APPENDIX G. DATA ON FAMILIES SELECTED INDICATORS OF THE STATUS OF CHILDREN ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Teenage Pregnancy Category 1973 1980 1985 1990 1991 Female population (ages 15-19). 10,193,000 10,381,000 9,174,000 8,645,000 8,371,000 Births......................... 604,096 552,161 467,485 521,826 520,000 Induced abortions.............. 231,900 444,780 399,200 350,970 314,000 Estimated miscarriages......... 144,010 154,910 133,420 139,460 129,000 Pregnancies.................... 980,000 151,850 100,110 1,012,260 963,000 Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- International Infant Mortality Rates (deaths per 1,000 live births) Country 1950-52 1970-72 1980-82 1986-88 1993 Japan.......................... 55.9 12.4 7.1 5.0 4.3 Sweden......................... 20.9 11.0 6.9 6.0 5.8 United States (white).......... 26.0 17.1 10.5 8.7 6.8 Canada......................... 39.4 17.8 9.7 7.5 7.0 England and Wales.............. 29.1 17.7 11.3 9.3 7.4 United States (total).......... 28.7 19.2 12.0 10.1 8.4 Hungary........................ 77.0 34.7 21.4 17.4 13.1 United States (black).......... 45.1 30.9 20.3 17.8 16.5 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1993); U.S. Public Health Service (1996). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Living Arrangements of Children Under Age 18 (in thousands) Group 1960 1970 1980 1990 1995 Total in population............ 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 70,254 Living with one parent......... 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 18,938 Percent of all children.... 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 27.0 Living with never-married parent........................ 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,558 Percent of all children.... 0.4 0.8 2.9 7.6 9.3 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Children Below Poverty (number in thousands/rate per 1,000) Ethnic Group 1974 1979 1990 1992 1994 Total.......................... 10,156 (15.4) 10,377 (16.4) 13,431 (20.6) 15,294 (22.3) 15,289 (21.8) Black.......................... 3,755 (39.8) 3,833 (41.2) 4,550 (44.8) 5,106 (46.6) 4,906 (43.8) White.......................... 6,223 (11.2) 6,193 (11.8) 8,232 (15.9) 9,399 (17.4) 9,346 (16.9) Hispanic....................... NA (NA) 1,535 (28.0) 2,865 (38.4) 3,637 (40.0) 4,075 (41.5) Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1996a). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Educational Achievement High school dropouts (percentage of status dropouts, ages 16-24) \1\ 1970 1975 1985 1990 \2\ 1994 Total...................... 15.0 13.9 12.6 12.1 10.5 White...................... 13.2 11.4 10.4 9.0 7.7 Black...................... 27.9 22.9 15.2 13.2 12.6 Average verbal SAT scores...... 460 434 431 424 423 Average math SAT scores........ 488 472 475 476 479 Source: National Center for Education Statistics (1995); U.S. Bureau of the Census (1995). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ White and black includes persons of Hispanic origin. \2\ Because of changes in data collection procedures, data may not be comparable with figures for earlier years. NA--Not available. TABLE G-1.--TOTAL NUMBER AND RATES OF MARRIAGES AND DIVORCES, SELECTED YEARS 1950-94 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number (thousands) Rate \1\ Year --------------------------------------------------- Marriages Divorces Marriages Divorces ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1950........................................................ 1,667 385 11.1 2.6 1960........................................................ 1,523 393 8.5 2.2 1970........................................................ 2,159 708 10.6 3.5 1980........................................................ 2,390 1,189 10.6 5.2 1985........................................................ 2,413 1,190 10.1 5.0 1986........................................................ 2,407 1,178 10.0 4.9 1987........................................................ 2,421 1,157 9.9 4.8 1988........................................................ 2,395 1,167 9.7 4.7 1989........................................................ 2,404 1,163 9.7 4.7 1990........................................................ 2,443 1,190 9.8 4.7 1991 \2\.................................................... 2,371 1,187 9.4 4.7 1992 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,215 9.3 4.8 1993 \2\.................................................... 2,334 1,187 9.0 4.6 1994 \2\.................................................... 2,362 1,191 9.1 4.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Per 1,000 population. \2\ Provisional data. Source: National Center for Health Statistics. TABLE G-2.--PERCENT NEVER MARRIED BY AGE AND SEX, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Age and sex ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women: Ages 20-24............................................ 28.4 35.8 50.2 62.8 65.7 66.7 Ages 25-29............................................ 10.5 10.5 20.9 31.1 33.2 35.3 Ages 30-34............................................ 6.9 6.2 9.5 16.4 18.8 19.0 Men: Ages 20-24............................................ 53.1 54.7 68.8 79.3 80.3 80.7 Ages 25-29............................................ 20.8 19.1 33.1 45.0 48.7 51.0 Ages 30-34............................................ 11.9 9.4 15.9 27.0 29.4 28.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1966; 1996b). TABLE G-3.--NUMBER AND RATE OF BIRTHS TO UNMARRIED WOMEN BY RACE \1\ AND AGE OF MOTHER, 1980, 1991, 1993 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Out-of-wedlock births Rate per 1,000 unmarried ------------------------------- women Age ------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 9,024 3,166 5,691 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 262,777 130,417 126,278 27.6 18.5 87.9 20-24.................................................. 237,265 118,445 114,538 40.9 25.1 112.3 25-29.................................................. 99,583 46,722 47,594 34.0 21.5 81.4 30-34.................................................. 40,984 21,325 18,160 21.1 14.1 46.7 35-39.................................................. 13,187 7,298 5,338 9.7 7.1 19.0 40 and over \2\........................................ 2,927 1,611 1,202 2.6 1.8 5.5 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 665,747 328,984 318,799 29.4 18.1 81.1 -------------------------------------------------------- 1991 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 10,968 4,346 6,298 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 357,483 207,035 139,325 44.8 32.8 108.5 20-24.................................................. 429,094 251,228 163,532 68.0 51.5 147.5 25-29.................................................. 234,593 136,727 89,198 56.5 44.6 100.9 30-34.................................................. 123,901 72,484 46,370 38.1 31.1 60.1 35-39.................................................. 48,353 29,607 16,357 18.0 15.2 25.6 40 and over \2\........................................ 9,377 6,075 2,670 3.8 3.2 5.4 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 1,213,769 707,502 463,750 45.2 34.6 89.5 -------------------------------------------------------- 1993 -------------------------------------------------------- Under 15............................................... 11,467 4,868 6,293 NA NA NA 15-19.................................................. 357,432 213,080 133,031 44.5 33.6 102.4 20-24.................................................. 438,538 283,538 159,598 69.2 54.2 142.2 25-29.................................................. 