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The Welfare Indicators Act of 1994 specifies that the annual welfare indicators reports shall include analyses of families and individuals receiving assistance under three means-tested benefit programs: the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program authorized under part A of title IV of the Social Security Act (replaced with the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program by the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996), the Food Stamp Program under the Food Stamp Act of 1977, as amended, and the Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program under title XVI of the Social Security Act. This chapter includes information on these three programs, derived primarily from administrative data reported by state and federal agencies instead of the national survey data presented in previous chapters. National caseloads and expenditure trend information on each of the three programs is included, as well as state-by-state trend tables and information on the characteristics of program participants.
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) was established by the Social Security Act of 1935 as a grant program to enable states to provide cash welfare payments for needy children who had been deprived of parental support or care because their father or mother was absent from the home, incapacitated, deceased, or unemployed. All 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands operated an AFDC program. States defined "need," set their own benefit levels, established (within federal limitations) income and resource limits, and administered the program or supervised its administration. States were entitled to unlimited federal funds for reimbursement of benefit payments, at "matching" rates that were inversely related to state per capita income. States were required to provide aid to all persons who were in classes eligible under federal law and whose income and resources were within state-set limits.
During the 1990s, the federal government increasingly used its authority under section 1115 of the Social Security Act to waive portions of the federal requirements under AFDC. This allowed states to test such changes as expanded earned income disregards, increased work requirements and stronger sanctions for failure to comply with them, time limits on benefits, and expanded access to transitional benefits such as child care and medical assistance. As a condition of receiving waivers, states were required to conduct rigorous evaluations of the impacts of these changes on the welfare receipt, employment, and earnings of participants.
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA) replaced AFDC, AFDC administration, the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training (JOBS) program and the Emergency Assistance (EA) program with a cash welfare block grant called the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program. Key elements of TANF include a lifetime limit of five years (60 months) on the amount of time a family with an adult can receive assistance funded with federal funds, increasing work participation rate requirements which states must meet, and broad state flexibility on program design. Spending through the TANF block grant is capped and funded at $16.5 billion per year, slightly above fiscal year 1995 federal expenditures for the four component programs. States must also meet a "maintenance of effort (MOE) requirement" by spending on needy families at least 75 percent of the amount of state funds used in FY 1994 on these programs (80 percent if they fail work participation rate requirements).
TANF gives states wide latitude in spending both Federal TANF funds and state MOE funds. Subject to a few restrictions, TANF funds may be used in any way that supports one of the four statutory purposes of TANF: to provide assistance to needy families so that children can be cared for at home; to end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work and marriage; to prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies; and to encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.
Legislative authority for the TANF block grant program expired September 2002. In February 2002, President Bush proposed a plan, Working Toward Independence, to strengthen welfare reform, in order to help families remaining on welfare and other low-income families move toward self-sufficiency. In May 2002, the House of Representatives passed HR 4737, the Personal Responsibility, Work, and Family Promotion Act of 2002, which incorporated all of the key elements of the President's plan. The Senate did not take up welfare reform legislation in the 107th Congress, so the program was temporarily extended. In February 2003, the House of Representatives passed HR 4, the Personal Responsibility, Work, and Family Promotion Act of 2003, an updated version of HR 4737, which would implement all of the key elements of the President's plan. Senate action is expected in 2003.
States had the option of beginning their TANF programs as soon as PRWORA was enacted in August 1996, and a few states began TANF programs as early as September 1996. All states were required to implement TANF by July 1, 1997. Because states implemented TANF at different times, the FY 1997 data reflect a combination of the AFDC and TANF programs. In some states, limited data are available for FY 1997 because states were given a transition period of six months after they implemented TANF before they were required to report data on the characteristics and work activities of TANF participants.
Because of the greatly expanded range of activities allowed under TANF, a substantial portion of TANF funds are being spent on activities other than cash payments to families. When tracking overall expenditure trends, the tables in this Appendix (e.g., Table TANF 3) include only those TANF funds spent on "cash and work-based assistance" and "administrative costs," not on work activities, supportive services, or other allowable uses of funds. Spending on these other activities is detailed in Table TANF 5. Note that TANF administrative costs include funds spent administering all activities, not just cash and work-based assistance. (Administrative costs under AFDC had included a small amount of funds for administering AFDC child care programs; such programs, and the costs of administering them, were transferred to the Child Care and Development Fund as part of PRWORA).
There also is potential for discontinuity between the AFDC and the TANF caseload figures. For example, under TANF there is no longer a separate "Unemployed Parent" (UP) program, as there was under AFDC. While a separate work participation rate is calculated for two-parent families, this population is not identical to the UP caseload under AFDC. Another program change is that under TANF some states provide cash and other forms of assistance to specific categories of families (e.g., two-parent families) under Separate State Programs; the TANF caseload figures do not include these families. Finally, it is possible that a limited number of families will be considered recipients of TANF assistance, even if they do not receive a monthly cash benefit. At present, the vast majority of families receiving "assistance" (1) are, in fact, receiving cash payments; however, this may change over time.
The following tables and figures present data on caseloads, expenditures, and recipient characteristics of the AFDC and TANF programs. Trends in national caseloads and expenditures are shown in Figure TANF 1 and the first set of tables (Tables TANF 1-6). These are followed by information on characteristics of AFDC/TANF families (Table TANF 7) and a series of tables presenting state-by-state data on trends in the AFDC/TANF program (Tables TANF 8-13). These data complement the data on trends in AFDC recipiency and participation rates shown in Tables IND 4a and IND 5a in Chapter II.
AFDC/TANF Caseload Trends (Figure TANF 1, Tables TANF 1-2). Welfare caseloads have declined dramatically during the past several years. In fiscal year 2001, the average monthly number of TANF recipients was 5.4 million persons, 57 percent lower than the average monthly AFDC caseload in fiscal year 1996 and the smallest number of people on welfare since 1968. From the peak of 14.4 million in March 1994, the number of AFDC/TANF recipients dropped by 65 percent to 5.0 million in September 2002. Over three-fourths of the reduction in the caseload since March 1994 has occurred following the implementation of TANF. These are the largest welfare caseload declines in the history of U.S. welfare programs.
As shown in Figure TANF 1, AFDC caseloads generally tended to increase in times of economic recession and decline in times of economic growth. The recent decline, however, has far outstripped that experienced in any previous period.
Several studies have attempted to explain the unprecedented decline in caseloads and, specifically, to disentangle the effects of PRWORA and welfare reform from the simultaneous growth in the U.S. economy. Separating these effects is difficult, however, because PRWORA was enacted at a time when the economy was expanding dramatically, offering a uniquely conducive environment within which to move many recipients off the welfare rolls and into the labor market. Other policy changes, most notably expansions in the Earned Income Tax credit, add further complexity.
In general, studies have found that both economic conditions and welfare reform policies have played important roles in the recent caseload decline. A review of a dozen studies concluded that roughly 15 to 30 percent of the caseload decline prior to 1996 was attributed by most studies to welfare policies under waivers to the AFDC rules with approximately 30 to 45 percent of the decline explained by economic conditions (Schoeni and Blank, 2000). A study by the Council of Economic Advisers (1999) of the post-PRWORA period finds that just over one-third of caseload decline can be explained by welfare reform policy, while 8 to 10 percent is due to the economy. A more recent study estimates that over half the decline in caseloads after enactment of PRWORA were attributable to welfare reform (O'Neill and Hill, 2001).
