.2	15.8	14.5	14.0	6.5	3.2	6.9
Transportation problem	4.2	6.3	5.1	15.4	9.9	10.8	8.1	13.8	6.1	1.6	6.6
Pregnancy or maternity leave	0.0	10.2	6.5	8.0	0.0	3.8	4.9	5.5	4.3	6.8	1.9
Problem with boss or co-worker	17.5	6.2	7.2	15.0	11.2	7.0	7.5	14.5	14.0	6.4	11.6
Own/relative’boss or co-worker	0.0	10.9	10.3	10.0	2.2	10.6	14.7	13.9	9.5	21.9	11.6
Legal or immigration problem	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.5	4.3	1.0	0.0	1.6	0.0	0.0	1.6
Retired or does not need income	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.4	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other reason	27.0	22.9	14.2	17.4	19.3	13.9	11.5	24.3	15.1	18.7	16.3
No reason given	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0	1.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
If Laid Off or Fired, Reason (mult. reasons pos.)
Attendance or performance problem	38.5	32.1	26.7	35.3	40.3	31.2	35.0	24.3	48.9	44.4	46.2
Problem with boss or co-worker	11.8	6.3	8.5	5.8	17.2	5.4	7.4	8.7	4.9	4.9	0.0
Not enough work	49.1	34.4	34.3	31.2	15.1	38.9	33.0	30.4	4.2	29.1	29.7
Arrested or incarcerated	19.5	0.0	2.3	1.0	4.9	2.9	1.9	0.0	0.0	0.0	12.1
Other reason	11.7	32.1	28.9	25.2	29.6	21.9	24.1	36.1	33.6	21.7	15.3
No reason given	0.0	0.0	3.9	3.3	0.0	0.0	3.2	4.7	8.4	0.0	0.0
Sample Size	38	191	541	335	85	239	605	100	76	129	159
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: The statistics presented in this table are for WtW enrollees who left the first job that they held on or following program entry. If there were multiple first jobs, then the principal job — the job with the most hours worked in a typical week — was selected. In the event of a tie on hours worked, several additional criteria were applied in sequence.

Exhibit B.14
Comparison of the Initial Job and the Most Recent Job Held by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees
During the Year after Program Entry: Hours of Work and Remuneration
(Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

	Baltimore Co.			Boston			Chicago			Ft. Worth			Milwaukee			Nashville
Job Characteristic	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.
Hours Worked per Week
Less than 20 hours	2.9	2.4		7.9	6.3		11.0	10.1		5.1	8.9		0.0	0.0		8.1	8.6
20 to 29 hours	5.0	8.4		19.7	21.2		14.2	17.3		15.4	14.2		3.6	8.0		35.1	18.9	***
30 hours or more	92.1	89.2		72.4	72.6		74.7	72.6		79.6	76.9		96.4	92.0		56.9	72.5	***
Mean hours per week	36.6	37.3		34.0	33.5		32.6	32.7		35.4	34.2		41.2	38.7		30.0	33.6	***
Hourly Wage
Less than $5.15 (min. wage)	3.6	5.8		4.2	1.0		4.4	10.7	***	4.7	9.3	*	1.9	10.9	*	6.1	7.5
$5.15 to $7.99	44.9	37.1		28.6	24.7		68.2	55.1	***	54.2	57.2		46.5	42.5		70.2	61.5
$8.00 to $9.99	29.9	20.0		28.4	29.3		17.3	20.4		28.4	22.0	*	35.8	32.1		15.5	24.9	**
$10.00 or more	21.6	37.1		38.8	45.1		10.1	13.9		12.8	11.5		15.8	14.5		8.3	6.1
Mean wage (dollars)	$8.32	$8.39		$9.19	$9.39		$7.14	$7.41		$7.69	$7.25		$8.11	$7.46	**	$7.02	$7.13
Insurance Benefits on Job
Participates in health ins. plan	13.0	30.7		9.6	6.7		8.8	11.3		11.2	15.8		15.3	15.4		12.1	10.4
Participates in dental ins. plan	10.1	22.8		8.4	6.8		6.5	8.7		11.3	11.7		12.3	16.1		10.5	8.0
Other Benefits on Job
Paid sick leave available	31.9	51.7		29.4	38.8		22.4	29.6	*	29.2	37.1		30.2	25.2		23.1	32.7
Paid vacation leave available	39.9	46.2		41.6	43.0		25.9	36.6	***	34.2	43.4	*	31.2	32.3		29.5	35.6
Paid holidays available	45.8	51.6		45.1	49.8		29.2	41.7	***	41.7	45.4		37.5	37.7		29.9	38.5
Pension plan available	27.3	39.0		27.0	42.2		19.8	19.9		30.6	29.9		23.5	25.5		24.6	28.2
Sample Size	31	31		94	94		243	243		200	200		49	49		135	135