233,776 139,905 84,604 57.1 46.7 94.5 30-34.................................................. 132,263 79,136 47,330 38.5 32.2 57.3 35-39.................................................. 55,570 34,283 18,526 19.0 16.4 25.9 40 and over \2\........................................ 11,126 7,319 3,094 4.4 3.9 5.8 -------------------------------------------------------- Total (ages 15-44) \3\............................. 1,240,172 742,129 452,476 45.3 35.9 84.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than black and white. \2\ Rates computed by relating all births to unmarried mothers, regardless of age of mother, to unmarried women aged 15-44 years. \3\ Rates computed by relating births to unmarried mothers aged 40 years and over to unmarried women aged 40-44 years. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). TABLE G-4.--TWO-PARENT AND ONE-PARENT FAMILIES AS PROPORTIONS OF ALL FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN PRESENT BY RACE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Year (all races) Year (white) Year (black) Family type --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1985 1988 1992 1995 1970 1988 1992 1995 1970 1988 1992 1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Numbers in thousands --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 25,823 25,231 24,573 24,977 24,880 25,640 23,477 22,012 21,909 22,320 2,071 2,055 1,948 1,962 One-parent family groups................................ 3,808 6,920 8,779 9,367 10,499 11,527 2,638 6,090 6,938 7,525 1,148 3,002 3,216 3,529 Maintained by mother................................ 3,415 6,230 7,737 8,146 9,028 9,833 2,330 5,100 5,753 6,239 1,063 2,812 2,994 3,197 Never married................................... 248 1,063 2,208 2,707 3,284 3,680 73 1,050 1,391 1,712 173 1,605 1,799 1,818 Spouse absent................................... 1,377 1,743 1,732 1,776 1,947 2,050 796 1,127 1,341 1,346 570 585 548 596 Separated....................................... 962 1,483 1,524 1,499 1,658 1,695 477 941 1,146 1,128 479 515 482 502 Divorced........................................ 1,109 2,721 3,228 3,121 3,349 3,674 930 2,568 2,692 2,900 172 471 550 664 Widowed......................................... 682 703 569 544 448 430 531 356 328 281 148 149 97 118 Maintained by father................................ 393 692 1,042 1,221 1,472 1,694 307 989 1,186 1,286 85 191 222 332 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 29,631 32,150 33,372 34,344 35,379 37,168 26,115 28,102 28,847 29,846 3,219 5,057 5,164 5,491 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Two-parent family groups................................ 87.1 78.5 73.6 72.7 70.3 69.0 89.9 78.3 75.9 74.8 64.3 40.6 37.7 35.7 One-parent family groups................................ 12.9 21.5 26.3 27.3 29.7 31.0 10.1 21.7 24.1 25.2 35.7 59.4 62.3 64.3 Maintained by mother................................ 11.5 19.4 23.2 23.7 25.5 26.5 8.9 18.1 19.9 20.9 33.0 55.6 58.0 58.2 Never married................................... 0.8 3.3 6.6 9.0 9.3 9.9 0.3 7.0 4.8 5.7 5.4 31.7 34.8 33.1 Spouse absent................................... 4.6 5.4 5.2 5.2 5.5 5.5 3.0 4.0 4.6 4.5 17.7 11.6 10.6 10.9 Separated....................................... 3.2 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.6 1.8 3.3 4.0 3.8 14.9 10.2 9.3 9.1 Divorced........................................ 3.7 8.5 9.7 9.1 9.5 9.9 3.6 9.1 9.3 9.7 5.3 9.3 10.7 12.1 Widowed......................................... 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.9 4.6 2.9 1.9 2.1 Maintained by father................................ 1.3 2.2 3.1 3.6 4.2 4.6 1.2 3.5 4.1 4.3 2.6 3.8 4.3 6.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total with children under 18...................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Note.--Family groups consist of family households, related subfamilies, and unrelated subfamilies. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-5.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Living arrangements of children and marital status of ----------------------------------------------------- parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ----------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents........................................... 55,877 58,939 48,624 46,503 46,638 48,276 One parent............................................ 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,578 18,938 Mother only....................................... 5,105 7,452 11,406 13,874 15,396 16,477 Father only....................................... 724 748 1,060 1,993 2,182 2,461 Other relatives or nonrelatives only.................. 2,021 2,024 2,337 1,768 1,749 3,040 ----------------------------------------------------- Total number of children.................................. 63,727 69,162 63,427 64,137 65,965 70,254 ----------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ----------------------------------------------------- Living with: Two parents........................................... 87.7 85.2 76.7 72.5 70.7 68.7 One parent............................................ 9.1 11.9 19.7 24.7 26.6 27.0 Mother only....................................... 8.0 10.8 18.0 21.6 23.3 23.5 Father only....................................... 1.1 1.1 1.7 3.1 3.3 3.5 Other relatives or nonrelatives only.................. 3.2 2.9 3.7 2.8 2.6 4.3 ----------------------------------------------------- Percent................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-6.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS LIVING WITH ONE PARENT, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Living arrangements of children and marital ----------------------------------------------------------------- status of parent 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Numbers in thousands ----------------------------------------------------------------- Never married................................. 243 557 1,820 4,853 6,258 6,558 Married, spouse absent........................ 2,700 3,521 3,898 3,767 4,214 4,348 Separated................................. 1,608 2,484 3,327 3,222 3,605 3,621 Widowed....................................... 1,543 1,649 1,469 1,125 763 830 Divorced...................................... 1,343 2,473 5,281 6,122 6,637 7,201 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Total children living with one parent. 5,829 8,199 12,466 15,867 17,872 18,938 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Percent distribution ----------------------------------------------------------------- Never married................................. 4.2 6.8 14.6 30.6 35.0 34.6 Married, spouse absent........................ 46.3 42.9 31.3 23.7 23.6 23.0 Separated................................. 27.6 30.3 26.7 20.3 20.2 19.1 Widowed....................................... 26.5 20.1 11.8 7.1 4.3 4.4 Divorced...................................... 23.0 30.2 42.4 38.6 37.1 38.0 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Percent............................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note.--Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-7.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF WHITE CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 50,082 52,624 43,200 40,593 46,735 41,946 One parent................................................ 3,932 5,109 7,901 9,870 10,971 11,719 Mother only........................................... 3,381 4,581 7,059 8,321 9,250 9,827 Father only........................................... 551 528 842 1,549 1,721 1,892 Other relatives or nonrelatives........................... 