AFDC/TANF Expenditures (Tables TANF 3-6 and Figure TANF 2). Tables TANF 3, 4 and 5 show trends in expenditures on AFDC and TANF. Table TANF 3 tracks both programs, breaking out the costs of benefits and administrative expenses. It also shows the division between federal and state spending. Table TANF 4 breaks out the benefits paid under the single parent or "basic" program and the Unemployed Parent (UP) program, and also nets out the value of child support collected on behalf of recipient children, but retained by the state to reimburse welfare expenditures. This table presents data through 1996 only, because the TANF data reporting requirements do not require that caseload data be separated into "basic" and "UP" components. Table TANF 5 shows the variety of activities funded under the TANF program.
Figure TANF 2 and Table TANF 6 show that inflation has had a significant effect in eroding the value of the average monthly AFDC/TANF benefit. In real dollars, the average monthly benefit per recipient in 2001 was 62 percent of what it was at its peak in the late 1970s.
AFDC/TANF Recipient Characteristics (Table TANF 7). With the dramatic declines in the welfare rolls since the implementation of TANF, there has been a great deal of speculation regarding how the composition of the caseload has changed. Two striking trends are the increases in the proportion of child-only cases and in employment among adult recipients.
One of the most dramatic trends is the recent jump in the proportion of adult recipients who are working. In FY 2001, 27 percent of TANF adult recipients were employed, up from 11 percent in FY 1996 and 7 percent in FY 1992, as shown in Table TANF 7. Adding in those in work experience and community service positions, the percentage working was at an all-time high of 33 percent in FY 2001 (data not shown). Similar upward trends are shown in data on income from earnings. These trends likely reflect positive effects of welfare-to-work programs, the strong economy, and the fact that, with larger earnings disregards, families with earnings do not exit welfare as rapidly. In addition, the increased employment of welfare recipients is consistent with broader trends in labor force participation among mothers with young children. Among single mothers with children under six and family income below 200 percent of the Federal poverty level, for example, the employment rate increased from 35 percent in 1992 to 59 percent in 2000 (data not shown). In addition, employment rates for white and black women ages 18 to 65 with no more than a high school education were at all-time highs in 1999, and for Hispanic women in 2000. There was some leveling off among all three groups in 2001 (as shown in WORK 2 in Chapter III).
Another dramatic change in the caseload is the increasing fraction of cases without an adult recipient (i.e., child-only cases). Such cases occur when the adults are ineligible (because they are a caretaker relative, SSI parent, immigrant parent, or sanctioned parent). Child-only cases have climbed from 11.6 percent of the caseload in FY 1990 to 37.1 percent in FY 2001. This dramatic growth has been due to both the overall decline in the number of adult-present cases as well as an increase in the number of child-only cases. Child-only cases are generally not subject to the work requirements or time limits under TANF.
In other areas, the administrative data show fewer changes in composition than might have been expected. There has been widespread anecdotal evidence that the most job ready recipients B those with the fewest barriers to employment B have already exited the welfare caseload and have stopped coming onto the welfare rolls, leaving a more disadvantaged population remaining. However, as the expectations for welfare recipients have increased, and fewer recipients are totally exempted from work requirements, others have speculated that the most disadvantaged recipients may also have been sanctioned off the rolls or terminated for failure to comply with administrative requirements. In fact, analyses of program data have not found much evidence of an increase or decline in readily observed barriers to employment in the current caseload.
The question of whether the caseload has become more disadvantaged cannot be answered simply through administrative data provided by the states, which do not contain detailed information on such barriers to employment as lack of basic skills, alcohol and drug abuse, domestic violence, and disabilities. A few recent studies have found very high levels of these barriers among the TANF population. These studies also have found that the effects of these barriers are interactive; while any one barrier to employment can often be overcome, the more barriers a recipient faces, the less likely she is to find a job and maintain consistent employment over a period of time.
AFDC/TANF State-by-State Trends (Tables TANF 8-14). There is a great deal of state-to-state variation in the trends discussed above. For example, as shown in Table TANF 10, while every state has experienced a caseload decline since 1993, the percentage change between the state's caseload peak and September 2002 ranges from 94 percent (Wyoming) to 29 percent (Nevada). Six states have experienced caseload declines of 75 percent or more. Table TANF 10 also shows that states reached their peak caseloads as early as May 1990 (Louisiana) and as late as June 1997 (Hawaii).
Figure TANF 1.
AFDC/TANF Families Receiving Income Assistance
Figure TANF 2.
Average Monthly AFDC/TANF Benefit per Recipient in Constant Dollars
| Fiscal Year | Average Monthly Number (In thousands) | Children as a Percent of Total Recipients |