Exhibit B.14 (continued)

	Philadelphia			Phoenix			St. Lucie Co., FL			West Virginia			Yakima, WA
Job Characteristic	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.	First	Most Recent	Sig.
Hours Worked per Week
Less than 20 hours	4.0	3.9		3.4	3.8		3.3	0.0	***	5.0	9.0		4.2	8.9
20 to 29 hours	44.2	31.9	***	15.9	18.0		13.2	17.8		19.9	13.5		43.1	24.4	***
30 hours or more	51.9	64.1	***	80.7	78.3		83.4	82.2		75.1	77.5		52.7	66.7	**
Mean hours per week	29.6	31.6	***	36.1	35.4		35.0	34.8		32.8	33.8		30.9	31.3
Hourly Wage
Less than $5.15 (min. wage)	8.6	7.3		7.7	7.5		1.7	7.0		43.2	26.2	***	2.4	7.7	**
$5.15 to $7.99	73.8	60.0	***	52.4	45.9		72.1	58.1		54.1	62.2		80.3	63.9	***
$8.00 to $9.99	13.4	24.0	***	33.2	33.5		24.5	27.4		0.0	5.7	***	10.1	17.7	*
$10.00 or more	4.2	8.7	**	6.7	13.2		1.7	7.5	***	2.7	5.9		7.2	10.8
Mean wage (dollars)	$6.28	$7.09	***	$7.14	$7.59		$6.76	$7.08		$4.34	$5.57	***	$7.27	$7.62	*
Insurance Benefits on Job
Participates in health ins. plan	3.5	8.6	***	5.6	9.2		11.7	16.7		6.8	11.8		3.1	12.1	**
Participates in dental ins. plan	2.0	7.2	***	9.2	9.5		4.8	8.6		7.0	8.3		0.0	6.2	***
Other Benefits on Job
Paid sick leave available	11.2	25.0	***	35.7	31.8		36.2	38.7		16.2	24.3		27.5	30.4
Paid vacation leave available	13.3	28.9	***	39.5	41.9		42.0	48.9		16.6	25.2	*	14.4	25.6	**
Paid holidays available	16.9	34.3	***	42.4	41.8		41.4	44.2		15.1	26.3	**	36.6	34.1
Pension plan available	7.6	21.0	***	41.0	38.3		32.0	27.0		11.3	20.4	***	6.8	17.7	**
Sample Size	331	331		54	54		54	54		88	88		104	104
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: The statistics presented in this table pertain to WtW enrollees who left the first job that they held on or following enrollment in WtW and who subsequently obtained another job. If there were multiple first jobs or multiple most recent jobs, then the principal job — the job with the most hours worked in a typical week — was selected. In the event of a tie on hours worked, several additional criteria were applied in sequence. */**/*** Difference between the first job and the most recent job is statistically significant at the .10/.05/.01 level.

Exhibit B.15
Reliance on Support Networks by Welfare-to-work Enrollees
During the Year After Program Entry
(Percentages, Unless Otherwise Indicated)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Private Support (parents, relatives, friends, etc.)
Transportation	54.2	52.8	49.8	60.6	59.6	64.2	43.3	57.1	67.3	51.6	58.0
Use of a telephone	28.0	41.8	51.6	54.4	58.0	45.7	39.1	53.8	50.5	51.8	49.5
Place to stay	19.5	32.9	35.5	39.5	55.5	24.9	28.0	42.1	30.2	33.3	34.2
Groceries or meals	29.3	37.3	34.8	39.5	51.8	35.7	31.4	38.5	42.9	26.2	39.6
Children's things (clothes, toys, diapers, etc.)	29.6	34.1	32.2	40.5	33.9	36.3	26.3	35.7	39.9	27.4	31.1
Gifts or loans of money	32.5	31.6	29.6	26.6	43.0	30.3	26.2	26.3	38.0	22.2	28.6
Any private support (any of the above)	69.6	72.3	71.7	80.5	81.7	77.0	64.7	77.9	82.2	74.9	74.4
Index of private support (mean)a	0.32	0.38	0.39	0.44	0.50	0.40	0.32	0.42	0.45	0.35	0.40
Community Support
Food pantry or soup kitchen	24.0	29.9	19.6	30.6	18.4	21.2	10.8	19.5	16.5	31.6	31.9
Crisis hotline or walk-in center	8.6	11.4	5.9	11.2	7.9	6.5	9.4	7.4	7.9	6.0	4.4
Thrift shop, Goodwill Ind., or similar groups	20.2	15.5	14.0	21.7	13.7	15.2	12.1	18.2	22.9	25.8	23.4
Church (money, food, or other assistance)	23.5	15.6	13.9	30.6	15.8	24.1	11.4	29.0	13.4	21.2	15.6
Any community support (any of the above)	35.7	36.7	28.4	45.9	23.6	37.9	23.6	43.3	35.0	48.4	44.4
Index of community support (mean)a	0.19	0.18	0.13	0.23	0.14	0.17	0.11	0.18	0.15	0.21	0.19
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum a The index value for a survey respondent is the proportion of the total number of types of support that were actually received (0 to 1 scale).