1,062 1,058 1,141 928 886 1,662 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 55,077 58,790 52,242 51,390 52,493 55,327 ----------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 90.9 89.5 82.7 79.0 77.4 75.8 One parent................................................ 7.1 8.7 15.1 19.2 20.9 21.2 Mother only........................................... 6.1 7.8 13.5 16.2 17.6 17.8 Father only........................................... 1.0 0.9 1.6 3.0 3.3 3.4 Other relatives or nonrelatives........................... 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 1.7 3.0 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 61 131 552 1,894 2,449 2,760 Married, spouse absent................................ 1,615 1,822 2,243 2,356 2,837 2,797 Separated......................................... 779 1,111 1,817 1,982 2,425 2,362 Widowed............................................... 1,139 1,160 1,000 774 624 530 Divorced.............................................. 1,118 1,997 4,106 4,847 5,061 5,631 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 3,932 5,110 7,901 9,869 10,971 11,719 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 1.6 2.6 7.0 19.2 22.3 23.6 Married, spouse absent................................ 41.1 35.7 28.4 23.9 25.9 23.9 Separated......................................... 19.8 21.7 23.0 20.1 22.1 20.2 Widowed............................................... 29.0 22.7 12.7 7.8 5.7 4.5 Divorced.............................................. 28.4 39.1 52.0 49.1 46.1 48.1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-8.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF BLACK CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1960-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type ----------------------------------------------------- 1960 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 5,795 5,508 3,956 3,781 3,714 3,746 One parent................................................ 1,897 2,996 4,297 5,485 5,934 6,339 Mother only........................................... 1,723 2,783 4,117 5,132 5,607 5,881 Father only........................................... 173 213 180 353 327 458 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... 959 917 1,122 752 779 1,216 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 8,650 9,422 9,375 10,018 10,427 11,301 ----------------------------------------------------- All children (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Two parents............................................... 67.0 58.5 42.2 37.7 35.6 33.1 One parent................................................ 21.9 31.8 45.8 54.8 56.9 56.1 Mother only........................................... 19.9 29.5 43.9 51.2 53.8 52.0 Father only........................................... 2.0 2.3 1.9 3.5 3.1 4.1 Other relatives or nonrelatives only...................... 11.1 9.7 12.0 7.5 7.5 10.8 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 182 423 1,235 2,839 3,314 3,466 Married spouse absent................................. 1,085 1,651 1,573 1,251 1,290 1,327 Separated......................................... 829 1,343 1,463 1,125 1,156 1,122 Widowed............................................... 405 482 411 278 194 245 Divorced.............................................. 225 438 1,078 1,117 1,136 1,301 ----------------------------------------------------- Total............................................. 1,897 2,995 4,297 5,484 5,934 6,339 ----------------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) ----------------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married......................................... 9.6 14.1 28.7 51.8 55.9 54.7 Married spouse absent................................. 57.2 55.1 36.6 22.8 21.7 20.9 Separated......................................... 43.7 44.8 34.0 20.5 19.5 17.7 Widowed............................................... 21.3 16.1 9.6 5.1 3.3 3.9 Divorced.............................................. 11.9 14.6 25.1 20.4 19.1 20.5 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Black children include nonwhite in 1960. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1996b). TABLE G-9.--LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF HISPANIC CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE, SELECTED YEARS 1970-95 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Family type -------------------------------------------- 1970 1980 1990 1992 1995 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All children (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------- Two parents........................................................ 3,111 4,116 4,789 4,935 6,191 One parent......................................................... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 Mother only.................................................... NA 1,069 1,943 2,168 2,798 Father only.................................................... NA 83 211 279 417 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............................... NA 191 231 237 438 -------------------------------------------- Total children............................................. 4,006 5,459 7,174 7,619 9,843 -------------------------------------------- All children (percent) -------------------------------------------- Two parents........................................................ 77.7 75.4 66.8 64.8 62.9 One parent......................................................... NA 21.1 30.0 32.1 32.7 Mother only.................................................... NA 19.6 27.1 28.5 28.4 Father only.................................................... NA 1.5 2.9 3.7 4.2 Other relatives or nonrelatives only............................... NA 3.5 3.2 3.1 4.4 -------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (numbers in thousands) -------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married.................................................. NA 228 703 872 1,200 Married, spouse absent......................................... NA 468 728 739 968 Separated.................................................. NA 400 577 600 803 Widowed........................................................ NA 103 149 137 146 Divorced....................................................... NA 353 574 699 901 -------------------------------------------- Total...................................................... NA 1,152 2,154 2,447 3,215 -------------------------------------------- Children in single-parent families (percent) -------------------------------------------- Marital status of parent: Never married.................................................. NA 19.8 32.6 35.6 37.3 Married, spouse absent......................................... NA 40.6 33.8 30.2 30.1 Separated.................................................. NA 34.7 26.8 24.5 25.0 Widowed........................................................ NA 8.9 6.9 5.6 4.5 Divorced....................................................... NA 30.6 26.6 28.6 28.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NA--Not available. Note.--Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. Excludes persons under 18 years old who maintain households or family groups; numbers in thousands. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1964, 1973, 1996b). TABLE G-10.--CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE LIVING WITH BIOLOGICAL, STEP, AND ADOPTIVE MARRIED-COUPLE PARENTS BY RACE OF MOTHER, 1980 AND 1990 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1990 ----------------------------------------------- Category Number Number (thousands) Percent (thousands) Percent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All races: Biological mother and father.................................... 