Average1 Number of Children per Family |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Families1 |
Total Recipients | Unemployed Parent Families |
Unemployed Parent Recipients |
Total Children |
|||
| 1962 | 924 | 3,593 | 48 | 224 | 2,778 | 77.3 | 3.0 |
| 1963 | 950 | 3,834 | 54 | 291 | 2,896 | 75.5 | 3.0 |
| 1964 | 984 | 4,059 | 60 | 343 | 3,043 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
| 1965 | 1,037 | 4,323 | 69 | 400 | 3,242 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
| 1966 | 1,074 | 4,472 | 62 | 361 | 3,369 | 75.3 | 3.1 |
| 1967 | 1,141 | 4,718 | 58 | 340 | 3,560 | 75.5 | 3.1 |
| 1968 | 1,310 | 5,349 | 67 | 377 | 4,013 | 75.0 | 3.1 |
| 1969 | 1,539 | 6,146 | 66 | 360 | 4,591 | 74.7 | 3.0 |
| 1970 | 1,906 | 7,415 | 78 | 420 | 5,484 | 74.0 | 2.9 |
| 1971 | 2,531 | 9,557 | 143 | 726 | 6,963 | 72.9 | 2.8 |
| 1972 | 2,918 | 10,632 | 134 | 639 | 7,698 | 72.4 | 2.6 |
| 1973 | 3,123 | 11,038 | 120 | 557 | 7,967 | 72.2 | 2.6 |
| 1974 | 3,170 | 10,845 | 93 | 434 | 7,825 | 72.2 | 2.5 |
| 1975 | 3,342 | 11,067 | 100 | 451 | 7,928 | 71.6 | 2.4 |
| 1976 | 3,549 | 11,369 | 135 | 593 | 8,072 | 71.0 | 2.3 |
| 1977 | 3,575 | 11,108 | 149 | 659 | 7,818 | 70.4 | 2.2 |
| 1978 | 3,528 | 10,663 | 128 | 567 | 7,475 | 70.1 | 2.1 |
| 1979 | 3,493 | 10,311 | 114 | 504 | 7,194 | 69.8 | 2.1 |
| 1980 | 3,642 | 10,598 | 141 | 612 | 7,322 | 69.1 | 2.0 |
| 1981 | 3,871 | 11,160 | 208 | 881 | 7,614 | 68.2 | 2.0 |
| 1982 | 3,569 | 10,431 | 232 | 976 | 6,975 | 66.9 | 2.0 |
| 1983 | 3,651 | 10,659 | 272 | 1,144 | 7,051 | 66.1 | 1.9 |
| 1984 | 3,725 | 10,866 | 287 | 1,222 | 7,153 | 65.8 | 1.9 |
| 1985 | 3,692 | 10,813 | 261 | 1,131 | 7,165 | 66.3 | 1.9 |
| 1986 | 3,748 | 10,997 | 254 | 1,102 | 7,300 | 66.4 | 1.9 |
| 1987 | 3,784 | 11,065 | 236 | 1,035 | 7,381 | 66.7 | 2.0 |
| 1988 | 3,748 | 10,920 | 210 | 929 | 7,325 | 67.1 | 2.0 |
| 1989 | 3,771 | 10,934 | 193 | 856 | 7,370 | 67.4 | 2.0 |
| 1990 | 3,974 | 11,460 | 204 | 899 | 7,755 | 67.7 | 2.0 |
| 1991 | 4,374 | 12,592 | 268 | 1,148 | 8,513 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
| 1992 | 4,768 | 13,625 | 322 | 1,348 | 9,226 | 67.7 | 1.9 |
| 1993 | 4,981 | 14,143 | 359 | 1,489 | 9,560 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
| 1994 | 5,046 | 14,226 | 363 | 1,510 | 9,611 | 67.6 | 1.9 |
| 1995 | 4,879 | 13,659 | 335 | 1,384 | 9,280 | 67.9 | 1.9 |
| 1996 | 4,543 | 12,645 | 293 | 1,241 | 8,671 | 68.6 | 1.9 |
| 19972 | 3,937 | 10,935 | 2753 | 1,1583 | 7,7813 | 71.23 | 2.03 |
| 1998 | 3,200 | 8,790 | 179 | 7544 | 6,273 | 71.4 | 2.0 |
| 1999 | 2,674 | 7,188 | NA | NA | 5,319 | 74.0 | 2.0 |
| 2000 | 2,265 | 5,943 | NA | NA | 4,385 | 73.8 | 1.9 |
| 2001 | 2,117 | 5,420 | NA | NA | 4,055 | 74.8 | 1.9 |
| 1
Includes unemployed parent families and child-only
cases. 2 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed the AFDC program as of July 1, 1997 and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. 3 Based on data from the old AFDC reporting system which was available only for the first 9 months of the fiscal year. 4Estimated based on the ratio of Unemployed Parent recipients to Unemployed Parent families in 1997. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation, (Available online at http://www.acf.dhhs.gov/). |
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| Calendar Year1 |
Total Recipients in the States & DC (in thousands) |
Child Recipients in the States & DC (in thousands) |
Recipients as a Percent of Total Population2 |
Recipients as a Percent of Poverty Population3 |
Recipients as a Percent of Pretransfer Poverty Population4 |
Child Recipients as a Percent of Total Child Population2 |
Child Recipients as a Percent of Children in Poverty3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 8,303 | 6,104 | 4.1 | 32.7 | NA | 8.8 | 58.5 |
| 1971 | 10,043 | 7,303 | 4.9 | 39.3 | NA | 10.5 | 69.2 |
| 1972 | 10,736 | 7,766 | 5.1 | 43.9 | NA | 11.2 | 75.5 |
| 1973 | 10,738 | 7,763 | 5.1 | 46.7 | NA | 11.3 | 80.5 |
| 1974 | 10,621 | 7,637 | 5.0 | 45.4 | NA | 11.3 | 75.2 |
| 1975 | 11,131 | 7,928 | 5.2 | 43.0 | NA | 11.8 | 71.4 |
| 1976 | 11,098 | 7,850 | 5.1 | 44.4 | NA | 11.8 | 76.4 |
| 1977 | 10,856 | 7,632 | 4.9 | 43.9 | NA | 11.7 | 74.2 |
| 1978 | 10,387 | 7,270 | 4.7 | 42.4 | NA | 11.2 | 73.2 |
| 1979 | 10,140 | 7,057 | 4.5 | 38.9 | 53.1 | 11.0 | 68.0 |
| 1980 | 10,599 | 7,295 | 4.7 | 36.2 | 49.2 | 11.4 | 63.2 |
| 1981 | 10,893 | 7,397 | 4.7 | 34.2 | 47.1 | 11.7 | 59.2 |
| 1982 | 10,161 | 6,767 | 4.4 | 29.5 | 40.6 | 10.8 | 49.6 |
| 1983 | 10,569 | 6,967 | 4.5 | 29.9 | 41.9 | 11.1 | 50.1 |
| 1984 | 10,643 | 7,017 | 4.5 | 31.6 | 43.6 | 11.2 | 52.3 |
| 1985 | 10,672 | 7,073 | 4.5 | 32.3 | 45.0 | 11.3 | 54.4 |
| 1986 | 10,850 | 7,206 | 4.5 | 33.5 | 46.6 | 11.5 | 56.0 |
| 1987 | 10,841 | 7,240 | 4.5 | 33.6 | 46.7 | 11.5 | 55.9 |
| 1988 | 10,728 | 7,201 | 4.4 | 33.8 | 47.7 | 11.4 | 57.8 |
| 1989 | 10,798 | 7,286 | 4.4 | 34.3 | 47.6 | 11.5 | 57.9 |
| 1990 | 11,497 | 7,781 | 4.6 | 34.2 | 47.1 | 12.1 | 57.9 |
| 1991 | 12,728 | 8,601 | 5.0 | 35.6 | 49.1 | 13.2 | 60.0 |
| 1992 | 13,571 | 9,189 | 5.3 | 35.7 | 50.8 | 13.8 | 60.1 |
| 1993 | 14,007 | 9,460 | 5.4 | 35.7 | 48.5 | 14.0 | 60.2 |
| 1994 | 13,970 | 9,448 | 5.3 | 36.7 | 50.0 | 13.8 | 61.8 |
| 1995 | 13,241 | 9,013 | 5.0 | 36.4 | 50.1 | 13.0 | 61.5 |
| 1996 | 12,156 | 8,355 | 4.5 | 33.3 | 46.4 | 11.9 | 57.8 |
| 1997 | 10,224 | 7,3405 | 3.7 | 28.7 | 40.7 | 10.4 | 52.0 |
| 1998 | 8,215 | 5,781 | 3.0 | 23.8 | 34.7 | 8.1 | 42.9 |
| 1999 | 6,709 | 4,836 | 2.4 | 20.8 | 30.9 | 6.7 | 39.9 |
| 2000 | 5,700 | 4,181 | 2.0 | 18.2 | 27.9 | 5.8 | 36.1 |
| 2001 | 5,273 | 3,917 | 1.9 | 16.0 | 25.1 | 5.4 | 33.4 |
| 1
Total recipients are calculated here as the monthly average
for the calendar year in order to compare with the calendar year counts of