Exhibit B.16
Monthly Government Assistance Received by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees and
Their Households One Year after Program Entry

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Receipt of Assistance, by Type (%)
TANF	15.3	40.9	40.4	42.9	5.1	63.9	58.4	47.3	16.1	36.5	44.3
Food Stamps	48.3	59.1	81.7	67.7	25.8	79.4	82.1	72.6	60.0	78.5	70.5
SSI or SSDI	18.3	11.8	16.4	9.7	13.8	15.7	16.7	15.1	12.6	19.0	12.7
Social Security	4.5	3.1	4.4	5.8	8.4	4.8	3.7	5.6	2.9	3.3	5.2
Unemployment Insurance	3.8	4.9	4.3	3.4	4.6	0.7	1.7	1.4	4.0	0.7	4.2
General Assistance	0.0	0.7	0.6	0.0	0.4	0.3	0.4	1.6	0.0	0.0	1.7
Foster care or adoption assistance	3.4	0.5	0.7	0.0	0.5	0.0	0.3	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other assistance	2.2	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.6	0.5	0.4	0.5	0.0	1.8	1.4
Any type of government assistance	65.5	68.9	87.1	75.8	43.5	85.1	86.9	77.0	68.0	83.3	78.8
Mean Amount of Assistance, by Type ($)a
TANF	376	454	312	208	454	202	373	337	258	431	474
Food Stamps	235	259	353	342	253	296	313	363	258	279	259
SSI or SSDI	571	574	627	605	814	500	618	641	666	578	507
Social Security	241	335	654	666	673	414	398	814	192	931	563
Unemployment Insurance	567	652	419	422	547	319	353	418	426	258	539
General Assistance	NA	547	233	NA	NA	82	172	139	NA	NA	257
Foster care or adoption assistance	550	613	711	NA	NA	NA	471	NA	NA	NA	NA
Other assistance	174	243	255	603	600	358	659	250	NA	414	488
All types of government assistance	508	655	637	557	643	534	683	741	441	619	636
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Source: 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note: The survey data have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrollees in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. a Among WtW enrollees whose households received the specified type of government assistance.

Exhibit B.17
Employment and Receipt of TANF by Welfare-to-Work Enrollees
At the Time of Program Entry and One Year Later
(Percentages)

	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Employment
Employed at enrollment	81.5	5.9	3.2	15.4	26.3	28.0	7.5	3.0	71.5	5.6	5.8
Employed 1 year later	71.8	42.8	40.5	40.5	41.1	42.6	35.8	32.6	72.9	57.0	48.7
Difference in employment rates is statistically significant	*	***	***	***	***	***	***	***		***	***
Receipt of TANF
Received at enrollment	24.3	55.6	90.6	91.5	0.6	64.1	91.5	66.9	41.1	78.1	85.0
Received 1 year later	15.3	40.9	40.4	42.9	5.1	63.9	58.4	47.3	16.1	36.5	44.3
Difference in recipiency rates is statistically significant		***	***	***	***		***	***	***	***	***
Sample Size	100	607	1,594	873	195	559	1,110	221	146	269	293
Sources: 1999-2002 baseline survey and 2000-03 12-month follow-up survey of Welfare-to-Work enrollees. Note 1: Data for survey respondents have been weighted to be representative of all WtW enrolleess in the respective sites. Survey item nonresponse may cause the sample sizes for specific variables to be smaller than those shown. Rounding may cause percentages to sum to something other than 100. Note 2: Data on employment and TANF receipt at enrollment are from the evaluation's baseline survey. Data on employment and TANF receipt one year after enrollment are from the evaluation's 12-month follow-up survey. The results are based on weighted data for respondents to both the baseline survey and the 12-month follow-up survey. Results pertaining to the time of WtW enrollment may differ slightly from the results presented in Exhibit A.2, which are based on weighted data for respondents to the baseline survey. */**/*** Difference between the rate of employment or TANF receipt at enrollment and one year later is statistically significant at the .10/.05/.01 level.

Exhibit B.18
Housing Arrangements of Welfare-to-Work Enrollees One Year after Program Entry
(Percentages)

Housing Measure	Baltimore Co.	Boston	Chicago	Ft. Worth	Milwaukee	Nashville	Philadelphia	Phoenix	St. Lucie Co., FL	West Virginia	Yakima, WA
Type of Housing
Owns home	6.7	0.8	0.9	5.5	2.4	1.0	6.5	2.5	6.7	14.7	7.7
Rents h