39,523 83.7 37,026 81.5 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 5,355 11.3 6,643 14.6 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 727 1.5 608 1.3 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 1,350 2.9 974 2.1 Unknown mother or father........................................ 293 0.6 197 0.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 47,248 100.0 45,448 100.0 =============================================== White: Biological mother and father.................................... 35,852 84.7 32,975 83.0 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 4,362 10.3 5,258 13.2 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 664 1.6 549 1.4 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 1,209 2.9 815 2.1 Unknown mother or father........................................ 242 0.6 135 0.3 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 42,329 100.0 39,732 100.0 =============================================== Black: Biological mother and father.................................... 2,698 71.5 2,336 63.6 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... 877 23.2 1,149 31.3 Stepmother-biological father.................................... 46 1.2 38 1.0 Adoptive mother and father...................................... 119 3.1 97 2.6 Unknown mother or father........................................ 35 0.9 51 1.4 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... 3,775 100.0 3,671 100.0 =============================================== Hispanic origin: \1\ Biological mother and father.................................... NA NA 3,703 81.1 Biological mother-stepfather.................................... NA NA 699 15.3 Stepmother-biological father.................................... NA NA 38 0.8 Adoptive mother and father...................................... NA NA 101 2.2 Unknown mother or father........................................ NA NA 27 0.6 ----------------------------------------------- Total own children under 18 years......................... NA NA 4,568 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1992). TABLE G-11.--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENT, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1994 \1\ [In thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family living arrangement ------------------------------------------------- Family type defined by mother's marital status Total Independent Extended Unrelated families families Cohabiting \1\ families ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of persons: Never-married................................... 9,994 5,724 2,722 990 558 Separated/other................................. 6,474 4,814 1,125 250 285 Divorced........................................ 10,482 7,727 878 1,084 794 Widowed......................................... 1,312 943 202 84 82 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 28,262 19,208 4,928 2,409 1,717 =========================================================== Number of poor persons: Never-married................................... 5,824 3,849 999 678 298 Separated/other................................. 3,384 2,777 367 130 110 Divorced........................................ 3,600 2,668 188 494 249 Widowed......................................... 375 240 95 15 24 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 13,183 9,534 1,650 1,318 681 =========================================================== Poverty rate (percent poor): Never-married................................... 58.3 67.2 36.7 68.4 53.4 Separated/other................................. 52.3 57.7 32.6 52.2 38.5 Divorced........................................ 34.3 34.5 21.4 45.6 31.5 Widowed......................................... 28.6 25.5 47.1 18.3 29.0 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 46.6 49.6 33.5 54.7 39.6 =========================================================== Number of families: Never-married................................... 3,680 1,950 1,151 377 201 Separated/other................................. 2,047 1,454 393 100 101 Divorced........................................ 3,671 2,629 349 407 286 Widowed......................................... 427 298 73 30 26 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 9,825 6,332 1,966 914 614 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ The Current Population Survey (CPS) defines families on the basis of marital and blood relations, and treats families as a basic economic unit in its measures of family poverty and income. Under such definitions, an unmarried, cohabiting, couple would be viewed as two distinct economic units; either as two unrelated individuals, if no child dependents were involved, or as one or two single-parent families, if one or both members of the couple had children residing in the household. Cohabiting couples are identifiable on the CPS only by inference. The Census Bureau identifies such families as unmarried couple households--a household with only two adults who are unrelated and of the opposite sex (one of whom is the householder) with or without the presence of children under the age of 15. The CPS assigns a residing child to only one of the two adult members of the unmarried couple, even though the child may be the couple's offspring. \2\ Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single adult male. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Marital status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1995. Poverty status is based on family income in the prior year (1994). Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service, based on analysis of the March 1995 Current Population Survey microdata files. TABLE G-12.--PERSONS LIVING IN MOTHER-ONLY FAMILIES BY MOTHER'S MARITAL STATUS, FAMILY LIVING ARRANGEMENTS, AND FAMILY POVERTY STATUS, 1987 [In thousands] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family living arrangement --------------------------------------- Unrelated Family type defined by mother's marital status Total Independent Extended families families families Cohabiting \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of persons: Never-married................................... 7,210 4,116 2,325 485 284 Separated/other................................. 5,607 4,333 894 190 191 Divorced........................................ 8,808 6,699 840 747 521 Widowed......................................... 1,872 1,507 221 80 65 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 23,497 16,655 4,279 1,502 1,061 =========================================================== Number of poor persons: Never-married................................... 4,553 3,052 1,005 319 178 Separated/other................................. 3,283 2,675 347 121 141 Divorced........................................ 2,913 2,232 167 341 173 Widowed......................................... 610 478 82 32 18 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 11,360 8,437 1,600 813 510 =========================================================== Poverty rate (percent poor): Never-married................................... 63.1 74.2 43.2 65.7 62.4 Separated/other................................. 58.6 61.7 38.8 63.8 73.8 Divorced........................................ 33.1 33.3 19.8 45.7 33.3 Widowed......................................... 32.6 31.7 37.2 40.0 (<SUP>2) ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 48.3 50.7 37.4 54.1 48.1 =========================================================== Number of families: Never-married................................... 2,689 1,391 979 203 116 Separated/other................................. 