the poverty populations used to compute the recipiency rates. See Table IND
3a for fiscal year recipiency rates. 2 Population numbers used as denominators are resident population. See Current Population Reports, Series P25-1106. 3 For poverty population data see Current Population Reports, Series P60-210 and Resident Population Estimates of the United States by Age and Sex, April 1, 1990 to July 1, 2000, Internet release date January 2, 2001. 4 The pretransfer poverty population used as denominator is the number of all persons in families with related children under 18 years of age whose income (cash income plus social insurance plus Social Security but before taxes and means-tested transfers) falls below the appropriate poverty threshold. See Appendix J, Table 20, 1992 Green Book; data for subsequent years are unpublished Congressional Budget Office tabulations. 5 Average for January through June of 1997. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance and U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Poverty in the United States: 2001," Current Population Reports, Series P60-219 and earlier years, (Available online at http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty.html). |
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| Fiscal Year | Federal Funds (Current Dollars) |
State Funds (Current Dollars) |
Total (Current Dollars) |
Total (Constant 2001 Dollars1) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benefits | Administrative | Benefits | Administrative | Benefits | Administrative | Benefits | Administrative | |
| 1970 | $2,187 | $5722 | $1,895 | $309 | $4,082 | $8812 | 17,813 | 3,845 |
| 1971 | 3,008 | 271 | 2,469 | 254 | 5,477 | 525 | 22,881 | 2,193 |
| 1972 | 3,612 | 2403 | 2,942 | 241 | 6,554 | 4813 | 26,441 | NA |
| 1973 | 3,865 | 313 | 3,138 | 296 | 7,003 | 610 | 27,135 | 2,364 |
| 1974 | 4,071 | 379 | 3,300 | 362 | 7,371 | 740 | 26,306 | 2,641 |
| 1975 | 4,625 | 552 | 3,787 | 529 | 8,412 | 1,082 | 27,362 | 3,519 |
| 1976 | 5,258 | 541 | 4,418 | 527 | 9,676 | 1,069 | 29,463 | 3,255 |
| 1977 | 5,626 | 595 | 4,762 | 583 | 10,388 | 1,177 | 29,444 | 3,336 |
| 1978 | 5,724 | 631 | 4,898 | 617 | 10,621 | 1,248 | 28,243 | 3,319 |
| 1979 | 5,825 | 683 | 4,954 | 668 | 10,779 | 1,350 | 26,357 | 3,301 |
| 1980 | 6,448 | 750 | 5,508 | 729 | 11,956 | 1,479 | 26,282 | 3,251 |
| 1981 | 6,928 | 835 | 5,917 | 814 | 12,845 | 1,648 | 25,675 | 3,294 |
| 1982 | 6,922 | 878 | 5,934 | 878 | 12,857 | 1,756 | 24,012 | 3,279 |
| 1983 | 7,332 | 915 | 6,275 | 915 | 13,607 | 1,830 | 24,305 | 3,269 |
| 1984 | 7,707 | 876 | 6,664 | 822 | 14,371 | 1,698 | 24,622 | 2,909 |
| 1985 | 7,817 | 890 | 6,763 | 889 | 14,580 | 1,779 | 24,113 | 2,942 |
| 1986 | 8,239 | 993 | 6,996 | 967 | 15,235 | 1,960 | 24,574 | 3,161 |
| 1987 | 8,914 | 1,081 | 7,409 | 1,052 | 16,323 | 2,133 | 25,603 | 3,346 |
| 1988 | 9,125 | 1,194 | 7,538 | 1,159 | 16,663 | 2,353 | 25,108 | 3,546 |
| 1989 | 9,433 | 1,211 | 7,807 | 1,206 | 17,240 | 2,417 | 24,791 | 3,476 |
| 1990 | 10,149 | 1,358 | 8,390 | 1,303 | 18,539 | 2,661 | 25,396 | 3,645 |
| 1991 | 11,165 | 1,373 | 9,191 | 1,300 | 20,356 | 2,673 | 26,544 | 3,486 |
| 1992 | 12,258 | 1,459 | 9,993 | 1,378 | 22,250 | 2,837 | 28,160 | 3,591 |
| 1993 | 12,270 | 1,518 | 10,016 | 1,438 | 22,286 | 2,956 | 27,380 | 3,632 |
| 1994 | 12,512 | 1,680 | 10,285 | 1,621 | 22,797 | 3,301 | 27,285 | 3,951 |
| 1995 | 12,019 | 1,770 | 10,014 | 1,751 | 22,032 | 3,521 | 25,655 | 4,101 |
| 1996 | 11,065 | 1,633 | 9,346 | 1,633 | 20,411 | 3,266 | 23,126 | 3,700 |
| 19974 | 9,748 | 1,273 | 7,799 | 1,098 | 17,547 | 2,371 | 19,359 | 2,616 |
| 1998 | 7,518 | 1,231 | 7,096 | 1,028 | 14,614 | 2,259 | 15,864 | 2,453 |
| 1999 | 6,475 | 1,407 | 6,975 | 884 | 13,449 | 2,291 | 14,327 | 2,440 |
| 2000 | 5,444 | 1,570 | 5,736 | 1,032 | 11,180 | 2,302 | 11,540 | 2,686 |
| 2001 | 4,772 | 1,598 | 5,390 | 1,042 | 10,163 | 2,639 | 10,163 | 2,639 |
| Note: Benefits do not include
emergency assistance payments and have not been reduced by child support
collections. Foster care payments are included from 1971 to 1980. Beginning
in fiscal year 1984, the cost of certifying AFDC households for food stamps
is shown in the food stamp program's appropriation under the U.S. Department
of Agriculture. Administrative costs include: Work Program, ADP, FAMIS, Fraud
Control, Child Care administration (through 1996), SAVE and other State and
local administrative expenditures. 1 Constant dollar adjustments to 2001 level were made using a CPI-U-X1 fiscal year price index. 2 Includes expenditures for services. 3 Administrative expenditures only. 4 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed the AFDC program as of July 1, 1997 and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. Under PRWORA, spending categories are not entirely equivalent to those under AFDC: for example administrative expenses under TANF do not include IV-A child care administration (which accounted for 4 percent of 1996 administrative expense). Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Systems. |
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| Fiscal Year | (1) Single Parent1 |
(2) Unemployed Parent |
(3) Child Support Collections2 |
(4) Net Benefits3 (1) + (2) minus (3) |
(5) Net Benefits ( 1996 dollars)4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 3,851 | 231 | 0 | 4,082 | 15,722 |
| 1971 | 4,993 | 412 | 0 | 5,405 | 19,882 |
| 1972 | 5,972 | 422 | 0 | 6,394 | 22,715 |
| 1973 | 6,459 | 414 | 0 | 6,873 | 22,504 |
| 1974 | 6,881 | 324 | 0 | 7,205 | 22,740 |
| 1975 | 7,791 | 362 | 0 | 8,153 | 23,363 |
| 1976 | 8,825 | 525 | 245 | 9,105 | 24,469 |
| 1977 | 9,420 | 617 | 395 | 9,642 | 24,121 |
| 1978 | 9,624 | 565 | 459 | 9,730 | 22,870 |
| 1979 | 9,865 | 522 | 584 | 9,803 | 21,156 |