1,786 1,334 320 69 64 Divorced........................................ 3,127 2,322 331 290 184 Widowed......................................... 588 462 73 29 24 ----------------------------------------------------------- Total....................................... 8,190 5,509 1,702 590 388 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Single female-headed families (either primary or unrelated subfamilies) with children, living in a household with either an unrelated single adult male, or with an unrelated family headed by a single adult male. \2\ Base of estimate less than 75,000. Estimate deemed to be unreliable. Note.--Details may not sum to totals due to rounding. Numbers are estimates subject to sampling error. Caution should be exercised in interpreting differences based on small cell sizes. Percentages with a base of less than 75,000 are suppressed due to large sampling error. Marital status and family living arrangements are for the family head, as of March 1988. Poverty status is based on family income in the prior year (1987). Source: Table prepared by Congressional Research Service based on analysis of the March 1988 Current Population Survey microdata files. TABLE G-13.--BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1940-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births Fertility rate -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Year Asian or Asian or All births \1\ White Black American Pacific All births White Black American Pacific Indian \2\ Islander \1\ Indian \2\ Islander -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1940 \3\..................... 2,559,000 2,199,000 NA NA NA 79.9 77.1 NA NA NA 1950 \3\..................... 3,632,000 3,108,000 NA NA NA 106.2 102.3 NA NA NA 1960 \3\..................... 4,257,850 3,600,744 602,264 21,114 NA 118.0 113.2 153.5 NA NA 1970 \3\..................... 3,731,386 3,091,264 572,362 25,864 NA 87.9 84.1 115.4 NA NA 1975 \3\..................... 3,144,198 2,551,996 511,581 27,546 NA 66.0 62.5 87.9 NA NA 1980......................... 3,612,258 2,936,351 568,080 29,389 74,355 68.4 65.6 84.7 82.7 73.2 1985......................... 3,760,561 3,037,913 581,824 34,037 104,606 66.3 64.1 78.8 78.6 68.4 1986......................... 3,756,547 3,019,175 592,910 34,169 107,797 65.4 63.1 78.9 75.9 66.0 1987......................... 3,809,510 3,043,828 611,173 35,322 116,560 65.8 63.3 80.1 75.6 67.1 1988......................... 3,909,510 3,102,083 638,562 37,088 129,035 67.3 64.5 82.6 76.8 70.2 1989......................... 4,040,958 3,192,355 673,124 39,478 133,075 69.2 66.4 86.2 79.0 68.2 1990......................... 4,158,212 3,290,273 684,336 39,051 141,635 70.9 68.3 86.8 76.2 69.6 1991......................... 4,110,907 3,241,273 682,602 38,841 145,372 69.6 67.0 85.2 75.1 67.6 1992......................... 4,065,014 3,201,678 673,633 39,453 150,250 68.9 66.5 83.2 75.4 67.2 1993......................... 4,000,240 3,149,833 658,875 38,732 152,800 67.6 65.4 80.5 73.4 66.7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For 1940-91 includes births to races not shown separately. \2\ Includes births to Aleuts and Eskimos. \3\ Data are by race of child; see source for more information. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-14.--NUMBERS AND RATES OF BIRTHS, ABORTIONS, AND PREGNANCIES BY AGE AT PREGNANCY OUTCOME, \1\ 1972-93 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Female Total number (thousands) Rate (per 1,000 females) population -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Age group and year in age group Induced Estimated (thousands) Births abortions miscarriages \2\ Pregnancies \3\ Birth Abortion Pregnancy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Women ages 15-19: 1993......................... 8,410 501 NA NA NA 59.6 NA NA 1992......................... 8,324 505 NA NA NA 60.7 NA NA 1991......................... 8,371 520 314 129 963 62.1 37.5 115.0 1990......................... 8,645 522 351 139 1,012 60.4 40.6 117.1 1989......................... 8,840 507 371 136 1,016 57.3 42.0 114.9 1988......................... 9,029 478 393 135 1,006 53.0 43.5 11.4 1987......................... 9,139 462 382 131 975 50.6 41.8 106.6 1986......................... 9,206 462 389 131 982 50.2 42.3 106.7 1985......................... 9,174 467 399 133 100 51.0 43.5 109.0 1984......................... 9,287 470 399 134 1,002 50.6 42.9 107.9 1983......................... 9,515 489 411 139 1,040 51.4 43.2 109.3 1982......................... 9,809 514 419 145 1,077 52.4 42.7 109.8 1981......................... 10,096 527 433 149 1,110 52.2 42.9 109.9 1980......................... 10,381 552 445 155 1,152 53.2 42.8 111.0 1979......................... 10,497 549 445 154 1,146 52.3 42.4 109.4 1978......................... 10,555 543 419 151 1,113 51.5 39.7 105.4 1977......................... 10,581 559 397 152 1,107 52.8 37.5 104.6 1976......................... 10,582 559 363 148 1,069 52.8 34.3 101.1 1975......................... 10,466 582 327 149 1,058 55.6 31.2 101.1 1974......................... 10,350 595 280 147 1,022 57.5 27.0 98.8 1973......................... 10,193 604 232 144 980 59.3 22.8 96.1 1972......................... 9,988 616 191 142 950 61.7 19.1 95.1 Women under age 15: \4\ 1993......................... 1,735 13 NA NA NA 7.2 NA NA 1992......................... 1,679 12 NA NA NA 7.3 NA NA 1991......................... 1,661 12 12 3 28 7.2 7.4 15.6 1990......................... 1,593 12 13 4 28 7.3 7.9 17.5 1989......................... 1,608 11 13 4 28 7.1 7.9 17.3 1988......................... 1,573 11 14 3 28 6.7 8.7 17.6 1987......................... 1,613 10 14 3 28 6.4 8.8 17.4 1986......................... 1,706 10 16 4 29 6.0 9.2 17.3 1985......................... 1,853 10 17 4 31 5.5 9.2 16.7 1984......................... 1,819 10 17 4 31 5.5 9.3 16.8 1983......................... 1,781 10 16 4 30 5.5 9.2 16.7 1982......................... 1,748 10 15 3 28 5.6 8.3 15.9 1981......................... 1,787 10 15 3 28 5.4 8.5 15.8 1980......................... 1,850 10 15 4 29 5.5 8.4 15.9 1979......................... 1,944 11 16 4 31 5.5 8.3 15.8 1978......................... 2,020 11 15 4 30 5.3 7.5 14.6 1977......................... 2,048 11 16 4 31 5.6 7.6 15.1 1976......................... 2,080 12 16 4 32 5.7 7.6 15.2 1975......................... 2,118 13 16 4 32 6.0 7.2 15.1 1974......................... 2,086 13 13 4 30 6.0 6.4 14.3 1973......................... 2,094 13 12 4 28 6.1 5.6 13.5 1972......................... 2,093 12 NA NA NA 5.8 NA NA Women ages 15-17: 1993......................... 5,037 191 NA NA NA 37.8 NA NA 1992......................... 4,958 188 NA NA NA 37.8 NA NA 1991......................... 4,860 188 118 56 362 38.7 24.3 74.5 1990......................... 4,881 183 130 50 363 37.6 26.6 74.3 1989......................... 4,974 181 139 50 370 36.4 26.0 74.4 1988......................... 5,251 177 158 51 386 33.6 30.2 73.5 1987......................... 5,450 173 161 51 384 31.7 29.6 70.5 1986......................... 5,520 169 165 50 384 30.5 29.9 69.6 1985......................... 5,409 168 166 50 384 31.0 30.6 70.9 1984......................... 5,373 167 161 49 377 31.0 29.9 70.2 1983......................... 5,424 173 166 51 390 31.8 30.7 72.0 1982......................... 5,618 181 168 53 403 32.2 30.0 71.7 1981......................... 5,848 187 176 55 418 32.0 30.1 71.5 1980......................... 6,063 198 183 58 440 32.7 30.2 72.5 1979......................... 6,200 200 179 58 437 32.3 28.8 70.4 1978......................... 6,286 203 169 57 429 32.2 26.9 68.3 1977......................... 6,310 214 166 59 439 33.9 26.2 69.5 1976......................... 