| 1980 | 10,847 | 693 | 593 | 10,947 | 21,186 |
| 1981 | 11,769 | 1,075 | 659 | 12,185 | 21,472 |
| 1982 | 11,601 | 1,256 | 771 | 12,086 | 19,879 |
| 1983 | 12,136 | 1,471 | 865 | 12,742 | 20,128 |
| 1984 | 12,759 | 1,612 | 983 | 13,388 | 20,264 |
| 1985 | 13,024 | 1,556 | 901 | 13,679 | 19,967 |
| 1986 | 13,672 | 1,563 | 951 | 14,284 | 20,335 |
| 1987 | 14,807 | 1,516 | 1,070 | 15,252 | 21,115 |
| 1988 | 15,243 | 1,420 | 1,196 | 15,466 | 20,569 |
| 1989 | 15,889 | 1,350 | 1,286 | 15,952 | 20,246 |
| 1990 | 17,059 | 1,480 | 1,416 | 17,123 | 20,702 |
| 1991 | 18,529 | 1,827 | 1,603 | 18,753 | 21,583 |
| 1992 | 20,130 | 2,121 | 1,824 | 20,426 | 22,816 |
| 1993 | 19,988 | 2,298 | 1,971 | 20,315 | 22,028 |
| 1994 | 20,393 | 2,404 | 2,093 | 20,704 | 21,871 |
| 1995 | 19,820 | 2,212 | 2,215 | 19,817 | 20,367 |
| 1996 | 18,438 | 1,973 | 2,374 | 18,037 | 18,037 |
| 1 Includes payments
to two-parent families where one adult is incapacitated. 2 Total AFDC collections (including collections on behalf of foster care children) less payments to AFDC families. 3 Net AFDC benefits--Gross benefits less those reimbursed by child support collections. 4 Constant dollar adjustments to 1996 level were made using a CPI-U-XI fiscal year price index. Note: Data are not available after 1996 because the TANF data reporting requirements do not require that caseload data be separated into single parent and unemployed parent components. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Management. |
|||||
| Cash & Work-Based Assistance |
Work Activities | Child Care | Trans- portation | Adminis- tration | Systems | Transitional Services | Other Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Federal TANF Grants | |||||||||
| 1997 | 7,708 | 467 | 14 | - | 872 | 109 | 0 | 862 | 10,032 |
| 1998 | 7,168 | 763 | 252 | - | 938 | 224 | 6 | 1,136 | 10,487 |
| 1999 | 6,475 | 1,225 | 604 | - | 1,070 | 337 | 17 | 1,595 | 11,323 |
| 2000 | 5,444 | 1,606 | 1,553 | 496 | 1,328 | 242 | - | 2,715 | 13,384 |
| 2001 | 4,772 | 1,983 | 1,583 | 522 | 1,375 | 223 | - | 4,325 | 14,782 |
| State Maintenance of Effort Expenditures in the TANF Program | |||||||||
| 1997 | 5,955 | 311 | 752 | - | 704 | 101 | 9 | 926 | 8,758 |
| 1998 | 6,879 | 520 | 890 | - | 883 | 138 | 11 | 1,301 | 10,623 |
| 1999 | 6,541 | 503 | 1,135 | - | 743 | 118 | 23 | 1,334 | 10,397 |
| 2000 | 5,432 | 884 | 1,893 | 150 | 921 | 92 | - | 1,170 | 10,541 |
| 2001 | 4,887 | 685 | 1,730 | 113 | 920 | 83 | - | 1,195 | 9,613 |
| State Maintenance of Effort Expenditures in Separate State Programs | |||||||||
| 1997 | 69 | 12 | 111 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 18 | 210 |
| 1998 | 216 | 3 | 137 | - | 6 | 1 | - | 28 | 391 |
| 1999 | 434 | 26 | 257 | - | 22 | 0 | 0 | 126 | 865 |
| 2000 | 305 | 11 | 73 | 17 | 19 | 0 | - | 431 | 856 |
| 2001 | 503 | 28 | 34 | 20 | 38 | 1 | - | 499 | 1,125 |
| Total Expenditures | |||||||||
| 1997 | 13,731 | 790 | 877 | - | 1,577 | 211 | 9 | 1,805 | 19,000 |
| 1998 | 14,264 | 1,286 | 1,280 | - | 1,828 | 362 | 17 | 2,465 | 21,502 |
| 1999 | 13,449 | 1,754 | 1,995 | - | 1,835 | 456 | 40 | 3,055 | 22,585 |
| 2000 | 11,180 | 2,501 | 3,519 | 663 | 2,267 | 335 | - | 4,316 | 24,781 |
| 2001 | 10,163 | 2,696 | 3,347 | 655 | 2,333 | 306 | - | 6,019 | 25,520 |
| Note: Administration and Systems,
shown separately here in Table TANF 5, can be combined to show total
administrative costs, as in Table TANF 3. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Services. |
|||||||||
| Fiscal Year | Monthly Benefit per Recipient | Average Number of Persons per Family | Monthly Benefit per Family (not reduced by Child Support) | Weighted Average1 Maximum Benefit (per 3-person Family) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Current Dollars |
2001 Dollars |
Current Dollars |
2001 Dollars |
Current Dollars |
2001 Dollars |
||
| 1962 | $31 | $168 | 3.9 | $121 | $634 | NA | NA |
| 1963 | 31 | 166 | 4.0 | 126 | 650 | NA | NA |
| 1964 | 32 | 167 | 4.1 | 131 | 670 | NA | NA |
| 1965 | 34 | 174 | 4.2 | 140 | 705 | NA | NA |
| 1966 | 35 | 178 | 4.2 | 146 | 716 | NA | NA |
| 1967 | 36 | 179 | 4.1 | 150 | 716 | NA | NA |
| 1968 | 40 | 188 | 4.1 | 162 | 746 | NA | NA |
| 1969 | 43 | 198 | 4.0 | 173 | 766 | $1862 | $854 |
| 1970 | 46 | 200 | 3.9 | 178 | 753 | 1942 | 848 |
| 1971 | 48 | 200 | 3.8 | 180 | 730 | 2012 | 840 |
| 1972 | 51 | 207 | 3.6 | 187 | 732 | 2052 | 828 |
| 1973 | 53 | 205 | 3.5 | 187 | 701 | 2132 | 824 |
| 1974 | 57 | 202 | 3.4 | 194 | 670 | 2292 | 816 |
| 1975 | 63 | 206 | 3.3 | 209 | 658 | 243 | 791 |
| 1976 | 71 | 216 | 3.2 | 226 | 665 | 257 | 782 |
| 1977 | 78 | 220 | 3.1 | 241 | 662 | 271 | 768 |
| 1978 | 83 | 221 | 3.0 | 249 | 644 | 284 | 756 |
| 1979 | 87 | 213 | 2.9 | 257 | 609 | 301 | 735 |
| 1980 | 94 | 207 | 2.9 | 274 | 583 | 320 | 703 |
| 1981 | 96 | 192 | 2.9 | 277 | 536 | 326 | 651 |
| 1982 | 103 | 192 | 2.9 | 300 | 543 | 331 | 617 |
| 1983 | 106 | 190 | 2.9 | 311 | 537 | 336 | 600 |
| 1984 | 110 | 189 | 2.9 | 321 | 534 | 352 | 602 |
| 1985 | 112 | 186 | 2.9 | 329 | 527 | 369 | 610 |
| 1986 | 115 | 186 | 2.9 | 339 | 529 | 383 | 618 |
| 1987 | 123 | 193 | 2.9 | 359 | 546 | 393 | 617 |
| 1988 | 127 | 192 | 2.9 | 370 | 541 | 404 | 609 |
| 1989 | 131 | 189 | 2.9 | 381 | 531 | 412 | 593 |
| 1990 | 135 | 185 | 2.9 | 389 | 516 | 421 | 577 |
| 1991 | 135 | 176 | 2.9 | 388 | 490 | 425 | 554 |
| 1992 | 136 | 172 | 2.9 | 389 | 477 | 419 | 530 |
| 1993 | 131 | 161 | 2.8 | 373 | 444 | 414 | 509 |
| 1994 | 134 | 160 | 2.8 | 376 | 437 | 420 | 497 |
| 1995 | 134 | 157 | 2.8 | 376 | 425 | 418 | 487 |
| 1996 | 135 | 152 | 2.8 | 374 | 410 | 422 | 478 |
| 19973 | 130 | 144 | 2.8 | 362 | 405 | 420 | 464 |
| 1998 | 130 | 142 | 2.7 | 358 | 406 | 432 | 469 |
| 1999 | 133 | 142 | 2.7 | 357 | 439 | 452 | 481 |
| 2000 | 133 | 138 | 2.6 | 349 | 428 | 453 | 468 |
| 2001 | 137 | 137 | 2.6 | 351 | 351 | 456 | 456 |
| 1
The maximum benefit for a 3-person family in each state
is weighted by that state's share of total AFDC families. 2 Estimated based on the weighted average benefit for a 4-person family. 3 The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 repealed the AFDC program as of July 1, 1997 and replaced it with the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. Note: AFDC benefit amounts have not been reduced by child support collections. Constant dollar adjustments to 2001 level were made using a CPI-U-X1 fiscal-year price index. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Quarterly Public Assistance Statistics, 1992 & 1993 and earlier years along with unpublished data. |
|||||||
| Fiscal year1 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May 1969 |
May 1975 |
March 1979 |
1983 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 1998 | 2000 | 2001 | |
| Avg. Family Size (persons) | 4.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Number of Child Recipients | ||||||||||
| One | 26.6 | 37.9 | 42.3 | 43.4 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 43.9 | 42.4 | 44.2 | 44.8 |
| Two | 23.0 | 26.0 | 28.1 | 29.8 | 30.2 | 30.2 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 28.4 | 28.5 |
| Three | 17.7 | 16.1 | 15.6 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 15.5 | 15.0 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 14.8 |
| Four or More | 32.5 | 20.0 | 13.9 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 9.2 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 9.9 |
| Unknown | NA | NA | NA | 1.5 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
| Child-Only Families | 10.1 | 12.5 | 14.6 | 8.3 | 9.6 | 14.8 | 21.5 | 23.4 | 34.5 | 37.1 |
| Families with Non-Recipients | 33.1 | 34.8 | NA | 36.9 | 36.8 | 38.9 | 49.9 | - | - | - |
| Median Months on AFDC/TANF | ||||||||||
| Since Most Recent Opening | 23.0 | 31.0 | 29.0 | 26.0 | 26.3 | 22.5 | 23.6 | - | - | - |
| Presence of Assistance | ||||||||||
| Living in Public Housing | 12.8 | 14.6 | NA | 10.0 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 8.8 | NA | 17.7 | 20.0 |
| Participating in Food Stamp | ||||||||||
| Or Donated Food Program | 52.9 | 75.1 | 75.1 | 83.0 | 84.6 | 87.3 | 89.3 | 83.5 | 79.9 | 80.9 |
| Presence of Income | ||||||||||
| With Earnings | NA | 14.6 | 12.8 | 5.7 | 8.4 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 20.64 | 23.64 | 24.34 |
| No Non-AFDC/TANF Income | 56.0 | 71.1 | 80.6 | 86.8 | 79.6 | 78.9 | 76.0 | 73.04 | 71.64 | 77.24 |
| Adult Employment Status (percent of adults) | ||||||||||
| Employed | - | - | - | - | - | 6.6 | 11.3 | 22.8 | 26.4 | 26.7 |
| Unemployed | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 45.0 | 49.2 | 47.5 |
| Not in Labor Force | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 28.3 | 24.3 | 25.8 |
| Unknown | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.0 | - | - |
| Adult Women's employment status (percent of adult female recipients):3 | ||||||||||
| Full-time job | 8.2 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.7 | - | - | - |
| Part-time job | 6.3 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 3.4 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 5.4 | - | - | - |
| Marital Status (percent of adults) | ||||||||||
| Single | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52.5 | 65.3 | 66.9 |
| Married | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 16.4 | 12.4 | 11.7 |
| Separated | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11.7 | 13.1 | 12.5 |
| Widowed | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.8 |
| Divorced | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 8.8 | 8.5 | 8.2 |
| Unknown | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 9.9 | - | - |
| Basis for Child's Eligibility (percent children): | ||||||||||
| Incapacitated | 11.72 | 7.7 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.3 | - | - | - |
| Unemployed | 4.62 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 8.7 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 8.3 | - | - | - |
| Death | 5.52 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | - | - | - |
| Divorce or Separation | 43.32 | 48.3 | 44.7 | 38.5 | 34.6 | 30.0 | 24.3 | - | - | - |
| Absent, No Marriage Tie | 27.92 | 31.0 | 37.8 | 44.3 | 51.9 | 53.1 | 58.6 | - | - | - |
| Absent, Other Reason | 3.52 | 4.0 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 2.0 | 2.4 | - | - | - |
| Unknown | - | - | - | 1.7 | - | 0.9 | 0.6 | - | - | - |
| Note: Figures are percentages
of families/cases unless noted otherwise. 1 Percentages are based on the average monthly caseload during the year. Hawaii and the territories are not included in 1983. Data after 1986 include the territories and Hawaii. 2 Calculated on the basis of total number of families. 3 For years prior to 1983, data are for mothers only. 4 Presence of income is measured as a percentage of adult recipients, not families, in 1998 and subsequent years. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of TANF Recipients: 2002 TANF Annual Report to Congress and earlier years. |
||||||||||
| 1978 | 1982 | 1984 | 1986 | 1988 | 1990 | 1994 | 1996 | 1998 | 2001 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $78 | $72 | $74 | $68 | $62 | $62 | $92 | $75 | $44 | $32 |
| Alaska | 17 | 32 | 37 | 46 | 54 | 60 | 113 | 107 | 77 | 51 |
| Arizona | 30 | 49 | 67 | 79 | 103 | 138 | 266 | 228 | 145 | 91 |
| Arkansas | 51 | 34 | 39 | 48 | 53 | 57 | 57 | 52 | 26 | 25 |
| California | 1,813 | 2,734 | 3,207 | 3,574 | 4,091 | 4,955 | 6,088 | 5,908 | 4,128 | 3,301 |
| Colorado | 74 | 87 | 107 | 107 | 125 | 137 | 158 | 129 | 80 | 55 |