6,319 215 153 58 427 34.1 24.2 67.5 1975......................... 6,288 238 152 61 440 36.1 24.1 69.9 1974......................... 6,276 234 140 61 435 37.3 22.3 69.3 1973......................... 6,185 238 116 59 414 38.5 18.7 66.9 1972......................... 6,071 237 96 57 389 39.0 15.7 64.1 Women ages 18-19: 1993......................... 3,372 311 NA NA NA 92.1 NA NA 1992......................... 3,365 318 NA NA NA 94.5 NA NA 1991......................... 3,510 331 196 73 600 94.4 55.8 171.0 1990......................... 3,762 338 221 90 649 90.0 58.8 172.6 1989......................... 3,865 325 232 88 646 84.2 60.0 167.0 1988......................... 3,778 302 234 84 620 79.9 62.0 164.1 1987......................... 3,689 290 221 80 590 78.5 59.8 160.0 1986......................... 3,686 293 224 81 598 79.6 60.8 162.3 1985......................... 3,765 300 234 83 617 79.6 62.0 163.8 1984......................... 3,914 303 238 84 625 77.4 60.8 159.8 1983......................... 4,092 317 245 88 649 77.4 59.8 158.7 1982......................... 4,191 333 250 92 674 79.4 59.7 160.9 1981......................... 4,248 340 257 94 691 80.0 60.6 162.7 1980......................... 4,313 354 261 97 712 81.9 60.5 164.9 1979......................... 4,297 349 266 96 712 81.3 61.9 165.7 1978......................... 4,269 341 250 93 683 79.8 58.4 160.1 1977......................... 4,271 345 231 92 669 80.9 54.1 156.5 1976......................... 4,263 343 210 90 643 80.5 49.3 150.8 1975......................... 4,178 355 175 89 619 85.0 41.9 148.1 1974......................... 4,074 361 140 86 587 88.7 34.3 144.2 1973......................... 4,008 366 116 85 566 91.2 28.9 141.3 1972......................... 3,917 380 96 85 561 96.9 24.4 143.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Women's age is determined by the time the pregnancy ended. More pregnancies were experienced by teenagers than are reported here because most of the 19-year-olds who became pregnant had their births or abortions at age 20 and thus were not counted. \2\ Calculated as 20 percent of births and 10 percent of abortions. \3\ Sum of births, abortions and miscarriages. \4\ Population is women aged 14. NA--Not available. Source: Ventura et al. (1995a). TABLE G-15.--NUMBER OF BIRTHS AND BIRTH RATES TO WOMEN AGES 15-19 BY RACE OF CHILD AND BY RACE OF MOTHER, \1\ 1960-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of births, Birth rate \2\ all women under 20 ------------------------------------------------ Year ---------------------- All women 15-19 15-17 18-19 ------------------------------------------------ White Black White Black White Black White Black ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1960..................................... 460,654 122,260 79.4 156.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1961..................................... 474,514 ......... 79.2 155.2 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1962..................................... 462,522 ......... 73.2 147.1 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1963..................................... 445,892 ......... 68.2 142.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1964..................................... 447,034 140,422 63.4 147.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1965..................................... 446,198 146,268 60.6 144.6 ...... ...... ...... ...... 1966..................................... 467,778 155,110 60.4 142.7 26.6 97.9 108.2 219.2 1967..................................... 438,000 160,285 58.9 141.8 25.7 99.5 104.0 213.4 1968..................................... 429,616 163,892 54.9 138.7 25.6 98.2 100.5 206.1 1969..................................... 437,958 168,588 54.7 137.0 26.4 96.9 99.2 202.5 1970..................................... 467,928 179,100 57.4 140.7 29.2 101.4 101.5 204.9 1971..................................... 450,856 178,948 53.6 134.5 28.5 99.4 92.3 192.6 1972..................................... 438,559 179,712 51.0 129.8 29.3 99.5 84.3 179.5 1973..................................... 429,740 176,551 49.0 123.1 29.2 96.0 79.3 166.6 1974..................................... 425,205 171,721 47.9 116.5 28.7 90.0 77.3 158.7 1975..................................... 415,202 168,359 46.4 111.8 28.0 85.6 74.0 152.4 1976..................................... 389,329 160,597 44.1 104.9 26.3 80.3 70.2 142.5 1977..................................... 396,854 161,772 44.1 104.7 26.1 79.6 70.5 142.9 1978..................................... 384,572 157,069 42.9 100.9 24.9 75.0 69.4 139.7 1979..................................... 388,209 158,944 43.7 101.7 24.7 75.7 71.0 140.4 1980..................................... 397,764 153,151 45.4 97.8 25.5 72.5 73.2 135.1 1981..................................... 379,472 145,724 44.9 94.5 25.4 69.3 71.5 131.0 1982..................................... 367,951 142,813 45.0 94.3 25.5 69.7 70.8 128.9 1983..................................... 347,288 139,357 43.9 93.9 25.0 69.6 68.8 127.1 1984..................................... 330,334 137,177 42.9 94.1 24.3 69.2 68.4 128.1 1985..................................... 328,752 136,682 43.3 95.4 24.4 69.3 70.4 132.4 1986..................................... 322,060 137,413 42.3 95.8 23.8 69.3 70.1 135.1 1987..................................... 319,560 139,967 42.5 97.6 24.6 72.1 68.9 135.8 1988..................................... 327,986 146,733 44.4 102.7 26.0 75.7 69.6 142.7 1989..................................... 345,102 157,259 47.9 111.5 28.1 81.9 72.9 151.9 1990..................................... 359,456 157,951 50.8 112.8 29.5 82.3 78.0 152.9 1991..................................... 357,548 157,375 52.8 115.5 30.7 84.1 83.5 158.6 1992..................................... 348,106 153,248 51.8 112.4 30.1 81.3 83.8 157.9 1993..................................... 347,572 149,570 51.1 108.6 30.3 79.8 82.1 151.9 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Births are tabulated by race of child through 1979, and by race of mother for 1980-93. \2\ Births per 1,000 women in specified group. Source: National Center for Health Statistics (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-16.--ESTIMATED BIRTH RATES FOR UNMARRIED WOMEN AGES 15-17 AND 18-19 BY RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1966-93 [Births per 1,000 women] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- White Black Hispanic \1\ Year ----------------------------------------------------------------- 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 15-17 18-19 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1966.......................................... 5.4 14.1 NA NA NA NA 1970.......................................... 7.5 17.6 77.9 136.4 NA NA 1975.......................................... 9.6 16.5 76.8 123.8 NA NA 1980.......................................... 12.0 24.1 68.8 118.2 NA NA 1985.......................................... 14.5 31.2 66.8 117.9 NA NA 1986.......................................... 14.9 33.5 67.0 121.1 NA NA 1987.......................................... 16.2 34.5 69.9 123.0 NA NA 1988.......................................... 17.6 36.8 73.5 130.5 NA NA 1989.......................................... 19.3 40.2 78.9 140.9 NA NA 1990.......................................... 20.4 44.9 78.8 143.7 45.9 98.9 1991.......................................... 21.8 49.6 80.4 148.7 50.5 109.6 1992.......................................... 21.6 51.5 78.0 147.8 51.0 110.5 1993.......................................... 22.1 52.4 76.8 141.6 51.9 114.6 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Hispanic ethnicity is independent of race; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NA--Not available. Note.--For 1966-75, births to unmarried women are estimated for the United States from the data for registration areas in which marital status of mother was reported. Beginning 1980, data for States in which marital status was not reported have been inferred and included with data from the remaining States. Race is determined by race of the child for 1966-89 and by race of the mother for 1990-93. Source: Ventura (1995); Ventura et al. (1995b). TABLE G-17.--ESTIMATED PREGNANCIES \1\ PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite Total \1\ White Nonwhite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama........................ 117 NA NA 112 NA NA NA NA NA 93.2 73.4 134.7 Alaska......................... 124 NA NA 144 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona........................ 123 115 195 128 124 150 101.8 99.9 153.5 103.5 102.3 150.6 Arkansas....................... 117 104 168 111 99 150 98.4 92.7 157.2 90.7 76.7 142.6 California..................... 140 127 272 151 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado....................... 114 105 192 112 107 187 82.3 NA NA 79.8 NA NA Connecticut.................... 81 NA NA 96 NA NA NA NA NA 78.7 NA NA Delaware....................... 106 NA NA 101 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \1\....... 200 NA NA 211 NA NA 255.2 NA NA 209.4 NA NA Florida........................ 131 NA NA 126 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia........................ 131 111 172 132 115 160 110.8 88.2 162.5 106.9 79.6 162.9 Hawaii......................... 106 81 NA 125 97 137 88.2 NA NA 88.4 64.7 NA Idaho.......................... 96 96 NA 78 77 NA 68.8 56.6 NA 59.7 59.4 NA Illinois....................... 101 78 190 103 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana........................ 102 92 193 87 77 170 74.3 65.5 158.0 72.2 62.9 156.7 Iowa........................... 79 NA NA 67 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas......................... 101 93 199 84 78 150 81.1 74.5 181.1 87.0 77.8 211.9 Kentucky....................... 111 NA NA 92 NA NA 91.0 84.3 164.1 81.7 75.5 149.9 Louisiana...................... 118 93 163 109 88 142 92.1 68.7 128.8 92.6 65.3 133.7 Maine.......................... 87 86 NA 92 91 NA 88.4 87.6 NA 55.2 64.9 NA Maryland....................... 123 103 174 121 94 184 84.7 61.5 141.8 76.9 51.0 137.1 Massachusetts.................. 86 NA NA 97 NA NA 71.1 NA NA 69.5 NA NA Michigan....................... 102 NA NA 107 NA NA 85.2 NA NA 79.7 NA NA Minnesota...................... 77 73 240 62 55 222 62.0 55.3 219.4 55.2 47.3 218.1 Mississippi.................... 125 97 162 113 90 138 97.8 71.6 130.5 100.8 71.9 135.1 Missouri....................... 106 92 205 95 79 195 82.6 64.8 197.5 78.0 60.9 188.0 Montana........................ 93 85 NA 82 74 NA 81.7 NA NA 70.2 61.8 NA Nebraska....................... 81 NA NA 75 NA NA 74.2 NA NA 83.4 NA NA Nevada......................... 144 134 226 125 118 168 107.5 105.8 158.8 108.0 101.9 171.2 New Hampshire.................. 81 NA NA 89 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey..................... 96 74 210 113 70 296 75.3 52.7 181.6 69.7 41.2 179.7 New Mexico..................... 126 118 NA 116 115 126 100.4 99.8 115.5 101.8 102.2 100.8 New York....................... 101 78 207 117 89 225 92.9 76.3 166.4 96.6 77.3 175.9 North Carolina................. 110 92 153 114 97 152 106.4 88.3 157.3 104.5 83.3 155.3 North Dakota................... 75 68 NA 60 53 NA 56.4 50.4 NA 54.2 47.8 NA Ohio........................... 101 88 190 96 83 177 74.6 80.5 170.1 74.5 NA NA Oklahoma....................... 120 107 187 113 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Oregon......................... 119 112 NA 95 94 119 89.2 88.7 178.0 81.0 79.4 181.7 Pennsylvania................... 90 NA NA 87 NA NA 74.0 NA NA 71.7 53.5 211.5 Rhode Island................... 83 NA NA 89 NA NA 87.7 80.4 198.9 88.1 78.0 211.8 South Carolina................. 114 98 140 102 92 117 95.0 76.6 127.0 88.0 68.6 119.6 South Dakota................... 86 74 NA 70 57 NA 56.9 48.0 NA 59.4 48.5 NA Tennessee...................... 113 102 157 104 95 134 101.8 88.3 165.6 94.0 77.4 162.4 Texas.......................... 137 NA NA 131 NA NA 102.8 96.1 153.6 103.7 98.2 148.8 Utah........................... 95 94 NA 75 73 NA 63.0 62.2 NA 55.6 54.2 NA Vermont........................ 95 94 NA 82 83 NA 72.1 72.7 NA 68.7 68.4 NA Virginia....................... 107 94 152 106 93 141 86.5 70.4 149.1 79.0 62.9 139.4 Washington..................... 122 NA NA 103 97 165 95.4 NA NA 85.1 NA NA West Virginia.................. 104 NA NA 87 NA NA 67.4 66.4 103.9 66.1 64.6 110.5 Wisconsin \2\.................. 85 NA NA 73 NA NA 66.6 NA NA 60.8 45.3 226.9 Wyoming........................ 127 NA NA 98 NA NA 62.2 NA NA 53.7 NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total...................... 111 NA NA 110 93 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Data for 1992 include residents only. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-18.--BIRTH RATES PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama..................................... 68 53 103 64 51 94 71 55 105 73 56 109 Alaska...................................... 64 48 123 56 42 82 65 64 NA 63 50 NA Arizona..................................... 66 60 124 67 61 122 76 72 116 82 80 112 Arkansas.................................... 75 63 118 73 61 120 80 66 132 76 62 122 California.................................. 53 51 89 53 50 93 71 74 101 74 78 95 Colorado.................................... 50 48 91 48 46 88 55 52 106 58 56 108 Connecticut................................. 31 24 90 31 24 93 39 31 103 39 32 95 Delaware.................................... 51 37 110 51 36 116 55 37 128 60 41 123 District of Columbia........................ 62 16 74 72 17 89 93 12 121 116 28 131 Florida..................................... 59 43 126 58 43 121 89 62 136 88 60 127 Georgia..................................... 72 54 110 68 53 98 77 57 110 75 55 116 Hawaii...................................... 51 31 143 48 27 107 51 42 NA 54 33 NA Idaho....................................... 60 59 NA 47 45 65 51 51 NA 52 51 NA Illinois.................................... 56 41 122 51 35 119 63 44 144 64 45 145 Indiana..................................... 58 52 112 52 46 110 59 52 122 59 51 126 Iowa........................................ 43 41 126 35 33 101 41 39 119 41 38 138 Kansas...................................... 57 51 125 52 47 112 56 51 132 56 50 137 Kentucky.................................... 72 69 107 63 61 91 68 84 116 65 61 112 Louisiana................................... 76 58 110 72 53 108 74 52 109 77 51 118 Maine....................................... 47 47 NA 42 42 54 43 43 NA 40 40 NA Maryland.................................... 43 31 76 46 32 82 62 38 97 51 32 97 Massachusetts............................... 28 26 74 29 26 76 36 31 89 38 31 97 Michigan.................................... 45 37 92 43 35 86 59 43 131 59 42 125 Minnesota................................... 35 33 126 31 27 129 38 31 152 38 21 163 Mississippi................................. 84 56 120 76 52 109 81 56 113 84 57 116 Missouri.................................... 58 50 115 54 45 119 63 50 144 63 51 144 Montana..................................... 49 42 NA 44 35 114 48 40 NA 46 38 NA Nebraska.................................... 45 41 117 40 34 129 42 37 138 41 36 121 Nevada...................................... 59 50 128 55 47 122 73 69 129 71 69 137 New Hampshire............................... 