| Connecticut | 168 | 210 | 226 | 223 | 218 | 295 | 397 | 323 | 305 | 151 |
| Delaware | 28 | 28 | 28 | 25 | 24 | 29 | 40 | 35 | 24 | 21 |
| Dist. of Columbia | 91 | 86 | 75 | 77 | 76 | 84 | 126 | 121 | 97 | 67 |
| Florida | 145 | 207 | 251 | 261 | 318 | 418 | 806 | 680 | 357 | 251 |
| Georgia | 103 | 172 | 149 | 223 | 266 | 321 | 428 | 385 | 313 | 172 |
| Guam | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 12 | 14 | NA | NA |
| Hawaii | 83 | 88 | 83 | 73 | 77 | 99 | 163 | 173 | 153 | 126 |
| Idaho | 21 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 19 | 20 | 30 | 30 | 6 | 5 |
| Illinois | 699 | 802 | 845 | 886 | 815 | 839 | 914 | 833 | 771 | 191 |
| Indiana | 118 | 139 | 153 | 148 | 167 | 170 | 228 | 153 | 104 | 120 |
| Iowa | 107 | 127 | 159 | 170 | 155 | 152 | 169 | 131 | 104 | 78 |
| Kansas | 73 | 81 | 87 | 91 | 97 | 105 | 123 | 98 | 41 | 56 |
| Kentucky | 122 | 123 | 135 | 104 | 143 | 179 | 198 | 191 | 147 | 113 |
| Louisiana | 97 | 127 | 145 | 162 | 182 | 188 | 168 | 130 | 103 | 66 |
| Maine | 51 | 59 | 69 | 84 | 80 | 101 | 108 | 99 | 80 | 68 |
| Maryland | 166 | 213 | 229 | 250 | 250 | 296 | 314 | 285 | 192 | 224 |
| Massachusetts | 476 | 468 | 406 | 471 | 558 | 630 | 730 | 560 | 442 | 143 |
| Michigan | 780 | 1,064 | 1,214 | 1,248 | 1,231 | 1,211 | 1,132 | 779 | 589 | 329 |
| Minnesota | 164 | 235 | 287 | 322 | 338 | 355 | 379 | 333 | 276 | 184 |
| Mississippi | 33 | 55 | 58 | 74 | 85 | 86 | 82 | 68 | 60 | 31 |
| Missouri | 152 | 175 | 196 | 209 | 215 | 228 | 287 | 254 | 180 | 148 |
| Montana | 15 | 19 | 27 | 37 | 41 | 40 | 49 | 45 | 30 | 26 |
| Nebraska | 38 | 49 | 56 | 62 | 56 | 59 | 62 | 54 | 41 | 39 |
| Nevada | 8 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 20 | 27 | 48 | 48 | 39 | 25 |
| New Hampshire | 21 | 25 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 32 | 62 | 50 | 39 | 27 |
| New Jersey | 489 | 513 | 485 | 509 | 459 | 451 | 531 | 462 | 372 | 199 |
| New Mexico | 32 | 45 | 49 | 51 | 56 | 61 | 144 | 153 | 104 | 111 |
| New York | 1,689 | 1,641 | 1,916 | 2,099 | 2,140 | 2,259 | 2,913 | 2,929 | 2,149 | 1,620 |
| North Carolina | 138 | 143 | 149 | 138 | 206 | 247 | 353 | 300 | 211 | 128 |
| North Dakota | 14 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 21 | 22 | 13 |
| Ohio | 441 | 606 | 725 | 804 | 805 | 877 | 1,016 | 763 | 546 | 336 |
| Oklahoma | 74 | 74 | 85 | 100 | 119 | 132 | 165 | 122 | 72 | 53 |
| Oregon | 148 | 100 | 101 | 120 | 128 | 145 | 197 | 155 | 141 | 73 |
| Pennsylvania | 726 | 740 | 724 | 389 | 747 | 798 | 935 | 822 | 523 | 305 |
| Puerto Rico | 25 | 65 | 38 | 33 | 67 | 72 | 74 | 63 | NA | NA |
| Rhode Island | 59 | 70 | 71 | 79 | 82 | 99 | 136 | 125 | 117 | 88 |
| South Carolina | 52 | 76 | 75 | 103 | 91 | 96 | 115 | 101 | 52 | 33 |
| South Dakota | 18 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 21 | 22 | 25 | 22 | 14 | 10 |
| Tennessee | 77 | 74 | 83 | 100 | 125 | 168 | 215 | 190 | 108 | 123 |
| Texas | 122 | 118 | 229 | 281 | 344 | 416 | 544 | 496 | 315 | 242 |
| Utah | 41 | 47 | 52 | 55 | 61 | 64 | 77 | 64 | 50 | 39 |
| Vermont | 21 | 38 | 40 | 40 | 40 | 48 | 65 | 56 | 47 | 35 |
| Virgin Islands | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | NA | NA |
| Virginia | 136 | 166 | 165 | 179 | 169 | 177 | 253 | 199 | 123 | 103 |
| Washington | 175 | 240 | 294 | 375 | 401 | 438 | 610 | 585 | 450 | 288 |
| West Virginia | 53 | 56 | 75 | 109 | 107 | 110 | 126 | 101 | 52 | 64 |
| Wisconsin | 260 | 406 | 519 | 444 | 506 | 440 | 425 | 291 | 145 | 81 |
| Wyoming | 6 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 19 | 21 | 17 | 7 | 4 |
| United States | $10,621 | $12,857 | $14,371 | $15,236 | $16,663 | $18,543 | $22,798 | $20,411 | $14,614 | $10,163 |
| Note: Benefits refers to total
cash benefits paid (see Table TANF 3) but does not include emergency assistance
payments. NA denotes data not available. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Program Support, Office of Management Services, data from the ACF-196 TANF Report and ACF-231 AFDC Line by Line Report. |
||||||||||
| State | FY 1996 Grants for AFDC, EA & JOBS1 |
FY 2001 State Family Assistance Grant2 |
Increase from FY 1996 Level |
Percent Increase from FY 1996 Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | $79.0 | $134.1 | $55.1 | 70 |
| Alaska | 60.7 | 60.3 | -0.4 | -1 |
| Arizona | 200.6 | 233.0 | 32.4 | 16 |
| Arkansas | 54.3 | 65.8 | 11.5 | 21 |
| California | 3,545.6 | 3,764.6 | 219.1 | 6 |
| Colorado | 138.9 | 149.6 | 10.7 | 8 |
| Connecticut | 221.1 | 269.4 | 48.3 | 22 |
| Delaware | 30.2 | 32.9 | 2.7 | 9 |
| Dist of Columbia | 77.1 | 119.4 | 42.2 | 55 |
| Florida | 504.7 | 643.6 | 138.9 | 28 |
| Georgia | 301.2 | 368.0 | 66.8 | 22 |
| Hawaii | 98.4 | 103.9 | 5.5 | 6 |
| Idaho | 31.3 | 35.5 | 4.2 | 13 |
| Illinois | 593.8 | 601.8 | 7.9 | 1 |
| Indiana | 121.4 | 208.8 | 87.4 | 72 |
| Iowa | 129.3 | 131.5 | 2.2 | 2 |
| Kansas | 86.9 | 101.9 | 15.0 | 17 |
| Kentucky | 171.6 | 181.3 | 9.6 | 6 |
| Louisiana | 122.4 | 181.0 | 58.6 | 48 |
| Maine | 73.2 | 78.1 | 4.9 | 7 |
| Maryland | 207.6 | 229.1 | 21.5 | 10 |
| Massachusetts | 372.0 | 352.5 | -19.6 | -5 |
| Michigan | 581.5 | 800.4 | 218.9 | 38 |
| Minnesota | 239.3 | 269.8 | 30.4 | 13 |
| Mississippi | 68.6 | 98.2 | 29.6 | 43 |
| Missouri | 207.9 | 223.0 | 15.1 | 7 |
| Montana | 39.2 | 46.4 | 7.2 | 18 |
| Nebraska | 56.2 | 57.9 | 1.7 | 3 |
| Nevada | 41.2 | 49.9 | 8.7 | 21 |
| New Hampshire | 36.0 | 38.5 | 2.5 | 7 |
| New Jersey | 353.4 | 411.7 | 58.3 | 16 |
| New Mexico | 129.9 | 132.5 | 2.5 | 2 |
| New York | 2,332.7 | 2,442.9 | 110.2 | 5 |
| North Carolina | 311.9 | 346.6 | 34.7 | 11 |
| North Dakota | 24.5 | 27.7 | 3.2 | 13 |
| Ohio | 564.5 | 728.0 | 163.5 | 29 |
| Oklahoma | 125.1 | 151.7 | 26.5 | 21 |