34 33 NA 32 33 26 33 33 NA 31 31 NA New Jersey.................................. 35 23 97 34 22 94 41 28 100 39 26 103 New Mexico.................................. 72 66 107 73 68 104 78 76 95 80 80 77 New York.................................... 35 26 74 36 28 74 44 37 77 46 39 74 North Carolina.............................. 58 45 88 57 45 85 68 52 107 70 53 108 North Dakota................................ 42 36 NA 36 30 92 35 29 NA 37 29 NA Ohio........................................ 53 46 100 50 42 104 58 48 129 58 47 132 Oklahoma.................................... 75 64 126 69 60 113 67 80 116 69 63 116 Oregon...................................... 51 49 114 43 42 95 55 64 108 53 52 114 Pennsylvania................................ 41 35 91 40 32 106 45 36 125 46 35 127 Rhode Island................................ 33 30 96 36 31 116 44 39 114 48 40 131 South Carolina.............................. 65 49 92 63 47 91 71 64 101 70 52 100 South Dakota................................ 53 43 NA 46 34 156 47 36 NA 48 35 NA Tennessee................................... 64 55 100 61 52 100 72 60 121 71 69 124 Texas....................................... 74 68 112 72 68 104 76 71 114 79 75 113 Utah........................................ 65 65 97 50 49 110 49 48 NA 46 46 NA Vermont..................................... 40 40 NA 36 36 11 34 34 NA 37 37 NA Virginia.................................... 48 38 82 46 36 82 53 41 99 51 39 38 Washington.................................. 47 44 97 45 41 102 53 52 94 51 49 91 West Virginia............................... 68 67 80 54 54 67 57 57 74 56 57 77 Wisconsin................................... 40 35 128 39 31 148 43 31 175 42 30 167 Wyoming..................................... 79 77 NA 59 56 138 56 67 NA 50 48 NA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total................................... 53.0 45 100 51.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. NA--Not available. Source: U.S. Public Health Service (1993, 1995). TABLE G-19.--PERCENTAGE OF BABIES BORN TO WOMEN OBTAINING EARLY CARE OR LATE OR NO CARE BY RACE OF CHILD AND RACE OF MOTHER, SELECTED YEARS 1970-93 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Percent born to women Percent born to women obtaining early care obtaining late or no care Year --------------------------------------------------------- White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1970 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 72.4 44.4 68.0 6.2 16.6 7.9 1975 \2\ \3\ \4\...................................... 75.9 55.8 72.4 5.0 10.5 6.0 1980 \3\.............................................. 79.2 62.4 76.3 4.3 8.9 5.1 1981 \3\.............................................. 79.3 62.1 76.3 4.3 9.2 5.2 1982 \3\.............................................. 79.2 61.1 76.1 4.5 9.7 5.5 1983 \3\.............................................. 79.3 61.2 76.2 4.6 9.8 5.6 1984 \3\.............................................. 79.6 61.9 76.5 4.7 9.7 5.6 1985.................................................. 79.3 61.5 76.2 4.8 10.2 5.7 1986.................................................. 79.1 61.2 75.9 5.0 10.7 6.0 1987.................................................. 79.3 60.8 76.0 5.0 11.2 6.1 1988.................................................. 79.3 60.7 75.9 5.0 11.0 6.1 1989.................................................. 78.9 60.6 75.5 5.2 11.9 6.4 1990.................................................. 79.2 60.6 75.8 4.9 11.3 6.1 1991.................................................. 79.5 61.9 76.2 4.7 10.7 5.8 1992.................................................. 80.8 63.9 77.7 4.2 9.9 5.2 1993.................................................. 81.8 66.0 78.9 3.9 9.0 4.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ Includes races other than white and black. \2\ Figures are by race of child. \3\ Based on 100 percent of births in selected States and on a 50-percent sample of births in other States. \4\ Based on data for 39 States and the District of Columbia in 1970, and based on data for 42 States and the District of Columbia in 1975. Source: Lewis, Mathews, & Heuser (1996); National Center for Health Statistics (1975, 1978). TABLE G-20.--ABORTIONS PER 1,000 WOMEN AGED 15-19 BY STATE AND RACE, 1980, 1985, 1990, AND 1992 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1980 1985 1990 1992 State --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black Total \1\ White Black -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama................................. 32 NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA 20.7 18.2 25.8 Alaska.................................. 43 NA NA 59 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Arizona................................. 41 39 41 43 46 27 26.3 27.6 38.4 21.5 22.4 38.5 Arkansas................................ 25 26 23 23 23 21 18.3 16.6 25.2 15.3 13.9 20.6 California.............................. 69 60 150 79 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Colorado................................ 49 43 76 51 49 84 27.7 NA NA 21.4 NA NA Connecticut............................. 40 NA NA 52 NA NA NA NA NA 39.3 NA NA Delaware................................ 40 NA NA 37 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA District of Columbia \2\................ 114 NA NA 113 NA NA 162.1 NA NA 92.3 NA NA Florida................................. 55 NA NA 51 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Georgia................................. 41 42 36 44 42 46 35.3 29.6 46.3 32.3 24.7 47.7 Hawaii.................................. 41 40 NA 61 59 62 27.0 NA NA 32.9 31.9 NA Idaho................................... 23 23 NA 21 21 NA 8.2 8.2 NA 8.0 8.0 NA Illinois................................ 31 25 40 38 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Indiana................................. 30 27 53 24 21 47 15.7 13.6 35.6 13.5 11.6 30.8 Iowa.................................... 25 NA NA 25 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Kansas.................................. 30 29 44 23 23 28 25.0 23.7 49.2 31.3 20.1 74.5 Kentucky................................ 22 NA NA 16 NA NA 23.4 20.8 48.3 17.0 14.8 37.8 Louisiana............................... 24 22 28 22 21 24 17.8 16.7 19.6 16.1 14.0 20.2 Maine................................... 27 27 NA 36 36 NA 25.4 24.9 NA 15.3 15.0 NA Maryland................................ 64 59 76 59 51 77 31.4 25.4 46.3 28.2 19.0 41.6 Massachusetts........................... 47 NA NA 45 NA NA 36.0 NA NA 31.5 NA NA Michigan................................ 44 NA NA 50 NA NA 26.1 NA NA 23.1 NA NA Minnesota............................... 31 31 81 24 23 47 25.7 24.7 67.7 19.2 17.8 55.6 Mississippi............................. 22 27 16 19 22 15 16.8 16.1 17.8 16.6 14.7 19.0 Missouri................................ 34 29 61 29 25 55 19.7 14.5 53.6 14.8 10.4 42.1 Montana................................. 32 32 NA 28 29 NA 33.3 NA NA 24.0 23.8 NA Nebraska................................ 24 NA NA 27 NA NA 31.9 NA NA 22.2 NA NA Nevada.................................. 67 67 66 57 58 45 34.2 36.9 27.5 34.7 36.3 34.0 New Hampshire........................... 37 NA NA 46 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA New Jersey.............................. 49 41 85 63 38 170 34.6 24.6 82.0 30.5 15.2 78.5 New Mexico.............................. 36 35 NA 30 33 12 22.3 24.0 20.9 21.5 22.7 25.2 New York................................ 54 42 107 64 49 120 49.3 38.7 90.8 51.3 38.3 102.1 North Carolina.......................... 38 35 43 41 38 48 38.8 34.3 60.7 35.1 29.9 47.6 North Dakota............................ 23 22 NA 17 18 NA 21.0 21.2 NA 16.0 17.2 NA Ohio..............................