| Oregon | 146.4 | 166.8 | 20.4 | 14 |
| Pennsylvania | 780.1 | 719.5 | -60.6 | -8 |
| Rhode Island | 82.9 | 95.0 | 12.2 | 15 |
| South Carolina | 99.4 | 100.0 | 0.5 | 1 |
| South Dakota | 19.7 | 21.3 | 1.5 | 8 |
| Tennessee | 178.9 | 222.7 | 43.7 | 24 |
| Texas | 437.1 | 563.3 | 126.2 | 29 |
| Utah | 68.0 | 85.8 | 17.8 | 26 |
| Vermont | 42.4 | 47.4 | 5.0 | 12 |
| Virginia | 134.6 | 166.2 | 31.6 | 23 |
| Washington | 393.2 | 402.2 | 9.0 | 2 |
| West Virginia | 95.1 | 112.1 | 17.0 | 18 |
| Wisconsin | 241.6 | 332.8 | 91.2 | 38 |
| Wyoming | 14.4 | 20.1 | 5.7 | 40 |
| United States | $15,067 | $16,926 | $1,859 | 12 |
| 1 Includes Administration
and FAMIS but excludes IV-A child care. AFDC benefits include the Federal
share of child support collections to be comparable to the Family Assistance
Grant. The 1996 figures have been revised since earlier versions of this
report, to reflect upward revisions in states' reports of expenditures on
the JOBS program. 2 The FY 2001 awards include State Family Assistance Grants, Supplemental Grants for Population Increases, Out of Wedlock Bonus and High Performance Bonus. Source: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Financial Services. |
||||
| State | Peak Caseload Oct '89 to Sept '02 |
Date Peak Occurred Oct '89 to Sept '02 |
Sept '96 Caseload |
Sept '02 Caseload |
Percent Decline1 Sept '96 to Sept '02 |
Percent Decline Peak to Sept '02 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | 52.3 | Mar-93 | 40.7 | 17.9 | 56 | 66 |
| Alaska | 13.4 | Apr-94 | 12.3 | 5.6 | 55 | 58 |
| Arizona | 72.8 | Dec-93 | 61.8 | 43.9 | 29 | 40 |
| Arkansas | 27.1 | Mar-92 | 22.1 | 11.7 | 47 | 57 |
| California | 933.1 | Mar-95 | 870.3 | 454.2 | 48 | 51 |
| Colorado | 43.7 | Dec-93 | 33.6 | 12.4 | 63 | 72 |
| Connecticut | 61.9 | Mar-95 | 57.1 | 22.6 | 60 | 63 |
| Delaware | 11.8 | Apr-94 | 10.5 | 5.6 | 47 | 53 |
| Dist. of Columbia | 27.5 | Apr-94 | 25.1 | 16.4 | 35 | 40 |
| Florida | 259.9 | Nov-92 | 200.3 | 58.3 | 71 | 78 |
| Georgia | 142.8 | Nov-93 | 120.9 | 54.9 | 55 | 62 |
| Guam | 3.1 | Apr-02 | 2.3 | 3.1 | -36 | 0 |
| Hawaii | 23.4 | Jun-97 | 21.9 | 10.3 | 53 | 56 |
| Idaho | 9.5 | Mar-95 | 8.4 | 1.4 | 83 | 85 |
| Illinois | 243.1 | Aug-94 | 217.8 | 42.5 | 80 | 83 |
| Indiana | 76.1 | Sep-93 | 49.7 | 52.1 | -5 | 32 |
| Iowa | 40.7 | Apr-94 | 31.1 | 19.9 | 36 | 51 |
| Kansas | 30.8 | Aug-93 | 23.4 | 14.7 | 37 | 52 |
| Kentucky | 84.0 | Mar-93 | 70.4 | 34.7 | 51 | 59 |
| Louisiana | 94.7 | May-90 | 66.5 | 23.1 | 65 | 76 |
| Maine | 24.4 | Aug-93 | 19.7 | 9.3 | 53 | 62 |
| Maryland | 81.8 | May-95 | 68.9 | 25.9 | 62 | 68 |
| Massachusetts | 115.7 | Aug-93 | 84.3 | 48.4 | 43 | 58 |
| Michigan | 233.6 | Apr-91 | 167.5 | 69.4 | 59 | 70 |
| Minnesota | 66.2 | Jun-92 | 57.2 | 36.9 | 35 | 44 |
| Mississippi | 61.8 | Nov-91 | 45.2 | 19.3 | 57 | 69 |
| Missouri | 93.7 | Mar-94 | 79.1 | 43.7 | 45 | 53 |
| Montana | 12.3 | Mar-94 | 9.8 | 5.8 | 41 | 53 |
| Nebraska | 17.2 | Mar-93 | 14.4 | 10.6 | 26 | 38 |
| Nevada | 16.3 | Mar-95 | 13.2 | 11.6 | 12 | 29 |
| New Hampshire | 11.8 | Apr-94 | 8.9 | 6.1 | 31 | 48 |
| New Jersey | 132.6 | Nov-92 | 100.8 | 40.5 | 60 | 69 |
| New Mexico | 34.9 | Nov-94 | 33.0 | 16.6 | 50 | 52 |
| New York | 463.7 | Dec-94 | 412.7 | 151.5 | 63 | 67 |
| North Carolina | 134.1 | Mar-94 | 107.5 | 41.2 | 62 | 69 |
| North Dakota | 6.6 | Apr-93 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 29 | 50 |
| Ohio | 269.8 | Mar-92 | 201.9 | 83.5 | 59 | 69 |
| Oklahoma | 51.3 | Mar-93 | 35.3 | 15.3 | 57 | 70 |
| Oregon | 43.8 | Apr-93 | 28.5 | 18.0 | 37 | 59 |
| Pennsylvania | 212.5 | Sep-94 | 180.1 | 78.8 | 56 | 63 |
| Puerto Rico | 61.7 | Jan-92 | 49.5 | 18.6 | 62 | 70 |
| Rhode Island | 22.9 | Apr-94 | 20.5 | 13.7 | 33 | 40 |
| South Carolina | 54.6 | Jan-93 | 42.9 | 20.4 | 52 | 63 |
| South Dakota | 7.4 | Apr-93 | 5.7 | 2.8 | 51 | 62 |
| Tennessee | 112.6 | Nov-93 | 96.2 | 65.6 | 32 | 42 |
| Texas | 287.5 | Dec-93 | 238.8 | 131.7 | 45 | 54 |
| Utah | 18.7 | Mar-93 | 14.0 | 8.0 | 43 | 57 |
| Vermont | 10.3 | Apr-92 | 8.7 | 5.0 | 42 | 51 |
| Virgin Islands | 1.4 | Dec-95 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 65 | 67 |
| Virginia | 76.0 | Apr-94 | 60.5 | 30.4 | 50 | 60 |
| Washington | 104.8 | Feb-95 | 96.8 | 52.0 | 46 | 50 |
| West Virginia | 41.9 | Apr-93 | 37.6 | 15.3 | 59 | 64 |
| Wisconsin | 82.9 | Jan-92 | 49.9 | 19.4 | 61 | 77 |
| Wyoming | 7.1 | Aug-92 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 90 | 94 |
| United States | 5,098 | Mar-94 | 4,346 | 2,025 | 53 | 60 |
| 1 Negative values denote percent increase. Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Office of Family Assistance, Division of Data Collection and Analysis. | ||||||
| State | 1965 | 1970 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1989 | 1994 | 2001 | Percent Change | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1989-94 | 1994-01 | |||||||||
| Alabama | 78 | 123 | 160 | 180 | 151 | 129 | 132 | 44 | 2 | -67 |
| Alaska | 5 | 8 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 19 | 38 | 17 | 96 | -55 |
| Arizona | 40 | 51 | 71 | 51 | 72 | 105 | 201 | 83 | 91 | -59 |
| Arkansas | 30 | 45 | 101 | 85 | 64 | 70 | 69 | 28 | -0 | -60 |
| California | 528 | 1,148 | 1,355 | 1,387 | 1,619 | 1,763 | 2,639 | 1,185 | 50 | -55 |
| Colorado | 42 | 66 | 96 | 77 | 79 | 97 | 119 | 27 | 22 | -77 |
| Connecticut | 59 | 83 | 125 | 139 | 122 | 106 | 166 | 60 | 56 | -64 |
| Delaware | 12 | 20 | 31 | 32 | 24 | 19 | 27 | 12 | 43 | -55 |
| Dist. of Columbia | 20 | 40 | 103 | 85 | 58 | 48 | 74 | 43 | 55 | -42 |
| Florida | 106 | 204 | 265 | 256 | 271 | 327 | 669 | 125 | 105 | -81 |
| Georgia | 71 | 198 | 354 | 221 | 239 | 266 | 393 | 121 | 48 | -69 |
| Guam | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 67 | 43 |